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Computer graphics rendering technique
computer graphics, per-pixel lighting refers to any technique for lighting an image or scene that calculates illumination for each pixel on a rendered image
Per-pixel_lighting
Method of defining surface detail on a computer-generated graphic or 3D model
apply it to the pixel. The original technique was pioneered by Edwin Catmull in 1974 as part of his doctoral thesis. Texture mapping originally referred
Texture_mapping
by the texture mapping units onto a polygon mesh. Measured in texels/s. Performance Shader operations - How many operations the pixel shaders (or unified
List of AMD graphics processing units
List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units
Component of a GPU which alters bitmap images for use as textures
measure of the speed with which a particular card can perform texture mapping. Though pixel shader processing is becoming more important, this number still
Texture_mapping_unit
Image processing technique
is displayed at a much lower brightness than a linear mapping between scene radiance and pixel intensity would produce. However, this inaccuracy is perceptually
Tone_mapping
Type of program in computer graphics
began to support shaders. The first shader-capable GPUs only supported pixel shading, but vertex shaders were quickly introduced once developers realized
Shader
Camera application developed by Google for Pixel devices
The Pixel 2 and Pixel 3 (excluding the Pixel 3a) include the Pixel Visual Core to aid with image processing. The Pixel 4 introduced the Pixel Neural
Pixel_Camera
shaders: pixel shaders: texture mapping units: render output units 2 Unified shaders: texture mapping units: render output units 1 Vertex shaders: pixel shaders:
List of Nvidia graphics processing units
List_of_Nvidia_graphics_processing_units
Texture mapping technique
normal mapping, or Dot3 bump mapping, is a texture mapping technique used for faking the lighting of bumps and dents – an implementation of bump mapping. It
Normal_mapping
Computer graphics method
photon mapping as the number of light subpaths increases. Reusing the same light subpath for multiple pixels (as is done in most forms of photon mapping) can
Path_tracing
Technique for increasing apparent display resolution
resolution of a color display device. It utilizes the composition of each pixel, which consists of three subpixels of which are red, green, and blue that
Subpixel_rendering
Brand of AMD graphics cards intended for professional use
is calculated as the number of Texture Mapping Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of
Radeon_Pro
Form of electron microscopy
detectors are typically built as either a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) or as a hybrid pixel array detector (PAD). A MAPS detector consists of a complementary
4D scanning transmission electron microscopy
4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy
Function that maps the colors of one image to the colors of another image
or Lab color spaces. A common algorithm for computing the color mapping when the pixel correspondence is given is building the joint-histogram (see also
Image_color_transfer
Screen resolution measured in pixels per length
Pixels per inch (ppi) and pixels per centimetre (ppcm or pixels/cm) are measurements of the pixel density of an electronic image device, such as a computer
Pixel_density
Proportion between the width and the height of a pixel
A pixel aspect ratio (PAR) is a mathematical ratio that describes how the width of a pixel in a digital image compares to the height of that pixel. Most
Pixel_aspect_ratio
Technique in computer graphics to represent reflective surfaces
the shading computation at a pixel is determined by calculating the reflection vector at the point on the object and mapping it to the texel in the environment
Reflection_mapping
fogging, texture mapping, AA and more, cycles split between all pipes On their own, the 16 pipes output/process 16 pixels/cycle (1 pixel/pipe), giving a
PlayStation 2 technical specifications
PlayStation_2_technical_specifications
Element representing a value on a grid in three dimensional space
value on a three-dimensional regular grid, akin to the two-dimensional pixel. Voxels are frequently used in the visualization and analysis of medical
Voxel
Series of video cards
rendering, its "Pixel Tapestry" architecture allowed for Environment Mapped Bump Mapping (EMBM) and Dot Product (Dot3) Bump Mapping support, offering
Radeon_R100_series
GPU by Nvidia
and released on October 11, 1999, the GeForce 256 improves on its predecessor (RIVA TNT2) by increasing the number of fixed pixel pipelines, offloading
GeForce_256
GPU microarchitecture by AMD released in 2020
is calculated as the number of Texture Mapping Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of
RDNA_2
Computer graphics rendering technique
necessarily more realistic appearing, but when compared to a real image pixel for pixel the result is often much closer. Spectral rendering can also simulate
Spectral_rendering
Method of interpolating functions on a 2D grid
the screen pixel. This process is repeated for each pixel forming the object being textured. When an image needs to be scaled up, each pixel of the original
Bilinear_interpolation
Digital imaging technique
Polynomial texture mapping (PTM), also known as Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI), is a technique of imaging and interactively displaying objects
Polynomial_texture_mapping
American multinational technology company
(Photos), videotelephony (Meet), smart home (Nest), smartphones (Pixel), wearable technology (Pixel Watch and Fitbit), music streaming (YouTube Music), video
visible colour. Also used for displacement mapping. Swizzled texture A texture map stored out of the natural pixel order; see swizzling (computer graphics)
Glossary_of_computer_graphics
Graphics processing unit brand
mapping units (TMUs) multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed. Boost values (if available) are stated below the base value in italic. Pixel
Intel_Arc
Color method in computer graphics
During the texture mapping process for any arbitrary 3D surface, a texture lookup takes place to find out where on the texture each pixel center falls. For
Texture_filtering
Producing images of 3D scenes
renderer with 2000 sampled paths per pixel An image rendered using POV-Ray's ray tracing, radiosity and photon mapping features A more realistic path traced
Rendering_(computer_graphics)
Simulation of the appearance of being three-dimensional
of dimetric projection with a 2:1 pixel ratio is more common due to the problems of anti-aliasing and square pixels found on most computer monitors. In
2.5D
API used in Microsoft DirectX for 3D rendering
powerful 3D graphics features, such as vertex shaders, pixel shaders, fog, bump mapping and texture mapping. Direct3D 9.0 (released in December, 2002) added
Direct3D
Computational imaging technique
pulsed-lasers as the light source, single-pixel imaging was applied for time-of-flight measurements used in depth-mapping LiDAR applications. Apart from the
Single-pixel_imaging
Series of video cards
as of 2004 and onward to be more pixel shader and texturing oriented than geometry based. Normal and parallax mapping were replacing sheer geometric complexity
Radeon_R400_series
GPU series by ATI Technologies
clocked at 425 MHz core, and produced on a 0.11 micrometre process. RV410 used a layout consisting of 8 pixel pipelines connected to 4 ROPs (similar to GeForce
Radeon_X700_series
Simulation of light in computer graphics
and non-uniform. Per-pixel lighting Computer graphics "Light: The art of exposure". GarageFarm. 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-11. "Intro to Computer Graphics:
Computer_graphics_lighting
GPU for mobile devices, used by Nintendo on their 3DS consoles
DMP's MAESTRO-2G technology: Per-pixel lighting Fake sub-surface scattering Procedural texture Refraction mapping Subdivision primitive Shadow Gaseous
PICA200
Conflagration mapping platform developed by NASA
Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) is a free web mapping platform offered by NASA as part of its Earth Science Data Systems (ESDS)
Fire Information for Resource Management System
Fire_Information_for_Resource_Management_System
mapping units (TMUs) multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed. Boost values (if available) are stated below the base value in italic. Pixel
List of Intel graphics processing units
List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units
Type of video game graphics
Instead, a variety of angles are used, with dimetric projection or a 2:1 pixel ratio being the most common. The terms "isometric 3D", "3/4 perspective"
Isometric_video_game_graphics
2024 flagship smartphones by Samsung Electronics
use Google's on-device Gemini Nano, already used by their own Pixel 8 Pro and their Pixel 9 series. Some users noted the unpleasant smell of the Galaxy
Samsung_Galaxy_S24
Screen-space shading technique
technique that is performed on a second rendering pass, after the vertex and pixel shaders are rendered. It was first suggested by Michael Deering in 1988
Deferred_shading
Series of GPUs by AMD
is calculated as the number of Texture Mapping Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of
Radeon_RX_Vega_series
Computer graphics lighting effect
the point or pixel is inside a shadowed area. This eventually allows the program to determine how the object will be lit. 3D shadow mapping renders the
Self-shadowing
GPU series by ATI Technologies
0 1 Pixel shaders : Vertex shaders : Texture mapping units : Render output units All models include PCI-E x16, DirectX 9.0b and OpenGL 2.0 1 Pixel shaders :
Radeon_X800_series
Simulation of reflective surfaces
usually be computed faster by using simpler methods such as environment mapping. Reflections on shiny surfaces like wood or tile can add to the photorealistic
Reflection (computer graphics)
Reflection_(computer_graphics)
Number of pixels or texels a GPU can render in one second
(texels) the GPU can map to pixels in one second. Texture fillrate is obtained by multiplying the number of texture mapping units (TMUs) by the clock frequency
Fillrate
Graphics processing unit developed by Nvidia
high-end 2D-only graphics cards in both quality and performance. Pixel pipelines: texture mapping units: render output units Matrox Mystique 220 3DFX Voodoo
RIVA_128
Method of enhancing the image quality of textures on surfaces of computer graphics
inter-pixel and intra-pixel. Even with 16-tap anisotropic filtering, not all 16 taps are always needed because only distant highly oblique pixel fills
Anisotropic_filtering
Computer display feature
elements on a computer screen are rendered at sizes independent from the pixel grid, resulting in a graphical user interface that is displayed at a consistent
Resolution_independence
Shading language
programming tasks, like the texture mapping functions tex1D and tex2D. Cg/HLSL programs are merely vertex and pixel shaders, and they need supporting programs
High-Level_Shader_Language
Mathematical image techniques
which is often called "sub-pixel" registration because the measured shift is smaller than an integer pixel unit. For sub-pixel interpolation of the shift
Digital image correlation and tracking
Digital_image_correlation_and_tracking
Representing a 3D-modeled object or dataset as a 2D projection
for each millimeter of depth) and usually have a regular number of image pixels in a regular pattern. This is an example of a regular volumetric grid, with
Volume_rendering
Computer graphics techniques for reusing samples during rendering
different pixel in the image. In contrast, the shift mappings in GRIS are deterministic rather than random, and they take paths from other pixels or other
Spatiotemporal reservoir resampling
Spatiotemporal_reservoir_resampling
Metadata formats for display devices
display, display size, luminance data and (for digital displays only) pixel mapping data. DisplayID is a VESA standard targeted to replace EDID and E-EDID
Extended Display Identification Data
Extended_Display_Identification_Data
providing street views of Flanders on pixel level with 10 cm accuracy. Geckomatics develops AI based mobile mapping systems. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Rutmap
List_of_street_view_services
Series of video cards
Radeon 9200 1 Pixel shaders : Vertex shaders : Texture mapping units : Render output units All models include DirectX 9.0 and OpenGL 2.0 1 Pixel shaders :
Radeon_9000_series
Rendering method
knowing the position of the light source, computed the brightness of the pixel on the screen. Their publication describes a short (30-second) film "made
Ray_tracing_(graphics)
Derived representation of a digital image
labels each pixel of the image with the distance to the nearest obstacle pixel. A most common type of obstacle pixel is a boundary pixel in a binary image
Distance_transform
Algorithms and methods of plotting the Mandelbrot set on a computing device
programs use a variety of algorithms to determine the color of individual pixels efficiently. The simplest algorithm for generating a representation of the
Plotting algorithms for the Mandelbrot set
Plotting_algorithms_for_the_Mandelbrot_set
Series of GPUs by Nvidia
for 3D acceleration is the addition of a second texture mapping unit to each of the four pixel pipelines. This doubles the texture fillrate per clock compared
GeForce_2_series
Series of GPUs by Nvidia
February 2001, it advanced the GeForce architecture by adding programmable pixel and vertex shaders, multisample anti-aliasing and improved the overall efficiency
GeForce_3_series
European certification label
which do not fulfil some essential requirements such as having 1:1 pixel mapping with no overscan or accepting a 1080p signal. A UK BBC television programme
HD_ready
NASA robotic spacecraft orbiting the moon
radiation in lunar orbit; and high-resolution mapping, at a maximum resolution of 50 cm/pixel (20 in/pixel), to assist in the selection and characterization
Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter
texture mapping Texture fillrate: 500–1400 megatexels per second (250-700 MP × 2 texture units) Peak triangle performance: 29,125,000 32-pixel triangles
Xbox_technical_specifications
American entrepreneur
founder of Augmented Pixels, a U.S.-based company specializing in AI-autonomous navigation (visual localization and 3D mapping) for drones and Augmented
Vitaliy_Goncharuk
GPU microarchitecture by AMD
is calculated as the number of Texture Mapping Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of
RDNA_3
Video-sharing platform
the original on November 2, 2013. "2013: Year in Rewind (report title) / Mapping the Landscape (specific section title)". Next Big Sound. January 2014.
YouTube
Series of GPUs by Nvidia
and PureVideo Pixel shaders: vertex shaders: texture mapping units: render output units 1 Pixel shaders: vertex shaders: texture mapping units: render
GeForce_6_series
Metadata standard in digital media
focal length, metering mode, and ISO speed information Image metrics: Pixel dimensions, resolution, colorspace, and filesize Date and time information
Exif
Geodesy and remote sensing technique
SAR data collection essentially arbitrary, with no correlation from pixel to pixel. To get any useful information from the phase, some of these effects
Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar
Interferometric_synthetic-aperture_radar
Graphics created using computers
large form of digital art, pixel art is created through the use of raster graphics software, where images are edited on the pixel level. Graphics in most
Computer_graphics
Series of video cards
is calculated as the number of Texture Mapping Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of
Radeon_HD_6000_series
Intel GPU architecture
mapping units (TMUs) multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed. Boost values (if available) are stated below the base value in italic. Pixel
Intel_Xe
Digital image having no color information
color image, then there is no unique mapping from such a color image to a grayscale image. The intensity of a pixel is expressed within a given range between
Grayscale
Mathematical theorem
In complex analysis, the Riemann mapping theorem states that if U {\displaystyle U} is a non-empty simply connected open subset of the complex number
Riemann_mapping_theorem
Series of graphics cards by AMD
is calculated as the number of Texture Mapping Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of
Radeon_400_series
Series of GPUs by Nvidia
GDDR6). They are fabricated by TSMC using a custom 5 nm process dubbed 4N. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of render output units (ROPs) multiplied
GeForce_RTX_50_series
Series of video cards
arrival. The chip adopted an architecture consisting of 8 pixel pipelines, each with 1 texture mapping unit (an 8x1 design). While this differed from the older
Radeon_R300_series
Variant of a liquid-crystal display
one for each pixel. The one-way current passing characteristic of the transistor prevents the charge that is being applied to each pixel from being drained
TFT_LCD
American space project
array was 288 × 384 pixels. Pixel resolution varied from 100–325 m during a single orbit mapping run at the Moon. At Geographos the pixel resolution would
Clementine_(spacecraft)
Process supporting machine learning
interpret data. For example, it may inform the model that a particular set of pixels is a picture of a bicycle, or that a particular structure of sentence should
Data_annotation
Fractal functions in mathematics
each pixel has multiple data points to pull from. For example, create a histogram with 300×300 cells in order to draw a 100×100 px image; each pixel would
Fractal_flame
Brand by AMD
follows: 1 Vertex shaders : Pixel shaders : Texture mapping units : Render output units 2 Unified shaders : Texture mapping units : Render output units :
AMD_FirePro
IBM PC graphic adapter and display standard
per pixel (four levels of intensity) for red, green and blue. On EGA adapters with only 64 KB of video RAM, only 4 colors can be selected per pixel. The
Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter
Family of GPUs by AMD
Unified Shaders : Texture Mapping Units : Render Output Units Unified Shaders : Texture Mapping Units : Render Output Units Pixel fillrate is calculated
Radeon_HD_8000_series
Video game series
supports many features of modern GPUs such as pixel and vertex shaders, HDR, bloom and parallax mapping. Serious Engine 3 was used in Serious Sam HD:
Serious_Sam
Consortium of major motion picture studios
respectively Compression rate of 4.71 bits/pixel (2K @ 24 frame/s), 2.35 bits/pixel (2K @ 48 frame/s), 1.17 bits/pixel (4K @ 24 frame/s) 250 Mbit/s maximum
Digital_Cinema_Initiatives
Transformation in image processing
is the frequency of the grayscale value rj, and n is the total number of pixels in the image. Now consider a desired output probability density function
Histogram_matching
Graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data
on 2D planes Geometry processing Isometric graphics in video games and pixel art List of stereoscopic video games Medical animation Render farm Foley
3D_computer_graphics
Series of video cards
is calculated as the number of Texture Mapping Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of
Radeon_600_series
Display technology for use in mobile devices and televisions
Below is a mapping table of marketing terms versus resolutions and sub-pixel types. Note how the pixel density relates to choices of sub-pixel type. Flagship
AMOLED
How two or more digital photo layers are mixed together
whatever is present in the top layer (see alpha compositing); because each pixel has numerical values, there also are many other ways to blend two layers
Blend_modes
Computer benchmarking tool
versions as each test is based on a specific version of the DirectX API. 3DMark 11 and earlier versions, being no longer suitable to test modern hardware, have
3DMark
Series of graphics cards by AMD
is calculated as the number of Texture Mapping Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of
Radeon_500_series
Geometric transformation that preserves lines but not angles nor the origin
the plane. This transform relocates pixels requiring intensity interpolation to approximate the value of moved pixels, bicubic interpolation is the standard
Affine_transformation
Portion of random-access memory containing a bitmap that drives a video display
common are: Mapping the entire framebuffer to a given memory range. Port commands to set each pixel, range of pixels or palette entry. Mapping a memory range
Framebuffer
Series of GPUs by Nvidia
driver restricts this to pixel-level preemption because pixel tasks typically finish quickly and the overhead costs of doing pixel-level preemption are much
GeForce_10_series
AndroidRank profile". "YouTube – Google Play". play.google.com. Retrieved 2019-02-11. "YouTube – Android market data". "Google Maps – Apps on Google Play". "Google
List of most-downloaded Google Play applications
List_of_most-downloaded_Google_Play_applications
API for rendering interactive 3D graphics
dynamic lighting effects on the GPU (pixel shader). AGAL also allows high-quality texture rendering with mip-mapping. AGAL is used extensively in Flash
Stage3D
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