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Topics referred to by the same term
CA2, CA-2 or CA II may refer to: Carbonic anhydrase II, a human gene United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit California's 2nd congressional
CA2
Chemical element with atomic number 20 (Ca)
fifth-most abundant element in the human body. As electrolytes, calcium ions (Ca2+) play a vital role in the physiological and biochemical processes of organisms
Calcium
Antiporter membrane protein that removes calcium from cells
The sodium-calcium exchanger (often denoted Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, exchange protein, or NCX) is an antiporter membrane protein that removes calcium from
Sodium-calcium_exchanger
Transport protein
membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in the plasma membrane of cells that functions as a calcium pump to remove calcium (Ca2+) from the
Plasma_membrane_Ca2+_ATPase
Calcium ATPase-type P-ATPase
SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase or SR Ca2+-ATPase) is a membrane protein that transports calcium from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic
SERCA
Class of enzymes
Ca2+ ATPase is a form of P-ATPase that transfers calcium after a muscle has contracted. The three kinds of calcium ATPase are: Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase
Calcium_ATPase
Activation of tension-generating sites in muscle
(NCX, Ca2+ pumps and Ca2+ leak channels) move Ca2+ completely out of the cells as well. As Ca2+ concentration declines to resting levels, Ca2+ releases
Muscle_contraction
Genetically encoded calcium indicator
and M13, a peptide sequence from myosin light-chain kinase. When bound to Ca2+, GCaMP fluoresces green with a peak excitation wavelength of 480 nm and
GCaMP
Messenger protein
of the secondary messenger Ca2+, and the binding of Ca2+ is required for the activation of calmodulin. Once bound to Ca2+, calmodulin acts as part of
Calmodulin
Chemical compound
Ca2+ from the ER. The release of Ca2+ from the ER causes an increase in the cytosolic and mitochondrial concentrations of Ca2+. This increase in Ca2+
Inositol_trisphosphate
Intracellular communication process
the use of calcium ions (Ca2+) to communicate and drive intracellular processes, often as a step in signal transduction. Ca2+ is important for a wide
Calcium_signaling
Narrowing of blood vessels due to the constriction of smooth muscle cells
contraction of rat caudal arterial smooth muscle involves activation of Ca2+ entry and Ca2+sensitization: Rho-associated kinase-mediated phosphorylation of MYPT1
Vasoconstriction
Chemical compound
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger synthesised in response to extracellular stimuli. Like its
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinic_acid_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate
Higher release of Calcium in cells
A calcium spark is the microscopic release of calcium (Ca2+) from a store known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), located within muscle cells. This
Calcium_sparks
Protein family
specialized plasma membrane Ca2+ ion channels. When calcium ions (Ca2+) are depleted from the endoplasmic reticulum (a major store of Ca2+) of mammalian cells
Calcium release activated channel
Calcium_release_activated_channel
Chemical compound
quickly disintegrates into carbon dioxide and water: CaCO3(s) + 2 H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) releases carbon dioxide upon heating, called a thermal
Calcium_carbonate
Family of transport proteins
plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase and the sodium-calcium exchanger are together the main regulators of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations. Ca2+ has many important
Calcium_pump
Class of transport proteins
trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is a membrane glycoprotein complex acting as a Ca2+ channel activated by inositol trisphosphate (InsP3). InsP3R is very diverse
Inositol trisphosphate receptor
Inositol_trisphosphate_receptor
Group of voltage-gated ion channels permeable to Ca2+
are permeable to calcium ion Ca2+. Since these channels are slightly permeable to sodium ions, they are also called Ca2+–Na+ channels, but their permeability
Voltage-gated_calcium_channel
Class of intracellular transport proteins
transport Ca2+ into the cytosol by recognizing Ca2+ on its cytosolic side, thus establishing a positive feedback mechanism; a small amount of Ca2+ in the
Ryanodine_receptor
Chemical compound
Calcium ferrocyanide is an inorganic compound with the formula Ca2[Fe(CN)6]. It is the Ca2+ salt of [Fe(CN)6]4-, ferrocyanide complex ion. It is insoluble
Calcium_ferrocyanide
Mineral
Actinolite is an amphibole silicate mineral with the chemical formula Ca2(Mg4.5–2.5Fe2+0.5–2.5)Si8O22(OH)2. The name actinolite is derived from the Greek
Actinolite
Chemical compound
Ionomycin is an ionophore and an antibiotic that binds calcium ions (Ca2+) in a ratio 1:1. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces conglobatus. It
Ionomycin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
TRPV6 is a membrane calcium (Ca2+) channel protein which is particularly involved in the first step in Ca2+absorption in the intestine. Transient Receptor
TRPV6
Class of enzymes
Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II or CaMKII) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is regulated by the Ca2+ /calmodulin
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent_protein_kinase_II
Scientific method
Calcium imaging is a microscopy technique to optically measure the calcium (Ca2+) status of an isolated cell, tissue or medium. Calcium imaging takes advantage
Calcium_imaging
Calcium encoding (also referred to as Ca2+ encoding or calcium information processing) is an intracellular signaling pathway used by many cells to transfer
Calcium_encoding
Biological process in the heart
negative, this is known as repolarization. Another important ion is calcium (Ca2+), which can be found inside the cell in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Cardiac_action_potential
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
In particular, the clearance of Ca2+ by the MAM allows for spatio-temporal patterning of Ca2+ signaling because Ca2+ alters IP3R activity in a biphasic
Mitochondrion
Part of the brain of mammals
The hippocampal subfields are four subfields CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 that make up the structure of the hippocampus. Regions described in the hippocampus
Hippocampal_subfields
Protein helix–loop–helix motif
much like the spread thumb and forefinger of the human hand, in which the Ca2+ ions are coordinated by ligands within the loop. The motif takes its name
EF_hand
Removing positive ions from hard water
household use depend on an ion-exchange resin in which "hardness ions"—mainly Ca2+ and Mg2+ —are exchanged for sodium ions. As described by NSF/ANSI Standard
Water_softening
Biological process
process whereby calcium is able to activate calcium release from intracellular Ca2+ stores (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic reticulum). Although
Calcium-induced calcium release
Calcium-induced_calcium_release
Increase in postsynaptic potential by impulses
EPSC = k([Ca2+ ]presynaptic)4 = k([Ca2+ ]rest + [Ca2+ ]influx + [Ca2+ ]residual)4 Where k is a constant. Facilitation = EPSC2 / EPSC1 = (1 + [Ca2+ ]residual
Neural_facilitation
Medical condition
voltage-gated calcium channels to open and Ca2+ to flow into the cell. The intracellular presence of Ca2+ triggers several different pathways, including
Diffuse_axonal_injury
Use of calcium by organisms
Calcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms' cells. They play an important role in signal transduction pathways, where
Calcium_in_biology
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2005 as free-calcium (Ca2+) sensors which participate in a mechanism of Ca2+ entry into the cell referred to as store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Many cellular
STIM2
Group of transport proteins
Krebsbach RJ, Pfeiffer DR (October 1994). "Inhibition of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter by pure and impure ruthenium red". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
Mitochondrial calcium uniporter
Mitochondrial_calcium_uniporter
Arabidopsis plants use in order to respond to a stimuli. In this pathway, Ca2+ works as a long range communication ion, allowing for rapid communication
Calcium signaling in Arabidopsis
Calcium_signaling_in_Arabidopsis
Calcium-storing organelle in muscle cells
reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is to store calcium ions (Ca2+). Calcium ion levels are kept relatively constant, with the concentration
Sarcoplasmic_reticulum
Family of transport proteins
lung and pancreas. The KCa3.1 channel in red blood cells was the first Ca2+–sensitive K+ channel to be identified and it has been implicated in a wide
IK_channel
Single chain inosilicate mineral
Babingtonite is a calcium iron manganese inosilicate mineral with the formula Ca2(Fe,Mn)FeSi5O14(OH). It is unusual in that iron(III) completely replaces the
Babingtonite
Component of brain anatomy
(which underlies the dentate gyrus), then CA3, then a very small zone called CA2, then CA1. The CA areas are all filled with densely packed pyramidal cells
Hippocampus_anatomy
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
is a 52-amino acid integral membrane protein that regulates the calcium (Ca2+) pump in cardiac muscle cells. This protein is found as a pentamer and is
Phospholamban
activating Ca2+ channels at the same time as a few fast K+ channels open. There is a balance between the outward flow of K+ and the inward flow of Ca2+ causing
Ventricular_action_potential
Sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase, which uses ATP to pump Ca2+ directly out of the cell and the Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniport system, which pumps Ca2+ into the mitochondria
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling
Cardiac_excitation-contraction_coupling
Type of ion channel transmembrane protein
ion-specific, and channels specific to sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl−) ions have been identified. The opening and closing
Voltage-gated_ion_channel
Cell organelle that processes proteins
the ER through a Ca2+-antagonized transport into the ER (CaATiER) mechanism. The CaATiER mechanism shows sensitivity to cytosolic Ca2+ ranging from high
Endoplasmic_reticulum
Group of inosilicate minerals
(Ca2[(Mg,Fe)4Al]Si7AlO22(OH)2), tschermakite-ferrotschermakite (Ca2[(Mg,Fe)3Al2]Si6Al2O22(OH)2), edenite-ferroedenite (NaCa2(Mg,Fe)5Si7AlO22(OH)2)
Amphibole
System of signaling molecules within a cell
or by opening of ion channels to allow influx of metal ions, for example Ca2+ signaling. These small molecules bind and activate protein kinases, ion
Second_messenger_system
Mammalian protein found in humans
previously implicated both Zn2+ and Ca2+ in the function of multiple members of the melanocortin receptor family. There is Ca2+ in the agonist-bound structure
Melanocortin_4_receptor
Protein family
with CaM in its Ca2+-free or Ca2+-bound state. Proteins each have their own unique affinities for calmodulin, that can be manipulated by Ca2+ concentrations
Calmodulin-binding_proteins
Water that has a high mineral content
09 at 82 °C C = log10[Ca2+ as CaCO3] – 0.4 = 1.78 (Ca2+ as CaCO3 is also called calcium hardness, and is calculated as 2.5[Ca2+]) D = log10[alkalinity
Hard_water
Family of enzymes
increases in the concentration of diacylglycerol (DAG) or calcium ions (Ca2+). Hence PKC enzymes play important roles in several signal transduction
Protein_kinase_C
Protein family
(Na+/K+-ATPase), the proton-potassium pump (H+/K+-ATPase), the calcium pump (Ca2+-ATPase) and the plasma membrane proton pump (H+-ATPase) of plants and fungi
P-type_ATPase
Spider toxin
a high-affinity blocker of R-type Ca2+ (Cav2.3) channels, but at higher concentrations it can also block other Ca2+ channels and Na+ channels. SNX-482
SNX-482
Glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells
the NMDA receptor or NMDAR) is a glutamate receptor and a predominantly Ca2+ ion channel found in neurons. The NMDA receptor is one of three types of
NMDA_receptor
series: tremolite: ☐Ca2(Mg5.0-4.5Fe2+0.0-0.5)Si8O22(OH)2 actinolite: ☐Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe2+0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 ferro-actinolite: ☐Ca2(Mg2.5-0.0Fe2+2.5-5.0)Si8O22(OH)2
Ferro-actinolite
Chemical compound
inorganic compound with the formula CaO2. It is the peroxide (O22−) salt of Ca2+. Commercial samples can be yellowish, but the pure compound is white. It
Calcium_peroxide
Inability to distinguish an odor after prolonged exposure
odorants bind receptors on ORNs, Ca2+ ions flood into the cell causing depolarization and signaling to the brain. Increased Ca2+ also activates a negative,
Olfactory_fatigue
Enzyme type
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of enzymes. CAMKs are activated by increases in the concentration of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+)
CAMK
Type of brain cell
intercellular Ca2+ waves over long distances in response to stimulation, and, similar to neurons, release transmitters (called gliotransmitters) in a Ca2+-dependent
Astrocyte
Chemical compound
diastole and inhibiting a Ca2+ leak into the cell's cytosol. By decreasing the intracellular Ca2+ leak, it is able to prevent Ca2+ sparks or increases in
JTV-519
Rare calcium aluminium oxide mineral
Brownmillerite is a rare oxide mineral with chemical formula Ca2(Al,Fe)2O5. It is named for Lorrin Thomas Brownmiller (1902–1990), chief chemist of the
Brownmillerite
Engineered protein used to visualize calcium levels in living cells
understanding the mechanisms of cell signaling by conducting time-resolved Ca2+ activity measurement experiments with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) enzymes
Cameleon_(protein)
Drugs that disrupt movement of calcium across calcium channels
antagonists are a group of medications that disrupt the movement of calcium (Ca2+) through calcium channels. Calcium channel blockers are used as antihypertensive
Calcium_channel_blocker
Anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter
include Ca2+-concentration regulates different mitochondrial functions and upon increasing uncontrollably, the excessively high intracellular Ca2+-concentration
Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)
Chemical compound
research it is used to manipulate intracellular release of calcium ions (Ca2+) and modify TRP channel activity, although the lack of specific effects
2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl_borate
Family of cellular adhesion molecules
molecules (Necl) are families of cellular adhesion molecules involved in Ca2+-independent cellular adhesion. Nectins are ubiquitously expressed and have
Nectin
Protein found in humans
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha (CAMKIIα), a.k.a. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha, is one subunit of CamKII,
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent_protein_kinase_type_II_subunit_alpha
Chemical compound
influx of Na+ and Ca2+. Therefore, when NMDA receptors are activated, there is an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. High Ca2+ causes fatal metabolic
Eliprodil
Chemical compound
compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)Cl. It consists of calcium cations (Ca2+) and chloride (Cl−) and hydroxide (−OH) anions. A white solid, it forms
Calcium_hydroxychloride
Chemical compound
phosphate refers to a family of materials and minerals containing calcium ions (Ca2+) together with inorganic phosphate anions. Some so-called calcium phosphates
Calcium_phosphate
Peptide hormone secreted by the thyroid
chordates in the ultimopharyngeal body. It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Its importance in humans
Calcitonin
Chemical compound
fluorescence indicator of intracellular calcium (Ca2+), developed by Roger Y. Tsien. It is used to measure Ca2+ inside living cells in flow cytometry, and
Fluo-3
Class of enzymes
aminopeptidase A, aspartate aminopeptidase, angiotensinase A, glutamyl peptidase, Ca2+-activated glutamate aminopeptidase, membrane aminopeptidase II, antigen
Glutamyl_aminopeptidase
Group of neurotoxins in spider venom
pores formed by α-LTX in the membrane are permeable to Ca2+ and therefore allow an influx of Ca2+ into the cell. This influx into an excitable cell stimulates
Latrotoxin
proteins that participate in calcium cell signaling pathways by binding to Ca2+, the calcium ion that plays an important role in many cellular processes
Calcium-binding_protein
Chemical compound
affinity for calcium. It is a white solid. It is used in research to chelate Ca2+, as it behaves similarly to EGTA and EDTA. BAPTA, as its conjugate base
BAPTA
Cortex of the adrenal gland
Ca2+ channels, isolated zona glomerulosa cells are considered nonexcitable, with recorded membrane voltages that are too hyperpolarized to permit Ca2+
Adrenal_cortex
Central nervous system stimulant
calcium, an effect which is associated with DAT phosphorylation through a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK)-dependent signaling pathway,
Methamphetamine
Variety of jade
also make up one form of asbestos). The chemical formula for nephrite is Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2. It is one of two different mineral species called jade
Nephrite
Dephosphorylation enzyme
transporting: ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A3, ATP1A4, ATP1B1, ATP1B2, ATP1B3, ATP1B4 Ca2+ transporting: ATP2A1, ATP2A2, ATP2A3, ATP2B1, ATP2B2, ATP2B3, ATP2B4, ATP2C1
ATPase
Protein family
domain of troponin I (TnI). The C lobe can bind either Ca2+ or Mg2+. The N lobe, which binds only Ca2+, is the regulatory lobe and binds to the C domain of
Troponin_C
Enzyme found in humans
Carbonic anhydrase II (gene name CA2) is one of sixteen forms of human α carbonic anhydrases. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes reversible hydration of carbon
Carbonic_anhydrase_II
Chemical compound
water-soluble solid is widely used to bind to iron (Fe2+/Fe3+) and calcium ions (Ca2+), forming water-soluble complexes even at neutral pH. It is thus used to
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid
Form of programmed cell death
S2CID 2283955. Lee JK, Lu S, Madhukar A (October 2010). "Real-Time dynamics of Ca2+, caspase-3/7, and morphological changes in retinal ganglion cell apoptosis
Apoptosis
Process by which light activates retinal cells
cGMP levels close Na+ and Ca2+ channels, reducing intracellular Na+ and Ca2+. During recovery (dark adaptation), the low Ca2+ levels induce recovery (termination
Visual_phototransduction
White solid resulting from addition of soap to hard water
the surfactant anion to give these metallic or lime soaps. 2 C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2 Na+ In this reaction, the sodium cation in soap is
Soap_scum
Protein found in humans
neuron-specific member of the calmodulin (CaM) superfamily which modulates Ca2+-dependent activity of inositol trisphosphate receptors (InsP3RS). L-CaBP1
Calcium-binding_protein_1
Process that kills nerve cells
types. Excess glutamate allows high levels of calcium ions (Ca2+) to enter the cell. Ca2+ influx into cells activates a number of enzymes, including phospholipases
Excitotoxicity
Experimental drug
modifying normal Ca2+ cycling through the sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as increasing the sensitivity of cardiac myofilaments to Ca2+. Patients with acute
CXL_1020
Widening of blood vessels
(does not contain sarcomeres). Contraction is dependent on concentrations of Ca2+ in the cytosol, either via Ca,Mg-ATPase from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Vasodilation
Protein-coding gene in humans
gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase cluster, and to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK) group. This enzyme is a multifunctional
CAMK4
Gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane
electrochemical gradient. One is TPK3, a potassium channel that is activated by Ca2+ and conducts K+ from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma, which helps establish
Electrochemical_gradient
Class of transport proteins
interactions with the ER. TRP channels modulate ion entry driving forces and Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport machinery in the plasma membrane, where most of them
Transient receptor potential channel
Transient_receptor_potential_channel
Smooth muscle coat of the uterus
in general, with intracellular increase in calcium (Ca2+) leading to contraction. Removal of Ca2+ after contraction induces relaxation of the smooth muscle
Myometrium
Japanese biophysicist
His research focuses on two proteins: the Ca2+ ATPase, and the Na+/ K+-ATPase. Toyoshima's research about Ca2+ ATPase started in 1989. He and his colleagues
Chikashi_Toyoshima
Relationship between stroke volume and end diastolic volume
Specifically, the sensitivity of troponin for binding Ca2+ increases and there is an increased release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In addition,
Frank–Starling_law
Soil type with pH > 8.5
water to rivers / irrigation water. Lime softening process precipitates Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions / removes hardness in the water and also converts sodium bicarbonates
Alkali_soil
CA2
CA2
CA2
CA2
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian
The Sun
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Goddess of Wealth
Girl/Female
Scottish
Heroic.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Stanbrough.
Girl/Female
Indian
Visiting, Returning, Reward
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : variant of Hupple, recorded in 1327 as Uppehull, a topographic name for someone who lived ‘up the hill’.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Grape, Belonging to kashmir
Girl/Female
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, English, German
Ash Tree Settlement; Town of Ash Trees
Girl/Female
Muslim
Virtue
Male
Turkish
Turkish unisex name UMUT means "hope."
CA2
CA2
CA2
CA2
CA2