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Cells of a multicellular organism that pass on genetic material to progeny
In biology and genetics, the germline is the population of a multicellular organism's cells that develop into germ cells. In other words, they are the
Germline
Situation in which some gamete-producing cells are affected by a mutation
Germline mosaicism, also called gonadal mosaicism, is a type of genetic mosaicism where more than one set of genetic information is found specifically
Germline_mosaicism
Manipulation of an organism's genome
onto 80 percent of the boy's body, which was affected by the illness. Germline gene therapy would result in any change being inheritable, which has raised
Genetic_engineering
Genetically modified human embryo
widespread criticism and legal debates. This highlights the implications of germline engineering, which involves introducing the desired genetic material into
Designer_baby
Inherited genetic variation
A germline mutation, or germinal mutation, is any detectable variation within germ cells (cells that, when fully developed, become sperm and ova). Mutations
Germline_mutation
Medical technology
but do not prohibit germline engineering. A 2020 issue of the journal Bioethics was devoted to moral issues surrounding germline genetic engineering in
Gene_therapy
Distinction between germ cell lineages producing gametes and somatic cells
copied only from germline cells to somatic cells. This means that new information from somatic mutation is not passed on to the germline. This barrier concept
Weismann_barrier
Process of editing the human genome so that the changes are inherited
Human germline engineering (HGE) is the process by which the genome of an individual is modified in such a way that the change is heritable. This is achieved
Human_germline_engineering
Organism composed of cells of different genotypes
are passed to them because their mother retained them).[citation needed] Germline chimerism occurs when the germ cells (for example, sperm and egg cells)
Chimera_(genetics)
How an animal develops its sexual-reproduction cells
primordial germ cells, migrate to the location of the gonad, and form the germline of the animal. Cleavage in most animals segregates cells containing germ
Germline_development
Biological term for all non-reproductive bodily cells
used to refer to the cells of the body, in contrast to the reproductive (germline) cells, which usually give rise to the egg or sperm (or other gametes in
Somatic_(biology)
Methods to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means
that in somatic cells from the same individual. This low frequency in the germline leads to embryos that have a low frequency of point mutations in the next
Assisted reproductive technology
Assisted_reproductive_technology
Type of mutation on somatic cell
occurs in a cell other than a gamete, germ cell, or gametocyte. Unlike germline mutations, which can be passed on to the descendants of an organism, somatic
Somatic_mutation
Type of genetic engineering
1016/B978-0-443-19045-2.00003-9. ISBN 978-0-443-19045-2. "Special Issue on Human Germline Editing". Bioethics. 34. 2020. "Customized Human Genes: New Promises and
Genome_editing
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
mutation in a parent. A germline mutation can be passed down through subsequent generations of organisms. The distinction between germline and somatic mutations
Mutation
there are two genomes that need to be considered - the germline and the tumour. The germline genome considers inter-individual inherited genetic variations
Cancer_pharmacogenomics
Gamete-producing cell
and they only divide by mitosis. The lineage of germ cells is called the germline. Germ cell specification begins during cleavage in many animals or in the
Germ_cell
Genetic mutation not inherited from a parent
mutation in an individual organism. These may occur in gametogenesis due to a germline mutation in a parent, or as a postzygotic mutation. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
De_novo_mutation
cells (OSCs), also known as egg precursor cells or female germline cells, are diploid germline cells with stem cell characteristics: the ability to renew
Oogonial_stem_cells
Transcription factor and coding gene in humans
and interferon-stimulated gamma factor 3 (ISGF3). A natural heterozygous germline STAT1 mutation associated with susceptibility to mycobacterial but not
STAT1
Small nucleus in the cells of some organisms
next cycle of fission. In other words, they act as separate storage for germline DNA. Micronuclei in newly formed red blood cells in humans are known as
Micronucleus
Family of genetic conditions caused by mutations affecting Ras genes
The RASopathies are a group of developmental syndromes caused by germline mutations in genes belonging to the Ras/MAPK pathway. Common features include
RASopathy
Epigenetic transmission without DNA primary structure alteration
must occur in the gametes in animals, but since plants lack a definitive germline and can propagate, epigenetic marks in any tissue can be heritable. The
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance
Proposed explanation for immunoglobulin diversity
immunoglobulin diversity that proposed that each antibody was encoded in a separate germline gene. This does not occur in most species (including humans), but may occur
Germ_line_theory
Any biological cell forming the body of an organism
In contrast, gametes derive from meiosis within the germ cells of the germline and they fuse during sexual reproduction. Stem cells also can divide through
Somatic_cell
Condition in multi-cellular organisms
activity led to what he called a genetic chimera.[non-primary source needed] Germline or gonadal mosaicism is a particular form of mosaicism wherein some gametes—i
Mosaic_(genetics)
Suite of free genome analysis software by Nvidia
Parabricks offers workflows for DNA and RNA analyses and the detection of germline and somatic mutations, using open-source tools. It is designed to improve
Nvidia_Parabricks
Rate at which mutations occur during some unit of time
Recently reported estimates of the human genome-wide mutation rate. The human germline mutation rate is approximately 0.5 × 10−9 per basepair per year.
Mutation_rate
Concept of eternal life
according to Kirkwood. Individual organisms ordinarily age and die, while the germlines which connect successive generations are potentially immortal. The basis
Immortality
Gene editing method
arising from somatic mutations, such as cancer. However, its use in human germline genetic modification is highly controversial. The development of this technique
CRISPR_gene_editing
variations and phenotypes, with supporting evidence. The database includes germline and somatic variants of any size, type or genomic location. Interpretations
ClinVar
inherited cancer predisposition associated with pathogenic CDH1 (gene) germline mutations, and without apparent correlation with the hereditary diffuse
Hereditary lobular breast cancer
Hereditary_lobular_breast_cancer
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
without an increase in developmental anomalies or a significant rise in germline mutations. A 2021 study based on whole-genome sequencing of children of
Chernobyl_disaster
Autosomal dominant cancer syndrome
and Adrenal Gland cancers that it is known to cause. LFS is caused by germline mutations (also called genetic variants) in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene
Li–Fraumeni_syndrome
Biologist and academic administrator
on understanding the function of the intercellular bridges that connect germline cells (which develop into eggs/oocytes or sperm) and on the regulated production
Lynn_Cooley
2018 scientific and bioethical controversy
general body) and germline (sex cells and embryos for reproduction). The development of CRISPR gene editing enabled both somatic and germline editing (such
He_Jiankui_affair
Chemical compound (cancer therapy drug)
Agency (EMA) approved olaparib as monotherapy. The FDA approval is in germline BRCA mutated (gBRCAm) advanced ovarian cancer that has received three or
Olaparib
Hypothetical last common ancestor of all animals
accepted to have been a multicellular heterotroph — with the novelties of a germline and oogamy, an extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane, cell-cell
Urmetazoan
Species of hominid in the genus Homo
Arnadottir GA, Eiriksson O, et al. (January 2021). "Differences between germline genomes of monozygotic twins". Nature Genetics. 53 (1): 27–34. doi:10
Human
Type of gene
Drosophila. Apart from its expression in the gut, esg is also expressed in germline stem cells and cyst stem cells of the testis and, during development, in
Escargot (transcription factor)
Escargot_(transcription_factor)
Process by which organisms develop cells
Germ-Soma Differentiation is the process by which organisms develop distinct germline and somatic cells. The development of cell differentiation has been one
Germ-Soma_Differentiation
Genes and regulatory proteins
miwi (for mouse piwi). PIWI proteins play a crucial role in fertility and germline development across animals and ciliates. Recently identified as a polar
Piwi
Tumors that affect the blood, bone marrow, lymph, and lymphatic system
Myeloid neoplasms with germline predisposition Acute myeloid leukaemia with germline CEBPA mutation Myeloid neoplasms with germline DDX41 mutation Myeloid
Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues
Tumors_of_the_hematopoietic_and_lymphoid_tissues
Transmembrane protein
regulator MTOR signalling. TMEM127 is a tumor suppressor gene, inactivating germline mutations in which causes hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
TMEM127
PARP inhibitor anti-cancer drug compound
PARP inhibitor drug class. In China, it is approved for the treatment of germline BRCA mutation-associated recurrent advanced ovarian, fallopian tube, and
Pamiparib
Conspiracy theory regarding a totalitarian world government
Bioethics's proposed international treaty prohibiting human cloning and germline engineering. Furthermore, he argues that conspiracy theorists underestimate
New World Order conspiracy theory
New_World_Order_conspiracy_theory
Scientific hypothesis about inheritance
not original to Lamarck. August Weismann's germ plasm theory held that germline cells in the gonads contain information that passes from one generation
Lamarckism
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
biallelic germline mutations of MBD4 have been identified in acute myeloid leukemias, uveal melanomas, and glioblastomas. and monoallelic MBD4 germline mutations
MBD4
1932 dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley
does represent a form of cloning, but this is not ethically equivalent to germline genome editing, and references to Brave New World may lead some readers
Brave_New_World
Biological elevation of emotional well-being
well-being in humans and other animals through biological methods, including germline engineering through screening embryos with genes associated with a high
Biohappiness
Cultivation of plants and animals to produce foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials
has expanded the genes available to breeders to use in creating desired germlines for new crops. Increased durability, nutritional content, insect and virus
Agriculture
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
differentiation 309). KDR is also known as Flk1 (Fetal Liver Kinase 1). The Q472H germline KDR genetic variant affects VEGFR-2 phosphorylation and has been found
Kinase_insert_domain_receptor
Pair of cloned sheep
animals. Embryonic stem cells provide a means to transfer new DNA into the germline. They also allow precise genetic modifications by gene targeting. Modified
Polly_and_Molly
Virus-derived DNA in another organism
element (EVE) is a DNA sequence derived from a virus, and present within the germline of a non-viral organism. EVEs may be entire viral genomes (proviruses)
Endogenous_viral_element
Small particle, often in plants
translational control. The germline granules appear to be ancestral and universally conserved in the germlines of all metazoan phyla. Many germline granule components
Granule_(cell_biology)
Drosophila melanogaster male and female germline development. This structure has roles in maintaining germline cysts, coordinating the number of mitotic
Fusome
Kenyan-British developmental biologist
Gurdon Institute at the University of Cambridge since 1992, and Director of Germline and Epigenomics Research since 2013. Surani was educated at Plymouth University
Azim_Surani
Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B (2015). "Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers". Proc R Soc B. 282 (1803): 1–6. doi:10
List_of_oldest_fathers
Viruses can become part of the DNA of those they infect
process by which viral genetic material becomes stably integrated into the germline of a host organism and inherited by offspring through Mendelian inheritance
Endogenization
Surroundings of tumors including nearby cells and blood vessels
demonstrated that human germline genetic variants can significantly influence the composition of the tumor microenvironment. These germline variants affect the
Tumor_microenvironment
Protein-coding gene in the species Drosophila melanogaster
silencing in the germline. The Maelstrom protein forms a complex with piRISC to silence transposons and therefore stabilize the germline cell genome. A
Maelstrom_gene
Internal organ in the male reproductive system
from heat-induced DNA damage that could otherwise lead to infertility and germline mutation. The relative size of the testes is often influenced by mating
Testicle
One of two offspring produced by the same pregnancy
Steingrimsdottir, Thora; Norddahl, Gudmundur L. (2021-01-07). "Differences between germline genomes of monozygotic twins". Nature Genetics. 53 (1): 27–34. doi:10
Twin
Endogenized members of Spumaretrovirinae
the subfamily Spumaretrovirinae that have been endogenized into a host's germline DNA and are vertically inherited. Like other ERVs, they represent molecular
Endogenous_foamy_viruses
Type of protein
elegans has identified RNA-binding proteins as essential factors during germline and early embryonic development. Their specific function involves the development
RNA-binding_protein
Brazilian-American geneticist
Minas Gerais and her P.h.D at Yale University. Her research focuses on germline stem cell lineage metabolism and maintenance as well as the physiology
Daniela_Drummond-Barbosa
DNA mutation
Gondo Y, Nakabeppu Y (2014). "8-oxoguanine causes spontaneous de novo germline mutations in mice". Sci Rep. 4: 4689. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E4689O. doi:10
Transversion
Planarian regeneration proliferative cells
dividing planarian cells, and they produce all cell types, including the germline. Neoblasts are abundant in the planarian parenchyma, and comprise up to
Neoblast
Gene known for its role in breast cancer
landmark Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics lawsuit. All germline BRCA2 mutations identified to date have been inherited, suggesting the
BRCA2
Family of flowering plants commonly known as grasses
breeding. Unlike in animals, the specification of both male and female plant germlines occurs late in development during flowering. The transition from the sporophyte
Poaceae
Mammalian protein found in humans
aberrantly produced and found in the serum of patients with active SLE. Germline haploinsufficiency of CTLA-4 leads to CTLA-4 deficiency or CHAI disease
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4
Cytotoxic_T-lymphocyte_associated_protein_4
Medical condition
the colon and an increased risk of colorectal cancer. It is caused by germline mutations in DNA polymerase ε (POLE) and δ (POLD1). Affected individuals
Polymerase proofreading-associated polyposis
Polymerase_proofreading-associated_polyposis
American science fiction author
T. C. McCarthy is an American science fiction author. His first novel, Germline, won the 2012 Compton Crook Award. McCarthy earned a bachelor's degree
T._C._McCarthy
Aspect of T-cell interactions
models explaining how restriction arose are the germline model and the selection model. The germline model suggests that MHC restriction is a result of
MHC_restriction
Paired box gene 3
the top of the nose), and is associated with the presence of a unibrow. Germline mutations of the Pax3 gene cause the splotch phenotype in mice. At the
PAX3
Egg cell production process
prevent deterioration of their germline despite the reduction in ovarian reserve. DNA damages may arise in the germline during the decades long period
Oogenesis
Large biological molecule that acts as a catalyst
intolerance. Another way enzyme malfunctions can cause disease comes from germline mutations in genes coding for DNA repair enzymes. Defects in these enzymes
Enzyme
Distribution of male and female functions across a species
reproduction involves meiosis, an adaptive process for repairing damage in the germline DNA transmitted to progeny. The distinctions between different sexual systems
Sexual_system
Unspecialized biological cell that can become specialized
1998). "decapentaplegic Is Essential for the Maintenance and Division of Germline Stem Cells in the Drosophila Ovary". Cell. 94 (2): 251–260. doi:10
Stem_cell
Medical condition
thorough clinical evaluation. SKS can be confirmed with the detection of a germline or mosaic mutation in the MTOR gene. Frequency of this disease is unknown
Smith–Kingsmore_syndrome
US non-profit organization
particularly criticize proposals concerning reproductive human cloning and germline genetic modification—both uses of technology colloquially considered 'socially
Center for Genetics and Society
Center_for_Genetics_and_Society
Specialized subunit within a cell
Rybarska A, Hoege C, Gharakhani J, Jülicher F, Hyman AA (June 2009). "Germline P granules are liquid droplets that localize by controlled dissolution/condensation"
Organelle
Type of cancer
Ewing sarcoma susceptibility. Sometimes Ewing sarcoma is associated with a germline mutation. The underlying mechanism often involves a genetic change known
Ewing_sarcoma
Transmission of a symbiont from parent to offspring
cells. In plants, vertical transmission of microbial endophytes through germline can occur matrilineally via seed. There are several mechanisms by which
Vertical_transmission
Genetic brain disorder
epigenetic regulation of methylated DNA), and can arise sporadically or from germline mutations. In less than 10% of RTT cases, mutations in the genes CDKL5
Rett_syndrome
Cell division producing haploid gametes
the informational redundancy needed to repair damage in the DNA of the germline. The repair process used appears to involve homologous recombinational
Meiosis
Eugenics Intelligence amplification Moral enhancement Prostheses (De facto) germline interventions Selective Cloning Counseling Genetic Genomic Pre-conception
United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning
United_Nations_Declaration_on_Human_Cloning
English-American philosopher and futurist
the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013. Resources for Germline Technology, Washington Post, February 9, 2003. More, Max. "Transhumanism:
Max_More
Commercial genetic testing company
Leland E. (October 2023). "An Environmental Scan of Consumer-Initiated Germline Genetic Testing for Health Risks". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 98 (10): 1529–1543
TellmeGen
Inherited retrovirus encoded in an organism's genome
remnants of the retroviral replication cycle. They are distinguished as germline provirus retroelements due to their integration and reverse-transcription
Endogenous_retrovirus
Upper portion of the human body
2011). "Analysis of prevalence and degree of macrocephaly in patients with germline PTEN mutations and of brain weight in Pten knock-in murine model". European
Human_head
Familial syndrome causing hamartomas and cancers
Cowden syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion.[page needed] Germline mutations in PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), a tumor suppressor
Cowden_syndrome
Group of diseases involving cell growth
cancer (e.g. p53 mutations). Germline DNA repair mutations are noted on the figure's left side. However, such germline mutations (which cause highly
Cancer
Any disorder of the nervous system
endogenous reactive oxygen species is a substantial challenge for neurons. Germline mutations deficient in the repair of DNA damages cause neuronal dysfunction
Neurological_disorder
in the world to produce transgenic marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with germline transmission. He is a director of the International Society for Stem Cell
Hideyuki_Okano
Nuclear testing venue for the Soviet Union in northeast Kazakhstan
control counterparts. Some health scientists are still not sure what the germline mutations mean for the individuals' health, but there is increasing evidence
Semipalatinsk_Test_Site
Nuage are Drosophila melanogaster germline granules. Nuage are the hallmark of Drosophila melanogaster germline cells, which have an electron-dense perinuclear
Nuage_(cell_biology)
Genus of viruses
delivery. They can become endogenous, integrating their genome into the host germline genome, so that the virus is henceforth inherited by the host's descendants
Lentivirus
Small South American monkeys
require consideration. According to recent research, marmosets exhibit germline chimerism, which is not known to occur in nature in any primates other
Marmoset
Explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system
the "disposable" somatic cells. Hereditary information moves only from germline cells to somatic cells (that is, somatic mutations are not inherited).
Central dogma of molecular biology
Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
GERMLINE
GERMLINE
GERMLINE
GERMLINE
Girl/Female
Arabic
Light
Male
English
Anglicized form of Greek MichaÄ“l (Hebrew Miyka'el), MICHAEL means "who is like God?" or literally "El's likeness." In the Old Testament bible, this is the name of many characters, including the prince of Angels, the first archangel who was closest to God and became the guardian angel of Israel. In the New Testament, he leads the angelic host against the Apocalyptic Dragon. The Dead Sea Scrolls contain a story entitled "The War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness," in which Michael is described as the "viceroy of heaven," a title said to once belong to Satan. His name was the war-cry of the angels when he led them in battle against their chief antagonist, Samael.Â
Boy/Male
Hindu
Victorious, The brain, The talent, The suspense, The mystery
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Telugu
Rising Sun
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi
Krishna; Attractive God
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
God of Karna
Girl/Female
Muslim
Splendor or light or glow (1)
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Best Among the Truthful
Boy/Male
Tamil
Victorious
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Bounty of Allah
GERMLINE
GERMLINE
GERMLINE
GERMLINE
GERMLINE