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Repeated joining and separation of Earth's continents
The supercontinent cycle is the quasi-periodic aggregation and dispersal of Earth's continental crust. There are varying opinions as to whether the amount
Supercontinent_cycle
Landmass comprising more than one continental core, or craton
supercontinent cycle is the break-up of one supercontinent and the development of another, which takes place on a global scale. Supercontinent cycles
Supercontinent
Geophysical model of the opening and closing of rifts
of supercontinents. A classic example of the Wilson Cycle is the opening and closing of the Atlantic Ocean. It has been suggested that Wilson cycles on
Wilson_Cycle
Possible future supercontinent
ocean tides to the supercontinent cycle. The name is a portmanteau of America and Australia, which form the core of the supercontinent. The study noted
Aurica_(supercontinent)
Hypothesized Neoproterozoic supercontinent
Vendian supercontinent, Greater Gondwana, and the Pan-African supercontinent, is a proposed relatively short-lived Neoproterozoic supercontinent that may
Pannotia
Ancient supercontinent of approximately 2,500 to 1,500 million years ago
Columbia, also known as Nuna or Hudsonland, is a hypothetical ancient supercontinent first proposed in 2002 by geologists John J. W. Rogers and M. Santosh
Columbia_(supercontinent)
Hypothetical future supercontinent
Neopangaea, and Pangaea II) is a possible future supercontinent configuration. In keeping with the supercontinent cycle, Pangaea Proxima could form within the next
Pangaea_Proxima
Supercontinent from the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic eras
Pangaea or Pangea (/pænˈdʒiːə/ pan-JEE-ə) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from the earlier
Pangaea
Long-term future of planet Earth
rotation and orbit. As part of the ongoing supercontinent cycle, plate tectonics will probably create a supercontinent in 250–350 million years. Sometime in
Future_of_Earth
Hypothetical Neoproterozoic supercontinent
birthplace'[page needed]) was a Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic supercontinent that assembled 1.26–0.90 billion years ago (GaTooltip gigaannus) and
Rodinia
S2CID 135069518. Nance, R. D.; Murphy, J. B.; Santosh, M. (2014). "The supercontinent cycle: a retrospective essay". Gondwana Research. 25 (1): 4–29. Bibcode:2014GondR
List_of_paleocontinents
Geologic eon, 2500–539 million years ago
Archean Eon. The Proterozoic Eon also featured the first definitive supercontinent cycles and wholly modern[clarification needed] mountain building activity
Proterozoic
Hypothetical Archaean supercontinent from about 3.1 billion years ago
Ur is a hypothetical supercontinent that formed in the Archean eon around 3.1 billion years ago (Ga). In a reconstruction by Rogers, Ur is half a billion
Ur_(continent)
Ocean on the margin of Gondwana between the Middle Cambrian and Late Triassic
separated the two terranes. The role the Paleo-Tethys played in the supercontinent cycle, and especially the break-up of Pangaea, is unresolved. Some geologists
Paleo-Tethys_Ocean
Fourth era of the Archean Eon
cover as well as the suture between the Rae and Hearne cratons. The supercontinent cycle can be studied through patterns that describe how Earth's crust and
Neoarchean
Precambrian continental block located in China
key component of the Rodinia supercontinent. Therefore, such study helps us understand more about the supercontinent cycle. Third, almost all major known
South_China_Craton
Layer of rock that forms the continents and continental shelves
Different tracts rift apart, collide and recoalesce as part of a grand supercontinent cycle. There are currently about 7 billion cubic kilometres (1.7 billion
Continental_crust
Landmass consisting of Africa, Asia, and Europe
Afroeurasia, and Eurafrasia) is a landmass, occasionally described as a supercontinent, comprising the continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe. The terms are
Afro-Eurasia
Methane cycle – Ozone–oxygen cycle – Phosphorus cycle – Selenium cycle – Silica cycle – Supercontinent cycle – Vanadium cycle – Wilson cycle – Zinc cycle Agricultural
List_of_cycles
System that relates geologic strata to time
2000—540 Ma Earth history: From cratonic amalgamation to the age of supercontinent cycle". Earth-Science Reviews. 238 104336. Bibcode:2023ESRv..23804336L
Geologic_time_scale
Canadian geologist and professor (1908–1993)
Tuzo Wilson Seamounts. The Wilson cycle of seabed expansion and contraction (associated with the Supercontinent cycle) bears his name. One of the two large
John_Tuzo_Wilson
Proterozoic), supercontinent cycles, and wholly modern orogenic activity. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia, began
Geological_history_of_Earth
Bradley, D.C. (2011). "Secular Trends in the Geologic Record and the Supercontinent Cycle". Earth-Science Reviews. 108 (1–2): 16–33. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.715.6618
Chronology_of_continents
Neoproterozoic to Cretaceous landmass
Sanskrit: [goːɳɖɐʋɐnɐ]) was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent. The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental
Gondwana
Overview article
be correlated to the amalgamation and breakup of plates during supercontinent cycles of Columbia, Rodinia, and Gondwana. The Aravalli orogeny (~1,800
Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains
Tectonic_evolution_of_the_Aravalli_Mountains
Earth history, 1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago
to the supercontinent cycle, where the continents aggregate and then drift apart. The Boring Billion saw the evolution of two supercontinents: Columbia
Boring_Billion
Ancient continent in the Neoarchean era
opened behind a retreating Alaska. In his reconstruction of the supercontinent cycle, Rogers proposed that the continent Ur formed at about 3 Ga and formed
Arctica
Last period of the Mesoproterozoic Era
ISBN 978-0-231-06647-1. Nance, R. D.; Murphy, J. B.; Santosh, M. (2014). "The supercontinent cycle: a retrospective essay". Gondwana Research. 25 (1): 4–29. Bibcode:2014GondR
Stenian
Movement of Earth's lithosphere
Hierarchical outline list of articles related to plate tectonics Supercontinent cycle – Repeated joining and separation of Earth's continents Tectonics –
Plate_tectonics
Records of Earth's development
"Carbon Cycle and the Earth's Climate". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-15.[self-published source?] Condie, Kent C. (2005). "The Supercontinent Cycle and
History_of_Earth
Mesoproterozoic mountain-building event
Mesoproterozoic mountain-building event associated with the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia. Its record is a prominent orogenic belt which spans a significant
Grenville_orogeny
System composed of non-physical objects, i.e. ideas or concepts
ocean in a thousand-year cycle. The Wilson Cycle is an explanation of the formation of the Atlantic Ocean; the supercontinent cycles are a theory of the formation
Conceptual_system
Ocean that existed in the late Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic eras
This led him to his Wilson Cycle hypothesis. The birth of the Iapetus Ocean came from the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia. After its formation
Iapetus_Ocean
Third planet from the Sun
Bradley, D.C. (2011). "Secular Trends in the Geologic Record and the Supercontinent Cycle". Earth-Science Reviews. 108 (1–2): 16–33. Bibcode:2011ESRv..108
Earth
423-carat blue sapphire
Saul, John M. (2018). "Transparent gemstones and the most recent supercontinent cycle". International Geology Review. 60 (7): 892. Bibcode:2018IGRv...60
Logan_Sapphire
Formation of mountains from converging tectonic plates
lake on Earth. Continental collisions are a critical part of the supercontinent cycle and have happened many times in the past. Ancient collision zones
Continental_collision
Largest continental igneous province on Earth
the most recent supercontinent that existed. Its formation and breakup is a part of the larger supercontinent cycle and the Wilson cycle. After the rifting
Central Atlantic magmatic province
Central_Atlantic_magmatic_province
Comparison of a wide range of frequencies
Hubble constant (once in 13.8 billion years) 10−17 10 aHz ~79 aHz Supercontinent cycle (about every 400 million years) 10−16 100 aHz ~137.8 aHz Once per
Orders of magnitude (frequency)
Orders_of_magnitude_(frequency)
Global climate cycles
Sun. Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event § Milankovitch cycles Supercontinent § Milankovitch cycles Kerr, Richard A. (14 July 1978). "Climate Control: How
Milankovitch_cycles
Flat area on the deep ocean floor
The overall process of repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the Supercontinent cycle, first proposed by Canadian geophysicist
Abyssal_plain
Main stage in the Neoproterozoic assembly of East and West Gondwana
S2CID 2814283. Nance, R. D.; Murphy, J. B.; Santosh, M. (2014). "The supercontinent cycle: a retrospective essay". Gondwana Research. 25 (1): 4–29. Bibcode:2014GondR
East_African_Orogeny
Large geographical region identified by convention
breakup of continents, and occasionally supercontinents, in a process called the Wilson Cycle. The supercontinent Columbia or Nuna formed during a period
Continent
Northern landmass that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent
more northern of two large landmasses that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent from around 335 to 175 million years ago (Mya), the other being Gondwana
Laurasia
Mountain range in eastern North America
Mountains started around 1.1 billion years ago with the creation of supercontinent Rodinia, and many Precambrian rocks and minerals created via this process
Appalachian_Mountains
Area of igneous rock in Skagerrak strait
break-up of Pangaea and therefore play an important role in the supercontinent cycle. The SCLIP is associated with the Moscovian and Kasimovian stages
Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province
Skagerrak-Centered_Large_Igneous_Province
Topics referred to by the same term
Earth's crust where one side moves with respect to the other side. Supercontinent cycle, the quasi-periodic aggregation and dispersal of Earth's continental
Earth_crust_displacement
Ancient geological fault
to the suture. Plate tectonics – Movement of Earth's lithosphere Supercontinent cycle – Repeated joining and separation of Earth's continents Trans-European
Iapetus_Suture
Huge regional accumulation of igneous rocks
role in the cycles of continental breakup, continental formation, new crustal additions from the upper mantle, and supercontinent cycles. Earth has an
Large_igneous_province
Increasing mineral diversity over time
river sands). They have highs and lows that are linked with the supercontinent cycle, although it is not clear whether this is due to changes in subduction
Mineral_evolution
Triassic lava flow in the United States
2016). "How subduction broke up Pangaea with implications for the supercontinent cycle". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 424 (1). Special
Mount_Zion_Church_Basalt
Science of analyzing the age of zircons
abundance of magmatic age peaks during periods of supercontinent assembly. This is because supercontinent provides a major crustal envelop selectively preserve
Detrital_zircon_geochronology
Period of long-term reduction in temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere
Correlatives are known from Argentina, also in the center of the ancient supercontinent Gondwanaland. Although the Mesozoic Era retained a greenhouse climate
Ice_age
Scottish geologist and geophysicist
pioneered the study of pre-Pangaea plate tectonics and the theory of supercontinent cycles on Earth. In particular, he is known for geologic fieldwork in the
Ian_Dalziel_(geologist)
Craton forming the geological core of North America
times in its past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and supercontinents and consists of many smaller terranes assembled on a network of early
Laurentia
Seabed ridge south of Greece
in SW Iberia". In Li, Z.X.; Evans, D.A.D.; Murphy, J.B. (eds.). Supercontinent Cycles Through Earth History. Special Publications. Vol. 424. Geological
Mediterranean_Ridge
Type of hydrothermal mineral deposit
Amalgamation of disrupted continental masses to form new supercontinents, known as Wilson Cycles, play a key role in the formation of deposits, by initiating
Orogenic_gold_deposit
Ocean that surrounds a supercontinent
A superocean is an ocean that surrounds a supercontinent. It is less commonly defined as any ocean larger than the current Pacific Ocean. Named global
Superocean
Mountain-building event in northern Canada
billion years ago.[failed verification] This crust cycling is referred to as the supercontinent cycle. Hildebrand, Hoffman & Bowring 2010, Abstract "Comparisons
Wopmay_orogen
Archean nearly 2.5 billion years had already experienced up to eight supercontinent cycles.[citation needed] In the late Precambrian and Paleozoic, Avalonia
Geology of Newfoundland and Labrador
Geology_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador
Archaean craton, possibly part of the Vaalbara supercontinent
Archean sequences, suggest that they were once part of the Vaalbara supercontinent. The Kaapvaal Craton covers an area of approximately 1,200,000 km2 (460
Kaapvaal_Craton
Ice age
Paleozoic glaciation of Gondwana could be explained by the migration of the supercontinent across the South Pole." In northern Ethiopia, glacial landforms like
Late_Paleozoic_icehouse
Order of arachnids in the arthropod phylum
with 32 described species confined to the landmasses that formed the supercontinent Gondwana. The phylogeny of the Ixodida within the Acari is shown in
Tick
Major landmass in the geological past
Australia-Antarctica, and Amazonia-Baltica. During the time of the supercontinent Gondwana, Laurentia was smashed in between Eastern and Western Gondwana
Paleocontinent
First period of the Paleoproterozoic Era
continental activity in this period revolved around the breakup of the supercontinent Kenorland. While this event mainly occurred in the North American craton
Siderian
Paleoclimatological hypothesis
megamonsoon refers to the paleoclimatological hypothesis that the ancient supercontinent Pangaea had experienced a distinct seasonal reversal of winds (monsoons)
Pangean_megamonsoon
Collision of tectonic plates resulting in the creation of mountains
continental collision between Euramerica (Laurussia) and Gondwana to form the supercontinent of Pangaea. It remains visible today as a series of isolated massifs
Variscan_orogeny
Change in the statistical distribution of climate elements for an extended period
pattern during the time of the supercontinent Pangaea, and climate modeling suggests that the existence of the supercontinent was conducive to the establishment
Climate variability and change
Climate_variability_and_change
Country in South Asia
70 million years ago, when the Indian Plate, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a north-eastward drift caused by seafloor spreading
India
First era of the Archean Eon
from two Greek words: eos (dawn) and Archaios (ancient). The first supercontinent candidate Vaalbara appeared around the end of this period at about 3
Eoarchean
Class of ectothermic tetrapods
Mesozoic (around 250 million years ago), before the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea and soon after their divergence from the lobe-finned fish. The
Amphibian
Second era of the Proterozoic Eon
of this era are the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent, the formation of the Rodinia supercontinent, and the evolution of sexual reproduction. This
Mesoproterozoic
Clade of insects
million years ago) on the supercontinent of West Gondwana, just prior to its breakup into South America and Africa. The supercontinent is thought to have been
Bee
Genus of small crustaceans
lineages of living Triops are found in areas that are part of the former supercontinent Gondwana, suggesting Triops originated in Gondwana. However, the earliest
Triops
Earth's most severe extinction event
for PTME survivors during their Early Triassic recolonization of the supercontinent. In North China, tetrapod body and ichnofossils are extremely rare in
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Major climatic change and biotic turnover during the Triassic
environments. On land, the prevailing arid climate across much of the supercontinent Pangea shifted briefly to a hotter and more humid climate, with a significant
Carnian_pluvial_episode
Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere
Trindade, R.I. (June 2009). "The position of the Amazonian Craton in supercontinents". Gondwana Research. 15 (3–4): 396–407. Bibcode:2009GondR..15..396C
Craton
Fourth and current eon of the geological timescale
tectonic processes assembled the continents into Pangaea, the most recent supercontinent, before its later fragmentation into the present-day continental landmasses
Phanerozoic
Bay on the east coast of North America
years ago in the late Triassic, when all land on earth was part of a supercontinent called Pangaea. At that time what is now the Maritimes was situated
Bay_of_Fundy
Uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate
(15 August 2016). "World's oldest ocean crust dates back to ancient supercontinent". New Scientist. Retrieved 11 September 2016. "Researcher uncovers 340
Oceanic_crust
Oceanic division
another hypothesized supercontinent that forms from closure of the Pacific Ocean, while Aurica is a hypothesized supercontinent that forms from closure
Atlantic_Ocean
starts. Breakup of the Vaalbara: Breakup of supercontinent Ur as it becomes a part of the major supercontinent Kenorland. Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons join
Timeline_of_Earth
deposits. Major global events such as the formation or breakup of supercontinents and periods of significant volcanic activity tend to create new deposits
Zinc_cycle
Science fiction novels by Kenneth Bulmer
narrow seas, indicating that in geologically recent times it was a supercontinent, since broken apart by tectonic forces. The continents of Paz are fairly
Dray_Prescot_series
Warm-blooded animals with wings and feathers
birds occurred in the Cretaceous and associated with breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana or occurred later and potentially as a consequence of the
Bird
Third and final series of the Permian
approximately 22 hours. During the Lopingian, most of the earth was in the supercontinent Pangaea. The Zechstein sea, would, at times, be connected to the Paleo-Tethys
Lopingian
Species of Gastropoda
These land masses once connected with Australia as the Gondwanaland supercontinent. A volcanic eruption at Mount Kaputar 17 million years ago created a
Triboniophorus sp. nov. 'Kaputar'
Triboniophorus_sp._nov._'Kaputar'
Body of water
during the Jurassic (200–154 Ma) during the initial breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana, forming a mediterranean sea between
Central_American_Seaway
Topics referred to by the same term
village subdivision of the town of Washington Columbia (supercontinent), a prehistoric supercontinent 327 Columbia, an asteroid Columbia (BioShock), a city
Columbia
First era of the Proterozoic Eon
pattern of collision belts supports the formation of a Proterozoic supercontinent named Columbia or Nuna. That continental collisions suddenly led to
Paleoproterozoic
First period of the Mesozoic Era
dominant groups of fish in both freshwater and marine habitats. The vast supercontinent of Pangaea dominated the globe during the Triassic, but in the latest
Triassic
Claim of past rapid changes of the Earth's axis
years. Between approximately 790 and 810 million years ago, when the supercontinent Rodinia existed, two geologically rapid phases of true polar wander
Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis
Order of amphibians
place in the Paleozoic or early Mesozoic before the break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea and soon after their divergence from the lobe-finned fishes
Frog
2023 British TV series or programme
extinction event. 2 "Snowball" 720 million years ago, the break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia caused a Snowball Earth 3 "Green" Plate tectonics was started
Earth_(2023_TV_series)
Austrian geologist (1831–1914)
responsible for hypothesising two major former geographical features, the supercontinent Gondwana (proposed in 1861) and the Tethys Ocean. He also introduced
Eduard_Suess
Scientific projections regarding the far future
"Climate extremes likely to drive land mammal extinction during next supercontinent assembly" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 16 (10): 901–908. Bibcode:2023NatGe
Timeline_of_the_far_future
Country in Oceania
kilometre in central Melbourne. Formerly part of the Rodinia and Gondwana supercontinents, Australia completely separated from Antarctica about 35 million years
Australia
Formation of mountain ranges
Tectonics, and Sedimentation During Accretion, Zenith, and Breakup of a Supercontinent. Geological Society of America Special Paper. Vol. 288. Geological Society
Orogeny
Japanese manga series
2026, the manga remake had over 38 million copies in circulation. On a supercontinent version of Earth, ravaged by monstrous threats, the Hero Association
One-Punch_Man
Neoproterozoic surge in atmospheric oxygen
weathering of continental flood basalts resulting from the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia, is believed to have been a trigger of the Sturtian and Marinoan
Neoproterozoic oxygenation event
Neoproterozoic_oxygenation_event
Ancient ocean, present during the Mesozoic
during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. With the formation of the supercontinent Pangea in the mid- to late-Paleozoic, the vast Panthalassa ocean dominated
Mongol-Okhotsk_Ocean
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