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Type of mutation on somatic cell
A somatic mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a somatic cell of a multicellular organism with dedicated reproductive cells; that is, any mutation
Somatic_mutation
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
rise to a mutation, the mutation cannot be repaired. On the other hand, a mutation may occur in a somatic cell of an organism. Such mutations will be present
Mutation
Biological term for all non-reproductive bodily cells
to its offspring through the germline. Most cancers are due to somatic mutations. Somatic is also defined as relating to the wall of the body cavity, particularly
Somatic_(biology)
Cellular mechanism in B cells
organism. Somatic hypermutation involves a programmed process of mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. Unlike germline mutation, SHM
Somatic_hypermutation
Genetic mutation not inherited from a parent
A de novo mutation is a newly present mutation in an individual organism. These may occur in gametogenesis due to a germline mutation in a parent, or
De_novo_mutation
Study of the evolutionary development of ageing processes
germline age-related mutated alleles is known as mutation accumulation. Note that somatic mutations are not heritable, they are only a source of developmental
Evolution_of_ageing
Accumulation of mutations
Somatic evolution is the accumulation of mutations and epimutations in somatic cells (the cells of a body, as opposed to germ plasm and stem cells) during
Somatic_evolution_in_cancer
Condition in multi-cellular organisms
first or later cleavages. Somatic mutation leading to mosaicism is prevalent in the beginning and end stages of human life. Somatic mosaics are common in
Mosaic_(genetics)
Hypothesis that aging is caused by accumulated DNA damage
related theory is that mutation, as distinct from DNA damage, is the primary cause of aging. A comparison of somatic mutation rate across several mammal
DNA_damage_theory_of_aging
Inherited genetic variation
this mutation to be present in every somatic and germline cell in the offspring; this is also known as a constitutional mutation. Germline mutation is distinct
Germline_mutation
Auto-inflammatory syndrome
adult-onset autoinflammatory disease primarily affecting males, caused by a somatic mutation of the UBA1 gene in hematopoietic progenitor cells. The name VEXAS
VEXAS_syndrome
Largest known organism
the age could be between 16,000 and 80,000 years based on the first somatic mutation model of the tree, but, that research did not complete peer review
Pando_(tree)
Any biological cell forming the body of an organism
types of somatic cells in the human body. Theoretically, these cells are not germ cells (the source of gametes); they transmit their mutations, to their
Somatic_cell
Distinction between germ cell lineages producing gametes and somatic cells
to somatic cells. This means that new information from somatic mutation is not passed on to the germline. This barrier concept implies that somatic mutations
Weismann_barrier
Formation of cancer
to the prevailing accepted theory of carcinogenesis, the somatic mutation theory, mutations in DNA and epimutations that lead to cancer disrupt these
Carcinogenesis
Human somatic variations are somatic mutations (mutations that occur in somatic cells) both at early stages of development and in adult cells. These variations
Human_somatic_variation
Rare type of blood cancer
mutated cells in the bone marrow. This is most often associated with a somatic mutation in the JAK2, CALR, or MPL genes. In PMF, the bony aspects of bone marrow
Primary_myelofibrosis
Disease involving heart or blood vessels
stroke. As of 2017, evidence suggests that certain leukemia-associated mutations in blood cells may also lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular_disease
mutational signatures in cancer provides insight into the biological mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and normal somatic mutagenesis. Mutational
Mutational_signatures
Tumor or other abnormal growth of tissue
increased DNA damages (level 5 in the figure) which result in increased somatic mutations and epigenetic alterations (level 6 in the figure). Field defects
Neoplasm
Overproduction of blood cells in the bone marrow
uncontrolled. The overproduction of blood cells is often associated with a somatic mutation, for example in the JAK2, CALR, TET2, and MPL gene markers. In rare
Myeloproliferative_neoplasm
Overproduction of red blood cells by the bone marrow
Nordestgaard, B. G.; Kofoed, K. F.; Birgens, H. S. (2014). "JAK2V617F somatic mutation in the general population: Myeloproliferative neoplasm development
Polycythemia_vera
Cancer of the colon or rectum
neoplastic foci in vitro. Yet there is evidence that more than 80% of the somatic mutations found in mutator phenotype human colorectal tumors occur before the
Colorectal_cancer
Mutation that shifts codon alignment
diseases caused by or associated with a gene having a somatic mutation giving rise to a frameshift mutation. The methods include providing a tissue or fluid
Frameshift_mutation
Human disease that results in excess growth of certain parts of the body
adenomas and diffuse somatomammotroph hyperplasia may result from somatic mutations activating GNAS, which may be acquired or associated with McCune–Albright
Acromegaly
All genetic material of an organism
exposure to environmental mutagens can result in mutations in somatic cells. In some cases, such mutations lead to cancer because they cause cells to divide
Genome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
function both as a tumor suppressor and as a metastasis suppressor. BAP1 somatic mutations were identified in a small number of breast and lung cancer cell lines
BAP1
Mutation acquired during an organism's lifespan
the trisomic cells. Somatic mutations are the result of a change in the genetic structure after fertilization. This type of mutation also involves cells
Postzygotic_mutation
Sequencing all the DNA of an individual at once
(January 2012). "The large-scale distribution of somatic mutations in cancer genomes". Human Mutation. 33 (1): 136–143. doi:10.1002/humu.21616. PMID 21953857
Whole_genome_sequencing
Rare genetic disorder
mutations and somatic mutations. Constitutional mutations are the first inactivation events that are often small mutations, such as point mutations and
Schwannomatosis
Protein-coding gene in humans
Pappo A, Easton J, Dalton J, Hedlund E, et al. (April 2014). "Recurrent somatic structural variations contribute to tumorigenesis in pediatric osteosarcoma"
ATRX
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
mutation increased somatic mutation rate in blood cells among carriers. Mutation of MBD4 occurs in about 4% of colorectal cancers. MBD4 mutations also occur in
MBD4
Silent mutation SINE Single-gene disorder Sister chromatids Skew Smooth endoplasmic reticulum SNP SnRNP Sociobiology Somatic cell Somatic cells Somatic mutation
Index_of_genetics_articles
Many somatic mutations were interpreted as splicing mutations since alternative splicing was affected. The frequency of GT198 somatic mutations in cancer
GT198
Genetics behind dog coat
syndrome. Somatic mutation, a mutation that can occur in body cells after formation of the embryo, can be passed on to next generations. A pigment somatic mutation
Dog_coat_genetics
Suite of free genome analysis software by Nvidia
workflows for DNA and RNA analyses and the detection of germline and somatic mutations, using open-source tools. It is designed to improve the computing
Nvidia_Parabricks
Human with cells of different genotypes
by intrinsic genetic variations caused, among other processes, by somatic mutations, while chimerism originates from allogenic fusion or grafting. As
Human_chimera
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
damage. Mutations in the ATM gene are found at relatively low frequencies in sporadic cancers. According to COSMIC, the Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer
ATM_serine/threonine_kinase
Gene editing method
treatment of inherited genetic diseases as well as diseases arising from somatic mutations, such as cancer. However, its use in human germline genetic modification
CRISPR_gene_editing
Type of blood cancer
associated mutations, based on whole-genome sequencing of 30 patients, are a somatic mutation in MYD88 (90% of patients) and a somatic mutation in CXCR4
Waldenström_macroglobulinemia
Expansion of blood cells
one or more somatic mutations that give it a competitive advantage in hematopoiesis over the stem/progenitor cells without these mutations. Alternatively
Clonal_hematopoiesis
Science of genes, heredity and variation
the tumor and are not transmitted to the progeny (somatic mutations). The most frequent mutations are a loss of function of p53 protein, a tumor suppressor
Genetics
Presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell
presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human somatic cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include
Aneuploidy
Type of germ cell tumor
neuroectodermal histopathology. Immature teratoma has one of the lowest rates of somatic mutation of any tumor type and results from one of five mechanisms of meiotic
Teratoma
Rare mutation of the common 3-leaf clover said to bring good luck
low frequency. Alternatively, four-leaf clovers could be caused by somatic mutation or a developmental error of environmental causes. They could also be
Four-leaf_clover
Diverse collection of blood-related cancers
IPSS-M incorporates 31 somatic genes into its risk stratification model. IPSS-M determined that multihit TP53 mutations, FLT3 mutations, and partial tandem
Myelodysplastic_syndrome
of somatic mutations (acquired mutations). It has been demonstrated through research that long lived plants can have higher per generation mutation rate
Autogamy_depression
Deterioration of function with age
regulation (gene expression), codon restriction, error catastrophe, somatic mutation, accumulation of genetic material (DNA) damage (DNA damage theory of
Senescence
Genotoxic assay in fruit fly
The somatic mutation and recombination tests (SMARTs) are in vivo genotoxicity tests performed in Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly). These fruit fly
Somatic mutation and recombination tests
Somatic_mutation_and_recombination_tests
Rare disease of abnormal tissue growth
syndromes characterized by malformations and tissue overgrowth caused by somatic mutations in PIK3CA gene. In PROS diseases individual malformations are seen
PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum
PIK3CA-related_overgrowth_spectrum
Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes
these mutations may be present in somatic cells, germ cells, or both, in the case of gonosomal mosaicism, where mutations exist in both somatic and germline
Chromosome_abnormality
emulsion PCR and flow cytometry to identify and quantify specific somatic mutations present in DNA. BEAMing begins with the isolation of DNA from a patient’s
BEAMing
performing such analysis (except for certain specific applications where somatic mutations are sought). Very often, the searched for variants occur with some
SNV_calling_from_NGS_data
Malignancy that develops from epithelial cells
(causing a very high mutation rate), likely give rise to the high frequency of total genome mutations seen in carcinomas. In somatic cells, deficiencies
Carcinoma
Sub-field of genomics
fact that most cancer mutations represent somatic events, allow the identification of cancer-specific mutations. Cancer mutations are cumulative and sometimes
Oncogenomics
Spreading of a disease inside a body
likely not sample from the subpopulation with metastatic potential. The somatic mutation theory of metastasis development has not been substantiated in human
Metastasis
Project to catalogue genetic mutations responsible for cancer
belong to the proneural subgroup and were tightly associated with IDH1 somatic mutations. TCGA reported on mRNA expression, microRNA expression, promoter methylation
The_Cancer_Genome_Atlas
Change in the heritable traits of populations
are called alleles. DNA sequences can change through mutations, producing new alleles. If a mutation occurs within a gene, the new allele may affect the
Evolution
Medical condition
BRCA mutation is a mutation in either of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are tumour suppressor genes. Hundreds of different types of mutations in these
BRCA_mutation
File format for genomic variation data
samples with data SB strand bias at this position SOMATIC indicates that the record is a somatic mutation, for cancer genomics VALIDATED validated by follow-up
Variant_Call_Format
Online biology database
COSMIC is an online database of somatically acquired mutations found in human cancer. Somatic mutations are those that occur in non-germline cells that
COSMIC_cancer_database
Biochemical test for age
somatic mutations than those with low age acceleration. Age acceleration is highly related to various genomic aberrations in cancer tissues. Somatic mutations
Epigenetic_clock
Person who turned 110 years old
expression) genes. Supercentenarians also had an unexpectedly low level of somatic mutations. List of supercentenarians Maier, H.; Gampe, J.; Jeune, B.; Robine
Supercentenarian
Medical condition
gastric cancer, accounts for only 1–3% of gastric adenocarcinomas. Somatic mutations in this gene are found in about 50% of diffuse-type gastric carcinomas
Linitis_plastica
British genomics research institute
current Programmes at the Sanger Institute are Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Cellular Genetics, Human Genetics, Parasites and Microbes and Tree
Wellcome_Sanger_Institute
Genetics behind Labrador Retriever coat colour
Labrador with black pigment. The most probable cause was either a somatic mutation early in development or a fusion between two zygotes that left some
Labrador Retriever coat colour genetics
Labrador_Retriever_coat_colour_genetics
Group of genetic conditions
cases) and present in all cells at birth. The second hit is a MEN1 somatic mutation, usually a large deletion, that occurs in the predisposed endocrine
Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia
Protein found in humans
for MMR is found in approximately 15% of colorectal cancers, and somatic mutations in the MSH3 gene can be found in nearly 50% of MMR-deficient colorectal
MSH3
and somatic mutation research based at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in the United Kingdom. It aims to identify sequence variants/mutations critical
Cancer_Genome_Project
Genetic disorder that primarily affects the eye
copies of the NDP gene bear mutations, which could be the case in consanguineous families or due to a spontaneous somatic mutation. Another explanation for
Norrie_disease
Phosphoglyceride attached to proteins
of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria caused by a germline mutation and a somatic mutation in PIGT". Blood. 122 (7): 1312–5. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-01-481499
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
Family of genetic conditions caused by mutations affecting Ras genes
with RASopathies but are not considered true RASopathies if caused by somatic mutation. Generally, RASopathies increase the risk of developing cancers. Neurodevelopmental
RASopathy
Vascular anomaly
newborns. Port-wine stains were shown to be caused by a somatic activating c.548G→A mutation in the GNAQ gene. An association with RASA1 has also been
Port-wine_stain
Cellular mechanism
Deficiencies in DNA repair enzymes are occasionally caused by a newly arising somatic mutation in a DNA repair gene, but are much more frequently caused by epigenetic
DNA_repair
Gene known for its role in breast cancer
mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Similarly, BRCA1 mutations are only seen in about 18% of ovarian cancers (13% germline mutations and 5% somatic mutations)
BRCA1
Occurrence in an interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes
to be clear when discussing mutations whether it is a somatic mutation or germline mutation. In the case of silent mutations there isn't a change in fitness
Gene_polymorphism
Small bright red dome-shaped bump on the skin
2019 identified that somatic mutations in GNAQ and GNA11 genes are present in many cherry angiomas. These specific missense mutations found in hemangiomas
Cherry_angioma
Rare form of cancer
Andersson MK, Stenman G (2016). "The landscape of gene fusions and somatic mutations in salivary gland neoplasms - Implications for diagnosis and therapy"
Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma
Cancer originating in or on the ovary
hypercalcemia. Recent research has found an inactivating germline and somatic mutation of SMARCA4 gene. The hypercalcemic subtype is very aggressive and has
Ovarian_cancer
Branch of medicine dealing with, or specializing in, cancer
Koichi; Futreal, P. Andrew; Chin, Lynda (2013). "Emerging patterns of somatic mutations in cancer". Nat Rev Genet. 14 (10): 703–718. doi:10.1038/nrg3539.
Oncology
Medical condition
often caused by mutations in the CDH1 gene, which encodes the important cell–cell adhesion glycoprotein E-cadherin. Somatic mutations of the APC gene
Signet_ring_cell_carcinoma
Species of tree
be important in resolving debate in evolutionary biology regarding somatic mutation (that evolution can occur within individuals, not solely among populations)
Populus_trichocarpa
French molecular biologist (1931–2026)
and organismal levels (1987-) 10. Discovery of a method allowing somatic mutations to be induced in mice at a chosen time and in a specific tissue or
Pierre_Chambon
Explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system
the "disposable" somatic cells. Hereditary information moves only from germline cells to somatic cells (that is, somatic mutations are not inherited)
Central dogma of molecular biology
Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
Method that extracts features from radiographic medical images
Liu Y, Coroller TP, Cruz G, Stringfield O, et al. (July 2017). "Somatic Mutations Drive Distinct Imaging Phenotypes in Lung Cancer". Cancer Research
Radiomics
Hypothesis explaining cancer
known as the Warburg effect. In the somatic mutation theory of cancer, malignant proliferation is caused by mutations and altered gene expression, in a
Warburg_hypothesis
List of longest living trees
Karen E.; Morris, Jesse; Kraklow, Vachel; et al. (2024). "Mosaic of Somatic Mutations in Earth's Oldest Living Organism, Pando". bioRxiv 10.1101/2024.10
List_of_oldest_trees
Genus of plants
Sadao (1972). "Somatic Mutation Rate in Tradescantia Stamen Hairs at Low Radiation Levels: Finding of Low Doubling Doses of Mutations". The Japanese Journal
Tradescantia
Medical condition
predominance and most frequently affects the lower limbs. ILVEN is caused by somatic mutations during the embryonic stage that results in visible genetic mosaicism
Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus
Inflammatory_linear_verrucous_epidermal_nevus
Medical condition
de novo mutations result in somatic mosaicism. Not every mutation of the AR gene results in androgen insensitivity; one particular mutation occurs in
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome
Medical condition
puberty. If a mutation in the AR gene is found, it is important to determine whether the mutation is inherited or de novo (i.e. a somatic mutation); a certain
Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
Partial_androgen_insensitivity_syndrome
Red wine grape variety
pinot color sport (and can arise by mutation of Pinot noir or Pinot blanc), presumably representing a somatic mutation in either the VvMYBA1 or VvMYBA2 genes
Pinot_noir
Hospital headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee, US
collaboration with Washington University in an effort to identify somatic mutations that drive cancer, in hopes of identifying new targets against which
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
St._Jude_Children's_Research_Hospital
Medical condition
(August 2014). "Exome sequencing identifies highly recurrent MED12 somatic mutations in breast fibroadenoma". Nature Genetics. 46 (8): 877–80. doi:10.1038/ng
Fibroadenoma
Genus of aquatic plants
Stephen O.; Netherland, Michael; Dayan, Franck E. (2004-10-01). "Somatic mutation-mediated evolution of herbicide resistance in the nonindigenous invasive
Elodea
High frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage
very high mutation rate), likely give rise to the 20,000 to 80,000 total genome mutations frequently seen in cancers.[citation needed] In somatic cells,
Genome_instability
Type of eye cancer
L, O'Brien JM, Simpson EM, Barsh GS, Bastian BC (2009). "Frequent somatic mutations of GNAQ in uveal melanoma and blue naevi". Nature. 457 (7229): 599–602
Uveal_melanoma
Medical condition
chromosome 3 (3p25-26). There are over 1500 germline mutations and somatic mutations found in VHL disease. Every cell in the body has two copies of every
Von_Hippel–Lindau_disease
Tumour-like overgrowth due to a systemic genetic condition
to have clonal chromosomal aberrations that are acquired through somatic mutations, and on this basis the term hamartoma is sometimes considered synonymous
Hamartoma
Medical condition
does not have a hereditary cause). It is caused by a mosaic, somatic activating mutation occurring in the GNAQ gene. Diagnosis is usually done through
Sturge–Weber_syndrome
SOMATIC MUTATION
SOMATIC MUTATION
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Aromatic
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Aromatic
Girl/Female
Hindu
Good minded
Girl/Female
Afghan, Arabic
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Hindu
Romantic
Girl/Female
Arabic, French, Muslim
Aromatic
Boy/Male
Arabic, British, Indian, Indonesian, Islamic, Muslim, Pakistani
Romantic
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Romantic
Girl/Female
Hindu
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Aromatic
Girl/Female
Muslim
Aromatic
Boy/Male
Indian
Aromatic
Boy/Male
Muslim
Aromatic
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
Excelling the Moon
Girl/Female
Muslim
Romantic
Boy/Male
Tamil
Romantic
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Romantic
Girl/Female
Indian
Romantic
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Aromatic
SOMATIC MUTATION
SOMATIC MUTATION
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a habitational name from an unidentified minor place named with Old English brocc ‘badger’ + wiella ‘spring’, ‘stream’ or hol ‘hole’, ‘hollow’. Old English brocchol is known to have developed into Brockwell in at least one instance, in Derbyshire. Both Brockwell Park in London and Brockwell Farm in Buckinghamshire are of comparatively recent origin, probably deriving their names from the surname rather than vice versa.
Girl/Female
Indian
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from a place in Gloucestershire, which is probably named from Old English ellern ‘elder tree’ + wudu ‘wood’.English : from the Old English personal name Ælfweald, composed of the elements ælf ‘elf’ + weald ‘rule’. In the British Isles this spelling is now found predominantly in northern Ireland.
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Greek, Irish
Christian; Follower of the Christ; Anointed One
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Sanctification
Girl/Female
Tamil
Dikshya | தீகà¯à®·à¯à®¯à®¾Â
Initiation
Boy/Male
Muslim
Popularity
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Giver of Rain
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Son of Vajasshravas
Surname or Lastname
Possibly an altered spelling of Haas.English
Possibly an altered spelling of Haas.English : variant spelling of Hawes.
SOMATIC MUTATION
SOMATIC MUTATION
SOMATIC MUTATION
SOMATIC MUTATION
SOMATIC MUTATION
n.
A medicine for diseases of the mouth.
n.
The science which treats of the general properties of matter; somatology.
a.
Of or pertaining to the wall of the body; somatopleuric; parietal; as, the somatic stalk of the yolk sac of an embryo.
a.
Of or pertaining to romance; involving or resembling romance; hence, fanciful; marvelous; extravagant; unreal; as, a romantic tale; a romantic notion; a romantic undertaking.
a.
Entertaining ideas and expectations suited to a romance; as, a romantic person; a romantic mind.
a.
Of or pertaining to the style of the Christian and popular literature of the Middle Ages, as opposed to the classical antique; of the nature of, or appropriate to, that style; as, the romantic school of poets.
a.
Pertaining to, or having the property of, osmose; as, osmotic force.
a.
Of or pertaining to the hip; in the region of, or affecting, the hip; ischial; ischiatic; as, the sciatic nerve, sciatic pains.
a.
Sotadic.
n.
A Sotadic verse or poem.
a.
Of or pertaining to the body as a whole; corporeal; as, somatic death; somatic changes.
a.
Somatic.
a.
Sciatic.
a.
Of or pertaining to a stoma; of the nature of a stoma.
a.
Romantic.
a.
Falsely romantic.
n.
Related to the Roman people by descent; -- said especially of races and nations speaking any of the Romanic tongues.
a.
Romantic.
a.
Of or pertaining to nomads, or their way of life; wandering; moving from place to place for subsistence; as, a nomadic tribe.
a.
Characterized by strangeness or variety; suggestive of adventure; suited to romance; wild; picturesque; -- applied to scenery; as, a romantic landscape.