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Form of programmed cell death
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek: ἀπόπτωσις, romanized: apóptōsis, lit. 'falling off') is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms
Apoptosis
Mammalian protein
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), is a protein functioning as a ligand that induces the process of cell death called apoptosis. TRAIL is a
TRAIL
Unprogrammed cell death caused by external cell injury
components. In contrast, apoptosis is a naturally occurring programmed and targeted cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial
Necrosis
Proteins that control apoptosis
play an integral role in apoptosis. Some of these inhibitors include the Bcl-2 family, viral inhibitor crmA, and IAP's. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death
Inhibitor_of_apoptosis
Programmed death of UV-damaged cells
estimated that 50 to 70 billion cells die each day from apoptosis. One of the largest promoters of apoptosis is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. While UV light
UVB-induced_apoptosis
mitochondrial pathway to apoptosis and illuminated whole new avenues of research on inflammatory diseases, cancer, and apoptosis in general.[citation needed]
History_of_apoptosis_research
2019 studio album by Allegaeon
REVIEW: Apoptosis - Allegaeon". Distorted Sound. Retrieved April 23, 2019. Gill, Kim (April 17, 2019). "ALBUM REVIEW: Allegaeon - Apoptosis". Ghost Cult
Apoptosis_(album)
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Apoptosis Apoptosome Bcl-2 BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID) Caspases Cytochrome c Noxa Mitochondrion p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis
Apoptosis_regulator_BAX
Protein found in humans
that leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis) if it binds its ligand, Fas ligand (FasL). It is one of two apoptosis pathways, the other being the mitochondrial
Fas_receptor
Protein family
proteins consists of members that either promote or inhibit apoptosis, and control apoptosis by governing mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
Bcl-2_family
Mammalian protein
inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. The survivin protein functions to inhibit caspase activation, thereby leading to negative regulation of apoptosis or programmed
Survivin
Biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions
hypothesized that necroptosis can serve as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such
Cell_death
Destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell
occur during programmed cell death (apoptosis), cellular senescence, or necrosis. [citation needed] In apoptosis, karyorrhexis is mediated by Ca2+- and
Karyorrhexis
Protein-coding gene in humans
PRKC apoptosis WT1 regulator protein, or Prostate apoptosis response-4, is a tumor-suppressor protein coded for in the human by the PAWR gene, that induces
PAWR
Protein-coding gene in humans
key intracellular processes like lipid metabolism and apoptosis. AIM, also known as apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage, is a 40 kDa protein encoded by
CD5L
Chemical compound
preliminary. PS plays a crucial role in the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death). During apoptosis, PS translocates from the inner leaflet of the cell
Phosphatidylserine
Protein domain
The inhibitor of apoptosis domain, also known as IAP repeat, Baculovirus Inhibitor of apoptosis protein Repeat, or BIR, is a structural motif found in
Inhibitor_of_apoptosis_domain
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Protein AATF, also known as apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AATF gene. The protein encoded by
Protein_AATF
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
with it induces apoptosis. Various studies have shown though, that PUMA does not rely on direct interaction with Bax/Bak to induce apoptosis. The majority
P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis
P53_upregulated_modulator_of_apoptosis
Irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a dying cell
condensation in a cell undergoing apoptosis or necrosis. Two main types are described: nucleolytic pyknosis, which occurs during apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Pyknosis
The mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel (or MAC), is an early marker of the onset of apoptosis. This ion channel is formed on the outer mitochondrial
Mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel
Mitochondrial_apoptosis-induced_channel
Protein family
Apoptosis inducing factor is involved in initiating a caspase-independent pathway of apoptosis (positive intrinsic regulator of apoptosis) by causing
Apoptosis-inducing_factor
Biological process
will be forced to undergo apoptosis. If the DNA damage cannot be repaired, activated p53 can induce cell death by apoptosis. It can do so by activating
Cell_division
Protein found in humans
necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TNFSF10/TRAIL), and thus transduces cell death signal and induces cell apoptosis. Studies with FADD-deficient
Death_receptor_4
Bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell
subsequent infection. Blebbing is one of the defined features of apoptosis. During apoptosis (programmed cell death), the cell's cytoskeleton breaks up and
Bleb_(cell_biology)
Protein found in humans
protect themselves from apoptosis by blocking the release of cytochrome c using Bcl-xL. Another way that cells can control apoptosis is by phosphorylation
Cytochrome_c
Human protein and coding gene
death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) during apoptosis. As well as its most well known role in apoptosis, FADD has also been seen to play a role in other
FADD
Cartilage plate in the neck of a long bone
and males, leads to increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate. Depletion of chondrocytes due to apoptosis leads to less ossification,
Epiphyseal_plate
Psychoactive drug, often called ecstasy
PMC 11661495. PMID 40046567. It is postulated that MDMA-induced neuronal apoptosis arises from directly stimulating the 5HT2A receptor. However, it is unclear
MDMA
is one of two ways apoptosis (a type of programmed cell death) can be activated. It is part of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, also known as the mitochondrial
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
Mitochondrial_outer_membrane_permeabilization
Burning of a dead body as a disposal method
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Cremation
Protein family
proteins are a family of proteins that induce cellular apoptosis and cell proliferation. Apoptosis is a specialized sequence of events that a cell can induce
Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
Cellular_apoptosis_susceptibility_protein
Type of programmed cell death distinct from apoptosis and necrosis
Greek παρά para, "related to" and apoptosis) is a type of programmed cell death, morphologically distinct from apoptosis and necrosis. The defining features
Paraptosis
Medical examination of a corpse
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Autopsy
PARP-1 dependent cell death
processes such as necrosis and apoptosis. While necrosis is caused by acute cell injury resulting in traumatic cell death and apoptosis is a highly controlled
Parthanatos
Protein found in humans
activated by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TNFSF10/TRAIL/APO-2L), and transduces apoptosis signal. Mice have a homologous gene, tnfrsf10b
Death_receptor_5
Genetic abnormality in leukemia cancer cells
induce natural apoptosis, cancer cells with BCR::ABL1 are therefore more resistant to these chemotherapies. Other main pathway for apoptosis resistance in
Philadelphia_chromosome
Preserved dead human or animal
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Mummy
Wax or plaster cast made of a person's face following death
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Death_mask
Remains of an organism after soft tissues have broken down after death
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Skeletonization
Necrotic cell death regulated by intracellular signaling, exerted by activated MLKL
pathway in cases where cells are unable to undergo apoptosis, such as during viral infection in which apoptosis signaling proteins are blocked by the virus.
Necroptosis
2000 paper by Hanahan and Weinberg
occur, thus apoptosis cannot activate. They may also have defects in the downstream signaling itself, or the proteins involved in apoptosis, each of which
The_Hallmarks_of_Cancer
Fourth stage of death
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Rigor_mortis
Cause of death
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Death_from_laughter
Condition of not having enough sleep
(> 20 days) neuronal apoptosis in mice, and the apoptosis rate increases on the day following its end, so the amount of apoptosis is often undercounted
Sleep_deprivation
Medical phenomenon
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Lazarus_syndrome
Scottish pathologist (1944–2022)
His works have contributed to the understanding of apoptosis in health and in disease. Apoptosis is used during early development to eliminate unwanted
Andrew_Wyllie_(pathologist)
Buddhist mummification
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Sokushinbutsu
Protein and coding gene in humans
regions of homology to two baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, and it is able to suppress apoptosis induced by various signals. Alternatively spliced
NAIP_(gene)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
inhibitor of apoptosis family that inhibit apoptosis by interfering with the activation of caspases. The encoded protein inhibits apoptosis induced by serum
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3
Baculoviral_IAP_repeat-containing_protein_3
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
List of unusual deaths in the Middle Ages
List_of_unusual_deaths_in_the_Middle_Ages
Molecular biology method used to detect DNA fragmentation
3′- hydroxyl termini in the double-strand DNA breaks generated during apoptosis. TUNEL is a method for detecting apoptotic DNA fragmentation, widely used
TUNEL_assay
Technique used in anatomy to preserve bodies or body parts
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Plastination
False report of a person's death
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Death_hoax
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Mcl-1 by caspase-3 in tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in Jurkat leukemia T cells". The Journal of Biological
Bcl-2-like_protein_1
Medically induced suicide with help from another person
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Assisted suicide in the United States
Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_States
Protein found in humans
Caspase activity and apoptosis inhibitor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAAP1 gene. Caspase Apoptosis GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000120159
Caspase activity and apoptosis inhibitor 1
Caspase_activity_and_apoptosis_inhibitor_1
Dead human body
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Cadaver
Death of a cell mediated by intracellular program, often as part of development
hypothesized that necroptosis can serve as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such
Programmed_cell_death
Programmed death of red blood cells
Eryptosis (Erythrocyte apoptosis or Red blood cell programmed death) is a type of apoptosis that occurs in injured erythrocytes (RBCs) because of various
Eryptosis
Process of reversing apoptosis
reverses the process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis. Contrary to the prior assumption that apoptosis is irreversible, some cells have been discovered
Cellular_anastasis
Permanent loss of brain function
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Brain_death
Cleavage of DNA into tiny pieces during apoptosis
Apoptotic DNA fragmentation is a key feature of apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death. Apoptosis is characterized by the activation of endogenous
Apoptotic_DNA_fragmentation
Family of waxy lipid molecules
mitochondria in inducing apoptosis. However, owing to the conflicting and variable nature of studies into the role of ceramide in apoptosis, the mechanism by
Ceramide
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
List of unusual deaths in the early modern period
List_of_unusual_deaths_in_the_early_modern_period
Beings in mythology and fiction
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Undead
1918–1920 global influenza pandemic
Liu J, Li W (2010). "hsa-miR-33-5p as a Therapeutic Target Promotes Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells via Selenoprotein T". Frontiers in Medicine. 50
Spanish_flu
Protein complex involved in the cellular apoptotic process
leading to apoptosis. The term “apoptosome” was introduced firstly in Yoshihide Tsujimoto’s 1998 paper; “The role of Bcl-2 family proteins in apoptosis: Apoptosomes
Apoptosome
Type of gene used for anticancer
induces apoptosis in a p53 and caspase-independent manner; however, there is still communication between this pathway and the caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway
Anticancer_gene
Gene that has the potential to cause cancer
death (apoptosis) if critical functions are altered and then malfunction. Activated oncogenes can cause those cells designated for apoptosis to survive
Oncogene
Posthumous legal determination
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Manner_of_death
Class of chemical compounds
signaling pathway. Sphingomyelin has been found to have a role in cell apoptosis by hydrolyzing into ceramide. Studies in the late 1990s had found that
Sphingomyelin
Disorder of consciousness caused by severe brain damage
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Vegetative_state
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
this term was replaced by apoptosis to emphasize its role opposite mitosis in tissue kinetics. In later stages of apoptosis the entire cell becomes fragmented
HSPA8
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
The TP53-inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) also known as fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase TIGAR is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by
TP53-inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator
TP53-inducible_glycolysis_and_apoptosis_regulator
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
an apoptosis-accelerating protein, that in humans is encoded by the PDCD5 gene. This gene encodes a protein expressed in tumor cells during apoptosis independent
PDCD5
Chemical compound
Cardiolipin distribution to the outer mitochondrial membrane would lead to apoptosis of the cells, as evidenced by cytochrome c (cyt c) release, Caspase-8
Cardiolipin
Highly reactive molecules formed from diatomic oxygen (O2)
effects. A cancer cell can die in three ways: apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. Excessive ROS can induce apoptosis through both the extrinsic and intrinsic
Reactive_oxygen_species
Medical term defining death
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Clinical_death
Cytokine
activates apoptosis signal-inducing kinase 1 (ASK1), which goes on to activate the Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway and thus apoptosis as seen in
Transforming growth factor beta
Transforming_growth_factor_beta
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
isoform alpha protecting cells from apoptosis induced by staurosporine and isoform b protecting cells from apoptosis induced by etoposide. In melanoma,
BIRC7
Enzyme found in humans
lizards, lissamphibians, and teleosts. Caspase-6 has known functions in apoptosis, early immune response and neurodegeneration in Huntington's and Alzheimer's
Caspase_6
Anxiety caused by thoughts of death
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Death_anxiety
Damaging changes to a biological cell
cycle arrest and apoptosis. In the average adult between 50 and 70 billion cells die each day due to apoptosis. Inhibition of apoptosis can result in a
Cell_damage
Ethical concept about the end of life
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Dignified_death
Type of molecule that may be able to induce death of senescent cells
including the SASP. Autophagy Biogerontology DNA repair § Senescence and apoptosis Geroprotector Hsp90 Immunosenescence Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells Klotho
Senolytic
Protein found in humans
programmed cell death (apoptosis) while other BCL2 family members can either inhibit or induce it. It was the first apoptosis regulator identified in
Bcl-2
Protein-coding gene in humans
CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFLAR gene. Also called c-FLIP (FLICE-like inhibitory protein).
CFLAR
Biological process of getting older
Programmed ageing should not be confused with programmed cell death (apoptosis). Human beings and members of other species, especially animals, age and
Ageing
End of an organism's life
localized injury, or the death of the organism of which the cells are part. Apoptosis or type I cell-death, and autophagy or type II cell-death are both forms
Death
Incurable fatal disease
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Terminal_illness
also known as apoptosis regulator CED-9, is a gene found in Caenorhabditis elegans that inhibits/represses programmed cell death (apoptosis). The gene was
Ced-9
Intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Euthanasia
Concept of eternal life
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Immortality
reliable method to distinguish apoptosis from necrosis. DNA laddering can also be used to see if cells underwent apoptosis in the presence of a virus. This
DNA_laddering
Communal meal held after a funeral
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Repast_(funeral)
Kidney disease
a high morbidity and mortality rate. Blood vessels shrink and undergo apoptosis which results in poor blood flow in the kidneys. More complications happen
Kidney_ischemia
Fetish involving sexual attraction to corpses
Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis
Necrophilia
Uncontrolled fire in forests or open spaces
oxidative stress in the epithelial cells. These particulates also cause apoptosis and autophagy in lung epithelial cells. Both processes damage the cells
Wildfire
Partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body
support, loss of nerve supply to the target organ, excessive amount of apoptosis of cells, and disuse or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue
Atrophy
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