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Nuclide that does not undergo radioactive decay
Stable nuclides are isotopes of a chemical element whose nucleons are in a configuration that does not permit them the surplus energy required to produce
Stable_nuclide
Atomic species
elements that have one or more stable isotopes. See stable nuclide and primordial nuclide. Unstable nuclides are radioactive and are called radionuclides. Their
Nuclide
Nuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth)
accretion until the present; 286 such nuclides are known. All of the known 251 stable nuclides, plus another 35 nuclides that have half-lives long enough to
Primordial_nuclide
Nuclide produced by radioactive conversion from other nuclide
radiogenic nuclide is a nuclide that is produced by a process of radioactive decay. It may itself be radioactive (a radionuclide) or stable (a stable nuclide).
Radiogenic_nuclide
Atoms of the same element, but different mass
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei)
Isotope
Atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable
(radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that is unstable and known to undergo radioactive decay into a different nuclide, which
Radionuclide
Graph of neutrons vs. protons in nuclides
top right cluster of nuclides that contains isotopes far more stable than other transuranic elements. There are no stable nuclides having an equal number
Table_of_nuclides
Atoms of different elements with the same number of nucleons
In theory, no two stable nuclides have the same mass number (since no two nuclides that have the same mass number are both stable to beta decay and double
Isobar_(nuclide)
Set of nuclides that cannot undergo beta decay
Beta-decay stable isobars are the set of nuclides which cannot undergo beta decay, that is, the transformation of a neutron to a proton or a proton to
Beta-decay_stable_isobars
Ratio of two stable isotopes
The term stable isotope has a meaning similar to stable nuclide, but is preferably used when speaking of nuclides of a specific element. Hence, the plural
Stable_isotope_ratio
Different nuclides with the same neutron number
"proton" to "n" for "neutron". The largest numbers of observationally stable nuclides exist for isotones 50 (five: 86Kr, 88Sr, 89Y, 90Zr, 92Mo – noting also
Isotone
Characterization of nuclide stability
part of the valley corresponding to the region of most stable nuclei. The line of stable nuclides down the center of the valley of stability is known as
Valley_of_stability
Rare nuclides created when high-energy cosmic rays interact with the nucleus of an atom
cosmogenic nuclides, scientists are able to gain insight into a range of geological and astronomical processes. There are both radioactive and stable cosmogenic
Cosmogenic_nuclide
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
nuclear force. Only nuclides are considered to decay and produce radioactivity. Nuclides can be stable or unstable. Unstable nuclides decay, possibly in
Radioactive_decay
primordial nuclides. The total number of primordial nuclides is then 251 (the stable nuclides) plus the 35 radioactive primordial nuclides, for a total
List of elements by stability of isotopes
List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes
Number of neutrons in a nuclide
usually not fissile (but are fissionable with fast neutrons). Only 58 stable nuclides have an odd neutron number, compared to 194 with an even neutron number
Neutron_number
Element that has only a single stable isotope
one stable isotope (nuclide). There are 26 such elements, listed below. Stability is experimentally defined for chemical elements, as all nuclides with
Monoisotopic_element
Related to Periodic Table
naturally on Earth essentially as a single nuclide (which may, or may not, be a stable nuclide). This single nuclide will have a characteristic atomic mass
Mononuclidic_element
This list of nuclides shows observed nuclides that either are stable or, if radioactive, have half-lives longer than one hour. This includes isotopes
List_of_nuclides
Nuclear physics classification method
monoisotopic. There are 145 stable even–even nuclides, forming ~58% of the 251 stable nuclides. There are also 23 primordial even–even nuclides currently known to
Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei
partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). Unless proton decay occurs; this and 3He are the only stable nuclides with more protons than neutrons
Isotopes_of_hydrogen
Remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay
daughter product, daughter isotope, radio-daughter, or daughter nuclide) is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay. Radioactive decay often
Decay_product
Prediction in nuclear physics
It is predicted to appear as an "island" in the chart of nuclides, separated from known stable and long-lived primordial radionuclides. Its theoretical
Island_of_stability
Series of radioactive decays
nuclide near the top, so that chain has long since decayed down to the last before the end: bismuth-209. This nuclide was long thought to be stable,
Decay_chain
Type of radioactive decay
this process, unstable atoms obtain a more stable ratio of protons to neutrons. The probability of a nuclide decaying due to beta and other forms of decay
Beta_decay
Chemical substance not composed of simpler ones
yet been observed. Out of the over 250 nuclides that are called stable, only 90 are considered theoretically stable, meaning they lack a known decay mode
Chemical_element
Rule for predicting stability of elements
of the isotopes must be radioactive. Two nuclides that have the same mass number (isobars) can both be stable only if their atomic numbers differ by more
Mattauch_isobar_rule
Form of radioactive decay
nuclides may be created instantaneously by physical processes, both natural (via the r-process) and artificial, though rapidly decay to more stable nuclides
Spontaneous_fission
Helium isotope with two protons and one neutron
two protons and two neutrons. Helium-3 and hydrogen-1 are the only stable nuclides with more protons than neutrons. It was discovered in 1939. Helium-3
Helium-3
Material capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain reaction
the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability". Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives
Fissile_material
Smallest unit of a chemical element
50 protons for tin, confers unusual stability on the nuclide. Of the 251 known stable nuclides, only four have both an odd number of protons and odd
Atom
Type of radioactive decay
the nuclides are therefore unstable toward spontaneous fission-type processes. In practice, this mode of decay has only been observed in nuclides considerably
Alpha_decay
Type of radioactive decay
phenomenon "artificial radioactivity", because 30 15P is a short-lived nuclide which does not exist in nature. The discovery of artificial radioactivity
Positron_emission
Set of isotopes in nuclear astrophysics
initially present nuclides (seed nuclei). In a p-process it is suggested that p-nuclei were made through a few proton captures on stable nuclides. The seed nuclei
P-nuclei
Energy needed to remove a specified particle from an atom's nucleus
separation energy", and so on. The lowest separation energy among stable nuclides is 1.67 MeV, to remove a neutron from beryllium-9. The energy can be
Separation_energy
Decay of a neutron when outside a nucleus
neutron that is not bound to an atomic nucleus. When embedded in a stable nuclide, neutrons have not been observed to decay. Free neutrons decay with
Free_neutron_decay
Nuclide made up of alpha particles
Stable alpha nuclides, and stable decay products of radioactive alpha nuclides, are some of the most common metals in the universe. Alpha nuclide is
Alpha_nuclide
Atoms or particles produced by nuclear fission
also decay the fastest. Additionally, less stable fission products are less likely to decay to stable nuclides, instead decaying to other radionuclides
Nuclear_fission_product
Minimum energy required to separate particles within a nucleus
alpha-addition processes, or else there would presumably be more of this highly stable nuclide in the universe. The fact that the maximum binding energy is found in
Nuclear_binding_energy
Number of heavy particles in the atomic nucleus
mass differences on the order of a few electron masses. If possible, a nuclide will undergo beta decay to an adjacent isobar with lower mass. In the absence
Mass_number
Number of protons or neutrons that make a nucleus particularly stable
helium-4 is among the most abundant (and stable) nuclei in the universe and lead-208 is the heaviest stable nuclide (at least by known experimental observations)
Magic_number_(physics)
Transformation of a nuclide to another
collide to produce one or more new nuclides. Thus, a nuclear reaction must cause a transformation of at least one nuclide to another. If a nucleus interacts
Nuclear_reaction
Type of radioactive decay
is 134 Xe. The following known beta-stable (or almost beta-stable in the cases of 48Ca, 96Zr, and 222Rn) nuclides with A ≤ 260 are theoretically capable
Double_beta_decay
Field of physics that studies atomic interactions
neutron numbers, the binding energy of the nuclides forms what is known as the valley of stability. Stable nuclides lie along the bottom of this energy valley
Nuclear_physics
Reaction that combines atomic nuclei
experiments on the reaction: 7 3Li + p → 8 X → 2 4 2He where the intermediary nuclide was later confirmed to be the extremely short-lived beryllium-8. This has
Nuclear_fusion
Chemical element with atomic number 3 (Li)
instability, since the two stable lithium isotopes found in nature have among the lowest binding energies per nucleon of all stable nuclides. Because of its relative
Lithium
Class of subatomic particle
/ even-neutron (EE) nuclides. The EE nuclides necessarily have spin 0 because of pairing. The remaining 5 stable bosonic nuclides are odd-proton / odd-neutron
Boson
Subatomic particle with no charge
transmutation of harmful long lived nuclear waste to shorter lived or stable nuclides. Free neutron beams are obtained from neutron sources by neutron transport
Neutron
Reaction that splits an atomic nucleus
process, opening up the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction. For heavy nuclides, it is an exothermic reaction which releases large amounts of energy both
Nuclear_fission
observationally stable isotopes: 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb. Lead-204 is entirely a primordial nuclide and is not a radiogenic nuclide. The three isotopes
Isotopes_of_lead
Metastable excited state of a nuclide
occurs naturally as a primordial nuclide, though uncommonly at only 1/8000 of all tantalum. The second most stable isomer is 210m 83Bi, which does not
Nuclear_isomer
of only five stable nuclides to have both an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons, the other four stable odd-odd nuclides being 2H, 6Li
Isotopes_of_tantalum
A, the binding energies lie on one or more parabolas, with the most stable nuclide at the bottom. One can have more than one parabola because isotopes
Isotopes_of_technetium
Chemical element with atomic number 20 (Ca)
"classically stable" nuclides with a 6-neutron or 8-neutron excess respectively. Though extremely neutron-rich for such a light element, 48Ca is very stable because
Calcium
Energy change of a nucleus after radioactive decay
atom of one type (called the parent nuclide) transforming to an atom of a different type (called the daughter nuclide). The energy difference of the reactants
Decay_energy
they occur in nature or in a particular experimental context. stable nuclide Any nuclide that is not radioactive and does not spontaneously undergo radioactive
Glossary_of_physics
Radioisotope that occurs naturally in trace amounts
include cosmic ray bombardment of stable nuclides, ordinary alpha and beta decay of the long-lived heavy nuclides, thorium-232, uranium-238, and uranium-235
Trace_radioisotope
Type of radioactive decay
occurs in the most neutron-rich/proton-deficient nuclides, and also from excited states of other nuclides as in photoneutron emission and beta-delayed neutron
Neutron_emission
of radioactive decay of the nuclide and a rough classification of their relative shares: stable, nonradioactive nuclides completely black, primordial
Karlsruhe_Nuclide_Chart
atomic numbers > 66 (dysprosium, which has the heaviest theoretically stable nuclide, 164Dy). mSm – Excited nuclear isomer. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given
Isotopes_of_samarium
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
detectors Archived 2010-11-11 at the Wayback Machine The LIVEChart of Nuclides – IAEA with filter on gamma-ray energy Health Physics Society Public Education
Gamma_ray
Ratio of neutrons to protons in an atomic nucleus
5) are the only stable isotopes with neutron–proton ratio under one. Uranium-238 has the highest N/Z ratio of any primordial nuclide at 1.587, while mercury-204
Neutron–proton_ratio
also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide 237Np Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide Intermediate decay product of 238U Theoretically
Isotopes_of_bismuth
Subatomic particle with positive charge
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge). Its mass is slightly less than
Proton
Core atomic nucleus surrounded by orbiting protons or neutrons
liquid drop model. Halo nuclei form at the extreme edges of the table of nuclides — the neutron drip line and proton drip line — and have short half-lives
Halo_nucleus
Physical process
collective excitations of phonons more effectively than X-rays. Cosmogenic nuclide Energy amplifier Nuclear transmutation Neutron moderator Proton therapy
Spallation
Artificial nuclides with atomic number of 96 but with different mass numbers
the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability". Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives
Isotopes_of_curium
Chemical and biochemical technique to follow reactions through using atomic isotopes
reaction or the cell's metabolic pathway. The nuclides used in isotopic labeling may be stable nuclides or radionuclides. In the latter case, the labeling
Isotopic_labeling
Hungarian-American physicist and inventor (1898–1964)
N Stable Magic Even/odd Halo Borromean Nuclear stability Binding energy p–n ratio Drip line Island of stability Valley of stability Stable nuclide Radioactive
Leo_Szilard
the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability". Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives
Isotopes_of_radium
but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). Heaviest observationally stable nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons Believed
Isotopes_of_calcium
Source of neutrons from linear particle accelerators
copper or molybdenum substrate. Titanium, scandium, and zirconium form stable chemical compounds called metal hydrides when combined with hydrogen or
Neutron_generator
Mode of radioactive decay
nucleus. For a nuclide (A, Z) with a number of nucleons A and atomic number Z, double electron capture is only possible if the mass of the nuclide (A, Z−2)
Double_electron_capture
Chemical element with atomic number 26 (Fe)
isotopes have also been created. Of these stable isotopes, only 57Fe has a nuclear spin (−1⁄2). The nuclide 54Fe theoretically can undergo double electron
Iron
Group of highly reactive chemical elements
stable isotope lithium-6 and the long-lived radioisotope potassium-40). For a given odd mass number, there can be only a single beta-stable nuclide,
Alkali_metal
Nucleosynthesis pathway
of these reactions produces stable isotopes by moving along the valley of beta-decay stable isobars in the table of nuclides. A range of elements and isotopes
S-process
Chemical element with atomic number 83 (Bi)
isotope of bismuth, bismuth-209, had long been regarded as the heaviest stable nuclide, but was suspected on theoretical grounds to be unstable to alpha decay
Bismuth
process of dying. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable nuclide (in that it has the highest nuclear binding energy per nucleon) and
Abundance of the chemical elements
Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements
Core of an atom composed of nucleons
maximally dense. Halo nuclei form at the extreme edges of the chart of the nuclides—the neutron drip line and proton drip line—and are all unstable with short
Atomic_nucleus
Isotope of plutonium
the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability". Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives
Plutonium-241
Process where an excited nucleus ejects an orbital electron from its atom
to other L, M, or N shell internal conversion probabilities for various nuclides have been prepared. An amount of energy exceeding the atomic binding energy
Internal_conversion
puzzle). Nuclide size ranges up to ≈ 6 fm. The largest stable nuclide, lead-208, has an RMS charge radius of 5.5012 fm, and the largest unstable nuclide americium-243
Shape_of_the_atomic_nucleus
N Stable Magic Even/odd Halo Borromean Nuclear stability Binding energy p–n ratio Drip line Island of stability Valley of stability Stable nuclide Radioactive
Ab initio methods (nuclear physics)
Ab_initio_methods_(nuclear_physics)
billions of years rather than observing them directly.) Xenon-129 is a stable nuclide that is inhaled to assess pulmonary function, and to image the lungs
Isotopes_of_xenon
N Stable Magic Even/odd Halo Borromean Nuclear stability Binding energy p–n ratio Drip line Island of stability Valley of stability Stable nuclide Radioactive
Mirror_nuclei
Natural reactions causing nucleosynthesis
whether nuclides formed by cosmic ray spallation are termed primordial or are termed cosmogenic (a nuclide cannot belong to both classes). The stable nuclides
Cosmic_ray_spallation
Isotope of iodine
electron capture (EC) to form an excited state of the observationally stable nuclide tellurium-123 . The excited state of 123Te produced is not the metastable
Iodine-123
N Stable Magic Even/odd Halo Borromean Nuclear stability Binding energy p–n ratio Drip line Island of stability Valley of stability Stable nuclide Radioactive
Interacting_boson_model
Fission of a nucleus via absorption of a gamma ray
N Stable Magic Even/odd Halo Borromean Nuclear stability Binding energy p–n ratio Drip line Island of stability Valley of stability Stable nuclide Radioactive
Photofission
Activation energy required for a nucleus of an atom to undergo fission
Z 2 / A ) {\displaystyle \left(Z^{2}/A\right)} value of 32.96. For all stable nuclei, x {\displaystyle x} must be less than 1. In that case, the total
Fission_barrier
the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability". Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives
Isotopes_of_plutonium
the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability". Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives
Isotopes_of_uranium
reactor, creating radioactive nuclides of these elements which contain extra neutrons, compared to the original stable nuclides. In addition to their uses
Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes
Commonly_used_gamma-emitting_isotopes
System of interacting nucleons
N Stable Magic Even/odd Halo Borromean Nuclear stability Binding energy p–n ratio Drip line Island of stability Valley of stability Stable nuclide Radioactive
Nuclear_matter
Atomic nuclei decay delimiter
neutrons does not necessarily yield a stable nucleus. One can think of moving up or to the right across the table of nuclides by adding a proton or a neutron
Nuclear_drip_line
but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). Heaviest theoretically stable nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons Cosmogenic
Isotopes_of_sulfur
Model of the atomic nucleus
particles. Nuclear technology portal Physics portal Nuclear structure Table of nuclides Semi-empirical mass formula Isomeric shift Interacting boson model "Shell
Nuclear_shell_model
Processes in astrophysics
the s-process and/or r-process). Such proton captures on stable nuclides (or nearly stable), however, are not very efficient in producing p-nuclei, especially
P-process
Theorized type of radioactive decay
N Stable Magic Even/odd Halo Borromean Nuclear stability Binding energy p–n ratio Drip line Island of stability Valley of stability Stable nuclide Radioactive
Neutrinoless double beta decay
Neutrinoless_double_beta_decay
neighboring nuclides (TNN). Decays by proton emission to 8 C, which immediately emits two protons to form 6 Be, which in turn emits two protons to form stable 4
Isotopes_of_nitrogen
STABLE NUCLIDE
STABLE NUCLIDE
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a stable, or an occupational name for someone employed in one, from Middle English stable, plural stables (via Old French from Latin stabulum, a derivative of stare ‘to stand’). In Middle English the term was used of the quarters occupied by cattle as well as those reserved for horses.
Boy/Male
Vietnamese
Stable.
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, SABLE means "black," as a heraldic color. It is sometimes confused with the mammal of the same name but which has brown fur, not black, and which has a different origin.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for someone who looked after horses or cattle, from an agent derivative of Middle English stable ‘stable’.German (Stäbler) : occupational name for an official who carried a staff as a symbol of office, Middle High German stebelære.
Female
English
Elaborated form of English Star, STARLA means "star."
Surname or Lastname
English, Dutch, North German, and Danish
English, Dutch, North German, and Danish : variant of Stubbe.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English stapel ‘post’, hence a topographic name for someone who lived near a boundary post, or a habitational name from some place named with this word (Old English stapel), as for example Staple in Kent or Staple Fitzpaine in Somerset.Americanized spelling of German Stapel.
Surname or Lastname
English (Durham)
English (Durham) : unexplained
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Stable
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Stable
Boy/Male
Shakespearean American English
Henry VI, Part 2' Sir John Stanley. 'King Henry the Sixth, Part III' Sir William Stanley. 'King...
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Staple.
Female
English
Feminine variant spelling of English unisex Stacey, STACIE means "resurrection."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived near a boundary post, from Middle English stapel ‘post’ + the suffix -er, denoting an inhabitant.
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon and Cornwall)
English (Devon and Cornwall) : habitational name from Scoble in Devon.
Female
English
Feminine variant spelling of English unisex Stacey, STACEE means "resurrection."
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Mabel, MABLE means "lovable."Â
Boy/Male
Hindu
Stable
Boy/Male
Tamil
Stable
Male
French
French name derived from Latin amabilis, AMABLE means "lovable."
STABLE NUCLIDE
STABLE NUCLIDE
STABLE NUCLIDE
STABLE NUCLIDE
STABLE NUCLIDE
STABLE NUCLIDE
STABLE NUCLIDE