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Mutation Frequency Decline (mfd) is the gene which encodes the protein Mfd (also known as Transcription Repair Coupling Factor, TRCF). Mfd functions in
Mutation_Frequency_Decline
Biological term for all non-reproductive bodily cells
Walter CA, Intano GW, McCarrey JR, McMahan CA, Walter RB (1998). "Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice"
Somatic_(biology)
Topics referred to by the same term
display, an interactive system for presenting various information Mutation Frequency Decline, a gene/gene product used in transcription-coupled repair Multifunction
MFD
Concept in genetics
loss through genetic drift as are neutral mutations. Not until the allele frequency for the advantageous mutation reaches a certain threshold will genetic
Genetic_drift
Gamete-producing cell
Intano GW, McCarrey JR, McMahan CA, Walter RB (August 1998). "Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice"
Germ_cell
Type of evolutionary extinction vortex
catastrophe) is the accumulation of harmful mutations in a small population, which leads to loss of fitness and decline of the population size, which may lead
Mutational_meltdown
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
cell populations, cells with mutations will increase or decrease in frequency according to the effects of the mutations on the ability of the cell to
Mutation
Any biological cell forming the body of an organism
Intano GW, McCarrey JR, McMahan CA, Walter RB (August 1998). "Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice"
Somatic_cell
Cells of a multicellular organism that pass on genetic material to progeny
Walter CA, Intano GW, McCarrey JR, McMahan CA, Walter RB (1998). "Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice"
Germline
Sperm precursor cell that undergoes meiosis
Walter CA, Intano GW, McCarrey JR, McMahan CA, Walter RB (1998). "Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice"
Spermatocyte
American geneticist (1921–2023)
describe the processes of mutation frequency decline (MFD). She observed a decrease in damage-induced suppressor mutations when protein synthesis was
Evelyn_M._Witkin
Genetic neurological disease
peroxisomes for degradation. Mutations in this gene that interfere with this process cause this syndrome. Males with an ABCD1 mutation are hemizygous, as they
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Cells found in human testes which help produce sperm
Intano GW, McCarrey JR, McMahan CA, Walter RB (August 1998). "Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice"
Sertoli_cell
Prokaryotic protein
Rho factor has not been found in Archaea. Termination factor Mutation Frequency Decline (Mfd) protein is also capable of dissociating RNA polymerase from
Rho_factor
Genetic mutation not inherited from a parent
A de novo mutation is a newly present mutation in an individual organism. These may occur in gametogenesis due to a germline mutation in a parent, or
De_novo_mutation
Human disease
deafness is relatively slow and initially influences high-frequency sounds. Patients with WFS1 mutation have degenerative impairment in the central nervous
Wolfram_syndrome
Theory of aging
proportional to the equilibrium frequencies of deleterious alleles, which are expected to increase with age under mutation accumulation but not under the
Mutation_accumulation_theory
Effect in population genetics
gene flow and mutation all contribute to this divergence. This potential for relatively rapid changes in the colony's gene frequency led most scientists
Founder_effect
Accumulation of harmful mutations
Haigh derives the equation that calculates the frequency of individuals carrying k {\displaystyle k} mutations for the population with stationary distribution:
Muller's_ratchet
Hypothesis that aging is caused by accumulated DNA damage
cells, mutant cells will increase or decrease in frequency according to the effects of the mutation on the ability of the cell to survive and reproduce
DNA_damage_theory_of_aging
Ecological trend recorded since the late 20th century
all animal species. In the 2010s, reports emerged about the widespread decline in populations across multiple insect orders. The reported severity shocked
Decline_in_insect_populations
Gene known for its role in breast cancer
Kaback MM, Collins FS, et al. (October 1995). "The carrier frequency of the BRCA1 185delAG mutation is approximately 1 percent in Ashkenazi Jewish individuals"
BRCA1
How an animal develops its sexual-reproduction cells
Intano GW, McCarrey JR, McMahan CA, Walter RB (August 1998). "Mutation frequency declines during spermatogenesis in young mice but increases in old mice"
Germline_development
Genetic brain disorder
syndrome is due to a genetic mutation, usually in the MECP2 gene, on the X chromosome. It almost always occurs as a new mutation, with less than one percent
Rett_syndrome
Dependence of a gene mutation's phenotype on mutations in other genes
phenomenon in genetics in which the effect of a gene mutation is dependent on the presence or absence of mutations in one or more other genes, respectively termed
Epistasis
Expected reproductive success
fitness in the population (again setting aside changes in frequency due to drift and mutation). Relative fitnesses only indicate the change in prevalence
Fitness_(biology)
Manner in which humans engage sexually
self-determined reasons. The frequency of sexual activity might range from zero to 15 or 20 times a week. Frequency of intercourse tends to decline with age. Some post-menopausal
Human_sexual_activity
X-linked dominant genetic disorder
full mutation display virtually complete penetrance and will therefore almost always display symptoms of FXS, while females with a full mutation generally
Fragile_X_syndrome
missense mutation that affects the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. From early appearances in Eastern China early in 2020, the frequency of this mutation in the
Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2
Study of the evolutionary development of ageing processes
expression of novel deleterious mutations, defines the effects they contribute on mortality. Overall, however; although their frequency increases, their effects
Evolution_of_ageing
Gradual retinal degeneration leading to progressive sight loss
populations exhibit higher disease frequencies or increased prevalence of a specific RP mutation. Pre-existing or emerging mutations that contribute to rod photoreceptor
Retinitis_pigmentosa
Reduction in frequency of deleterious alleles through inbreeding
change in gene frequency is governed just by random sampling (i.e., by genetic drift). Therefore, according to the model, the decline of fitness can be
Genetic_purging
Significance of the peppered moth in evolutionary biology
carbonaria morph was the result of a single mutation that subsequently spread. By 1895, it had reached a reported frequency of 98% in Manchester. From around 1962
Peppered_moth_evolution
Iranian American microbiologist, biochemist, educator
she discovered a bacterial protein called Mutation Frequency Decline (Mfd) quickens the bacterial mutation process. In January 2019, she was appointed
Houra_Merrikh
Dynamical system
strategies with higher-than-average fitness increase in frequency, while less successful strategies decline. Unlike other models of replication—such as the quasispecies
Replicator_equation
Medical condition
somatotropin). It is usually caused by inherited growth hormone receptor (GHR) mutations. The syndrome is named after the scientist Zvi Laron who first discovered
Laron_syndrome
Medical condition
meeting on AGS was held in Pavia, Italy, in 2001. AGS can occur due to mutations in any one of a number of different genes, of which nine have been identified
Aicardi–Goutières_syndrome
Medical condition
perception of frequencies above approximately 5 kHz which progressively declines, over the years, to severe hearing loss at all frequencies. The diabetes
Diabetes_and_deafness
Medical condition
severity of symptoms. These mutations lead to protein truncation, prevent DNA binding, and a loss-of-function. Mutations of the gene affect namely the
Benign_hereditary_chorea
Genetic disorder affecting mostly the lungs
on 11 August 2010. Wennberg C, Kucinskas V (1994). "Low frequency of the delta F508 mutation in Finno-Ugrian and Baltic populations". Human Heredity.
Cystic_fibrosis
Rare, severe disease of lysosomal storage
S2CID 37096876. Rozenberg R, Pereira Lda V (2001). "The frequency of Tay–Sachs disease-causing mutations in the Brazilian Jewish population justifies a carrier
Tay–Sachs_disease
Relationship between biological organs
response to GnRH pulse frequency, with its expression sharply increasing at lower pulse frequencies and decreasing at higher frequencies. This ultrasensitive
Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal_axis
Pre-cancerous intestinal polyps
spread of cancer. The root cause of FAP is understood to be a genetic mutation—a change in the body's tumour suppressor genes that prevent the development
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Familial_adenomatous_polyposis
difficulty of tissue access, and low frequency of mutation occurrence. Recently, the analysis of somatic mutations in benign tissues adjacent to tumors
Human_somatic_variation
to estimate cellular frequency patterns of mutations in a population of cancer cells using observed alternate allele frequencies, copy number, and loss
PyClone
Total number of genetic characteristics in a species
diversity. Mutation rates differ across the genome, and larger populations have greater mutation rates. In smaller populations a mutation is less likely
Genetic_diversity
Phenomenon in evolutionary biology
beneficial mutation is only present in the clones of the cell in which the mutation arose. Because of this, the relative frequency of mutation A only increases
Clonal_interference
spoken language, the aspirate mutation is declining and is (outside of set phrases) often omitted or replaced by the soft mutation. However, in the formal literary
Literary_Welsh_morphology
Biological evolution of Homo sapiens from 50,000 years ago until present
then more mutations survive, which could increase their frequency and the rate of evolution. For humans, a large source of heritable mutations is sperm;
Recent_human_evolution
Proposed evolutionary explanation for senescence
of this allele over evolutionary time, thereby lowering the frequency of these mutations. Yet, research shows that the incidence of such alleles in studied
Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis
Antagonistic_pleiotropy_hypothesis
Human blood group classification
XK protein (such as through genetic deletion or through a single point mutation within the coding region of the XK gene), leads to marked reduction of
Kell_antigen_system
Sequencing all the DNA of an individual at once
Furthermore, mutation frequency can vary between cancer types: in germline cells, mutation rates occur at approximately 0.023 mutations per megabase,
Whole_genome_sequencing
When multiple copies of a beneficial mutation become established and fix together
which the mutation became beneficial. In this way, a single beneficial mutation may carry multiple haplotypes to an intermediate frequency, while itself
Soft_selective_sweep
mutations that arise spontaneously in autism and other neuropsychiatric disorders come mainly from the mother or the father, or whether the mutations
Epidemiology_of_autism
Medical condition
subunits alone. Further investigation of this mutation has indicated that it results in decreased frequency dependent rundown and, thus, likely hyperexcitability
Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus
Generalized_epilepsy_with_febrile_seizures_plus
Cellular mechanism
usual level and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation or epimutation. Mutation rates increase substantially in cells defective in
DNA_repair
Genetic neurodegenerative disease
Zhengmao (20 February 2019). "Is the High Frequency of Machado-Joseph Disease in China Due to New Mutational Origins?". Frontiers in Genetics. 9: 740.
Machado–Joseph_disease
Human skin color
Pakistan and Northern India. It shows a latitudinal decline toward the Equator, with high frequencies in North Africa (80%), and intermediate (40−60%) in
Light_skin
Genetic disorder that primarily affects the eye
affects the eyes and almost always leads to blindness. It is caused by mutations in the Norrin cystine knot growth factor gene, also referred to as Norrie
Norrie_disease
Health issue in Japan
there are interethnic differences in risk allele frequency of these genes and the location of those mutations. Age and gender are critical variables to track
Diabetes_in_Japan
Sharp reduction in the size of a population
another population occurs or very slowly increasing with time as random mutations occur.[self-published source] This results in a reduction in the robustness
Population_bottleneck
Celtic language native to Cornwall
(usually), or "mixed" mutation: Type 1 mixed mutation: Occurs after the affirmative particle y: gwelav > y hwelav 'I see' Type 2 mixed mutation: Occurs after
Cornish_language
Evolutionary effect
experienced no change in frequency of melanism in the same places in that period. The article does not address whether this is a genetic mutation or reversible adaptation
Industrial_melanism
Type of muscular dystrophy
of cases inherited from the mother and one-third resulting from a new mutation. Diagnosis can frequently be made at birth through genetic testing, and
Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy
Inflammation due to periodic blood vessel blockage
poisoning, and some autoimmune disorders. Primary erythromelalgia is caused by mutation of the voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit gene SCN9A. In 2004 erythromelalgia
Erythromelalgia
ancient individuals. Genetic analysis suggests that this mutation began to increase in frequency in Eastern Arabia around 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. This
Demographics_of_Bahrain
Metabolic disease
MT-ATP6 mutation found with Leigh syndrome is a point mutation at nucleotide 8993 that changes a thymine to a guanine. This and other point mutations associated
Leigh_syndrome
Carcass quality condition
an altered rate of glycolysis and a low pH within the muscle fibers. A mutation point in the ryanodine receptor gene (RYR1) in pork, associated to stress
PSE_meat
Physical model of propagating energy
energy through space. It encompasses a broad spectrum, classified by frequency (inversely proportional to wavelength), ranging from radio waves, microwaves
Electromagnetic_radiation
Rare species of fish native to Nevada, U.S.
old as 60,000 years. These estimates depend heavily on knowledge of the mutation rate in this species, which is unknown, but is predicted to be one of the
Devils_Hole_pupfish
Cancerous tumor of the developing eye
associated with it. In other cases, retinoblastoma is caused by a congenital mutation in the chromosome 13 gene 13q14 (retinoblastoma protein). Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma
Total number of individuals in a defined group or area
individuals, critical mutation rate can be exceeded, but will lead to loss of genetic material which results in further population decline and likelihood of
Population_size
Human genetic adaptation
Colaert J (1955). "Evidence concerning the inadequacy of mutation as an explanation of the frequency of the sickle cell gene in the Belgian Congo". Blood
Human genetic resistance to malaria
Human_genetic_resistance_to_malaria
Medical condition
(sometimes FOXG1-related disorder) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutation in the gene FOXG1. The main signs of this disease are: severe intellectual
FOXG1_syndrome
Melanistic squirrel
and that deforestation led to their decline has been challenged by some researchers. One study found a high frequency of black eastern gray squirrels lived
Black_squirrel
Group of genetic disorders resulting in fragile bones
collagen. In more than 90% of cases, OI occurs due to mutations in the COL1A1 or COL1A2 genes. These mutations may be hereditary in an autosomal dominant manner
Osteogenesis_imperfecta
Terminal recessive genetic condition
frequency of seizures. Over time those affected with Lafora disease have brain changes that cause confusion, speech difficulties, depression, decline
Lafora_disease
Genetics on the peopling of the Americas
frequency is found in northeastern North America, and declines in frequency from east to west. In southwestern Native American tribes the frequency of
Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Skin cancer originating in melanocytes
the frequencies of UVA-induced thymine dimers, respectively. If unrepaired, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photoproducts can lead to mutations by inaccurate
Melanoma
Biological process of getting older
levels of somatic mtDNA mutations directly can cause a variety of ageing phenotypes. The authors propose that mtDNA mutations lead to respiratory-chain-deficient
Ageing
Rare metabolism disorder
stated above. Sanfilippo syndrome can also appear as a 5th mutation, type E. This mutation results from a deficiency in the N-glucosamine 3-O-sulfatase
Sanfilippo_syndrome
Type of bioreactor
allele frequency. Thus, a lineage of multiple takeovers of consecutive strains might appear as the takeover of a single strain with a cohort of mutations. Fermentation
Chemostat
Group of disorders characterised by degeneration of white matter in the brain
or occurs after. While all leukodystrophies are the result of genetic mutations, other demyelinating disorders have an autoimmune, infectious, or metabolic
Leukodystrophy
Medical condition
continues into adulthood, even after seizure frequency has decreased. The cause of the disease is a missense mutation on chromosome 8. The creation of a new
Northern_epilepsy_syndrome
Health effects of an older father at conception
leading the population geneticist James F. Crow to claim that the "greatest mutational health hazard to the human genome is fertile older males". The paternal
Paternal_age_effect
Medical condition
last from minutes or days to weeks or even months. HNPP is caused by a mutation in the gene PMP22, which makes peripheral myelin protein 22. This protein
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy
Hereditary_neuropathy_with_liability_to_pressure_palsy
Polygenic phenotypic characteristic
determined by two factors: the pigmentation of the eye's iris and the frequency-dependence of the scattering of light by the turbid medium in the stroma
Eye_color
Relevance of genotype to race classification
proteins are coded. Some mutations may be positive and can help the individual survive more effectively in their environment. Mutation is counteracted by natural
Race_and_genetics
Medical condition
Brainstem and Spinal Cord Involvement and Lactate Elevation: A Novel DARS2 Mutation and Intra-Familial Heterogeneity". Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation
Leukoencephalopathy_with_brainstem_and_spinal_cord_involvement_and_lactate_elevation
Diseases of the space or tissue between the alveoli of the lungs
(mutations in SFTPB) Surfactant protein C deficiency (mutations in SFTPC) ABCA3 deficiency (mutations in ABCA3) Brain–lung–thyroid syndrome (Mutations
Interstitial_lung_disease
dispersal. The IBD model is useful for determining the distribution of gene frequencies over a geographic region. Both dispersal variance and migration probabilities
Isolation_by_distance
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Semitic speakers showed a decline in frequency going west to east in the Levantine-Syria region. Keita identified high frequencies of M35 (>50%) among Omotic
Haplogroup_E-V68
Variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19
partly because of one or more mutations in the virus' spike protein. The variant was also notable for having more mutations than normally seen. By January
SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant
Medical condition
may recur upon waking. Most frequently AHC is caused by a spontaneous mutation in the ATP1A3 gene. It is an extremely rare disorder – approximately one
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood
Alternating_hemiplegia_of_childhood
Standard rate of extinction
comparison to present day extinction rates, to illustrate the higher frequency of extinction today than in all periods of non-extinction events before
Background_extinction_rate
Allele with a frequency of 1
attributed to this population decline. With current conservation efforts, the population is in recovery. Allele frequency Meiotic drive "fixed allele definition"
Fixed_allele
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
E, Choi V, Kim MC, Chung IS, Jeong SY, Hwang JS (2016). "Low Frequency of MKRN3 Mutations in Central Precocious Puberty Among Korean Girls". Horm. Metab
MKRN3
research on gene orders in animals' mitochondrial genomes reveals that the mutation rate of gene orders is not a constant in some degrees. Methods for genome
Gene_orders
German patients cured of HIV
transplant from a donor with the "delta32" mutation on the CCR5 receptor. This mutation, found at relatively high frequencies in Northern Europeans (~16% heterozygous
Berlin_Patient
Georgian horse breed
; Juras, R.; Penedo, M. C. T. (2014). "Worldwide frequency distribution of the 'Gait keeper' mutation in the DMRT3 gene". Animal Genetics. 45 (2): 274–282
Tushetian_horse
MUTATION FREQUENCY-DECLINE
MUTATION FREQUENCY-DECLINE
Boy/Male
English American
Tile layer, or a. An English surname frequently used as a given name.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Mutton.
Surname or Lastname
English (most frequent in northern Ireland)
English (most frequent in northern Ireland) : from Middle English fe(i)th ‘belief (especially Christian belief)’, ‘faithfulness’, ‘loyalty’. This may have been a nickname for a trustworthy person, but was more probably bestowed on one who used ‘Faith!’ frequently as a mild oath or exclamation.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Never Ending; Persistence; Continuity; Perpetuity; Eternity; Uninterrupted Duration; Diligence; Conscientiousness; Truthful; Straightforward; Honest
Girl/Female
Muslim
One who remembers God frequently
Surname or Lastname
English (also frequent in Wales)
English (also frequent in Wales) : patronymic from the personal name Watkin.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
One who Entrusts his Affairs to the Management of Another
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Prolific; Frequently Producing
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Long Life; Age; Duration of Life; Lineage
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
A Sort of Sound Imitation; Like a River Flow
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
One who Remembers God Frequently
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Devon)
English (chiefly Devon) : nickname for someone thought to resemble a sheep (e.g. a gentle but unimaginative person), or metonymic occupational name for a shepherd, from Anglo-Norman French muto(u)n ‘sheep’ (Old French mouton, probably of Gaulish origin; compare Breton maout ‘sheep’).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. Perhaps a variant of Newborn. This name occurs frequently in NC.
Surname or Lastname
English (frequent in eastern England)
English (frequent in eastern England) : ethnic name from Norman French aleman ‘German’ or alemayne ‘Germany’ (Late Latin Alemannus and Alemannia, from a Germanic tribal name that probably originally meant ‘all the men’). In some cases the surname may be from the region of Normandy known as Allemagne (south of Caen), probably named as a Germanic-speaking enclave in a Celtic area in Roman times. In North America, the form Allman has probably absorbed some cases of cognates from other languages, in particular Spanish Aleman and French Alleman.German (Allmann) : variant of Allemann (see Alleman) or in some cases probably an Americanized form of the same name.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Duration; Endurance
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : unexplained. This is a frequent name in OH.
Surname or Lastname
English (Dorset)
English (Dorset) : unexplained. This name is frequent in Nova Scotia.
Boy/Male
English American
A name beginning with D, also frequently used as an independent name.
Surname or Lastname
Swedish (also frequent in Finland)
Swedish (also frequent in Finland) : ornamental name from an unexplained first element + the suffix -lin or -in, common suffixes of surnames.French (Hélin) : from a pet form of Hélie (see Helie 1).French (Hélin) : from the Germanic personal name Heilin, a short form of any of various compound names with the first element heil (see Heilmann 2).English : variant of Hillian.
Biblical
station;
MUTATION FREQUENCY-DECLINE
MUTATION FREQUENCY-DECLINE
Boy/Male
Indian
Lord Sai Baba's Name
Boy/Male
Indian, Malayalam, Malaysian, Mexican
Unusal Intelligent and Kind
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Light; Splendour
Girl/Female
Welsh
Wealthy.
Female
Slovene
Slovene form of Roman Latin Daria, DARJA means "possesses a lot, wealthy."
Girl/Female
Hindu
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Greatest
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord Vishnu
Girl/Female
Tamil
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Rama
MUTATION FREQUENCY-DECLINE
MUTATION FREQUENCY-DECLINE
MUTATION FREQUENCY-DECLINE
MUTATION FREQUENCY-DECLINE
MUTATION FREQUENCY-DECLINE
n.
A table showing the notation, length, or duration of the several notes.
v. t.
To frequent; to resort to frequently; to visit pertinaciously or intrusively; to intrude upon.
n.
Commonness; frequency.
n.
Frequency; abundance.
pl.
of Frequency
n.
Infrequency.
n.
Often to be met with; happening at short intervals; often repeated or occurring; as, frequent visits.
a.
Pertaining to, or resulting from, rotation; of the nature of, or characterized by, rotation; as, rotational velocity.
n.
A portion of a book or document, separately transcribed; a citation; a quotation.
n.
The condition of returning frequently; occurrence often repeated; common occurence; as, the frequency of crimes; the frequency of miracles.
n.
Frequency.
n.
Frequency.
n.
A crowd; a throng.
n.
Enumeration; mention; as, a citation of facts.
n.
Citation; quotation
n.
Change; alteration; mutation.
adv.
At frequent or short intervals; many times; often; repeatedly; commonly.
n.
The act of citing a passage from a book, or from another person, in his own words; also, the passage or words quoted; quotation.
v. t.
To place; to set; to appoint or assign to the occupation of a post, place, or office; as, to station troops on the right of an army; to station a sentinel on a rampart; to station ships on the coasts of Africa.