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Type of radioactive decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron)
Beta_decay
Type of radioactive decay
In nuclear physics, double beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which two neutrons are simultaneously transformed into two protons, or vice versa
Double_beta_decay
Ionizing radiation
known as beta decay. There are two forms of beta decay, β− decay and β+ decay, which produce electrons and positrons, respectively. Beta particles with
Beta_particle
Theorized type of radioactive decay
Neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) is a commonly proposed and experimentally pursued theoretical radioactive decay process that would prove a Majorana
Neutrinoless double beta decay
Neutrinoless_double_beta_decay
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
most common types of decay are alpha, beta, and gamma decay. The weak force is the mechanism that is responsible for beta decay, while the other two are
Radioactive_decay
Type of radioactive decay
Positron emission, beta plus decay, or β+ decay is a subtype of radioactive decay called beta decay, in which a proton inside a radionuclide nucleus is
Positron_emission
Isotope of hydrogen with two neutrons
other beta particles, the amount of bremsstrahlung generated is also lower. The unusually low energy released in the tritium beta decay makes the decay (along
Tritium
Type of radioactive decay
alpha particle. Like other cluster decays, alpha decay is fundamentally a quantum tunneling process. Unlike beta decay, it is governed by the interplay
Alpha_decay
Physical phenomenon
In nuclear physics, a beta decay transition is the change in state of an atomic nucleus undergoing beta decay. A beta particle and a neutrino are emitted
Beta_decay_transition
Expected change in price of a stock relative to the whole market
In finance, the beta (β or market beta or beta coefficient) is a statistic that measures the expected increase or decrease of an individual stock price
Beta_(finance)
Process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron
beta decay, because the basic nuclear process, mediated by the weak force, is the same. In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay
Electron_capture
Decay of a neutron when outside a nucleus
seconds. The free neutron decays via the weak interaction and may be called the simplest example of beta decay. The decay results in the stable resultant
Free_neutron_decay
Set of nuclides that cannot undergo beta decay
Beta-decay stable isobars are the set of nuclides which cannot undergo beta decay, that is, the transformation of a neutron to a proton or a proton to
Beta-decay_stable_isobars
Elementary particle with extremely low mass
Chadwick's heavy neutron. In Fermi's theory of beta decay, Chadwick's large neutral particle could decay to a proton, electron, and the smaller neutral
Neutrino
Mechanism of beta decay proposed in 1933
interaction (also the Fermi theory of beta decay or the Fermi four-fermion interaction) is an explanation of the beta decay, proposed by Enrico Fermi in 1933
Fermi's_interaction
Series of radioactive decays
section. The four most common modes of radioactive decay are: alpha decay, beta decay, inverse beta decay (considered as both positron emission and electron
Decay_chain
Quantum transitions that are not allowed in the most direct mechanism
gamma decay, but must proceed by another route, such as beta decay in some cases, or internal conversion where beta decay is not favored. Beta decay is classified
Forbidden_mechanism
Heat generated from radioactive decay
energy of the alpha, beta or gamma radiation is converted into the thermal movement of atoms. Decay heat occurs naturally from decay of long-lived radioisotopes
Decay_heat
Subatomic particle with no charge
spins. The origins of beta radiation were explained by Enrico Fermi in 1934 by the process of beta decay, in which the neutron decays to a proton by creating
Neutron
Interaction between subatomic particles
interaction between subatomic particles that is responsible for the radioactive beta decay of atoms: The weak interaction participates in nuclear fission and nuclear
Weak_interaction
Chinese-American physicist (1912–1997)
established physicist, continued to investigate beta decay. Enrico Fermi had published his theory of beta decay in 1934, but an experiment by Luis Walter Alvarez
Chien-Shiung_Wu
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
decay radiation (discovered by Henri Becquerel) alpha rays and beta rays in ascending order of penetrating power. Gamma rays from radioactive decay are
Gamma_ray
Predicted set of isotopes of relatively more stable superheavy elements
partial half-lives for alpha decay. Beta decay would reduce competition and would result in alpha decay remaining the dominant decay channel, unless additional
Island_of_stability
Law of physics and chemistry
seemingly-distinct laws. The discovery in 1911 that electrons emitted in beta decay have a continuous rather than a discrete spectrum appeared to contradict
Conservation_of_energy
Graphical presentation of transitions occurring in decay of a radioactive substance
for the beta decay (oblique arrow), the maximum beta energy. These relations can be quite complicated; a simple case is shown here: the decay scheme of
Decay_scheme
1956 nuclear physics experiment on weak force parity conservation
interaction is revealed in beta decay and the whole process must be studied for parity conservation and second, the beta decay involves a neutrino whose
Wu_experiment
Field of physics that studies atomic interactions
they named alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Experiments by Otto Hahn in 1911 and by James Chadwick in 1914 discovered that the beta decay spectrum was continuous
Nuclear_physics
Isotope of thorium
neutron to form thorium-233, which subsequently undergoes two successive beta decays to uranium-233, which is fissile. As such, it has been used in the thorium
Thorium-232
Chemical element with atomic number 20 (Ca)
when 48Ca does decay, it does so by double beta decay to 48Ti instead, being the lightest nuclide known to undergo double beta decay. 46Ca can also theoretically
Calcium
Italian-American physicist (1901–1954)
an uncharged invisible particle emitted along with an electron during beta decay, to satisfy the law of conservation of energy. Fermi took up this idea
Enrico_Fermi
Elementary particle, fundamental constituent of matter
an electron and an electron antineutrino. Both beta decay and the inverse process of inverse beta decay are routinely used in medical applications such
Quark
Radiosotope of carbon
stable; 14C is unstable, with half-life 5700±30 years, decaying into nitrogen-14 (14 N) through beta decay. Pure carbon-14 would have a molar activity of 62
Carbon-14
Nuclear physics classification method
neighbouring nuclei, especially of odd-A isobars, has important consequences for beta decay. The nuclear spin is zero for even-Z, even-N nuclei, integer for all even-A
Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei
Nuclear reaction between an electron antineutrino and proton
In nuclear and particle physics, inverse beta decay, commonly abbreviated to IBD, is a nuclear reaction involving an electron antineutrino scattering off
Inverse_beta_decay
Type of approximation to an underlying physical theory
of beta decay. This theory was developed during the early study of weak decays of nuclei when only the hadrons and leptons undergoing weak decay were
Effective_field_theory
Electromagnetic radiation due to deceleration of charged particles
non-relativistic particle), and the emission of electrons and positrons during beta decay. Bremsstrahlung also contributes to phenomena underlying some terrestrial
Bremsstrahlung
Subatomic particle
Pauli in 1930, to account for missing momentum and missing energy in beta decay, and was discovered in 1956 by a team led by Clyde Cowan and Frederick
Electron_neutrino
Atoms of different elements with the same number of nucleons
beta decay and double beta decay), and no stable nuclides exist for mass numbers 5, 8, 143–155, 160–162, and ≥ 165, since in theory, the beta-decay stable
Isobar_(nuclide)
observed in 124Xe (half-life 1.1 ± 0.2stat ± 0.1sys×1022 years), and double beta decay in 136Xe (half-life 2.18 ×1021 years), which are among the longest measured
Isotopes_of_xenon
Topics referred to by the same term
neutron decay may refer to: Neutron emission by an atomic nucleus Free neutron decay Beta decay of a neutron inside an atomic nucleus Baryon decay, as predicted
Neutron_decay
Nuclide that does not undergo radioactive decay
possible) Abbreviations for predicted unobserved decay: α for alpha decay, B for beta decay, 2B for double beta decay, E for electron capture, 2E for double electron
Stable_nuclide
Problem in nuclear reactor start-up
reactor core. The main isotope responsible is 135Xe, mainly produced by beta decay of 135I. 135I is a weak neutron absorber, while 135Xe is the strongest
Iodine_pit
Isotope of uranium
238U nucleus (one per beta decay), resulting in a large detectable geoneutrino signal when decays occur within the Earth. The decay of 238U to daughter
Uranium-238
Type of radioactive decay
but rather its precursor beta decay, which is controlled by the weak force, and thus requires a far longer time. The beta decay half-lives for the precursors
Neutron_emission
Chemical element with atomic number 93 (Np)
in trace amounts in uranium ores due to neutron capture reactions and beta decay. Neptunium is a hard, silvery, ductile, radioactive actinide metal (all
Neptunium
Atoms of the same element, but different mass
susceptible to other known forms of decay, such as alpha decay or double beta decay, but no decay products have yet been observed, and so these isotopes
Isotope
Radioactive isotope of cobalt
the latter would result from the activation of 58 Fe. 60 Co undergoes beta decay to an excited state of the stable isotope nickel-60 (60 Ni), which then
Cobalt-60
Scientific background leading to the discovery of subatomic particles
element undergoing alpha decay will produce an element two places to the left in the periodic system and an element undergoing beta decay will produce an element
Discovery_of_the_neutron
Nucleosynthesis pathway
observations also implied that rapid neutron capture occurred faster than beta decay, and the resulting abundance peaks were caused by so-called waiting points
R-process
Isotope of iodine
the total products of fission (see fission product yield). Due to its beta decay, iodine-131 causes mutation and death in cells that it penetrates, and
Iodine-131
Number of heavy particles in the atomic nucleus
nuclide will undergo beta decay to an adjacent isobar with lower mass. In the absence of other decay modes, a cascade of beta decays terminates at the isobar
Mass_number
Helium isotope with two protons and one neutron
human skin. The unusually low energy released in the tritium beta decay makes the decay (along with that of rhenium-187) appropriate for absolute neutrino
Helium-3
Chemical element with atomic number 94 (Pu)
First, neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) was synthesized, which then beta-decayed to form the new element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life
Plutonium
Isotope of xenon
by fission and beta decay rather than neutron capture. Nuclei of 133Xe, 137Xe, and 135Xe that have not captured a neutron all beta decay to isotopes of
Xenon-135
Type of radioactive decay
radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in
Proton_emission
Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events
double beta decay in 130Te, a process that has never been observed. It uses tellurium dioxide (TeO2) crystals as both the source of the decay and as bolometers
CUORE
Bosons that mediate the weak interaction
The W± bosons are best known for their role in beta decay. Consider, for example, the beta decay of cobalt-60. 60 27Co → 60 28Ni+ + e− + ν e This reaction
W_and_Z_bosons
Ejection of an electron from the surface of matter, or atomic nucleus
ejection of an electron from the surface of matter, or, in beta decay (β− decay), where a beta particle (a fast energetic electron or positron) is emitted
Electron_emission
Delayed emission of neutrons after nuclear fission
later. These neutrons are emitted by excited daughter nuclei of certain beta-decaying fission products. In contrast, prompt neutrons are emitted almost
Delayed_neutron
Experiment for measuring antineutrino mass
sub-eV precision by examining the spectrum of electrons emitted from the beta decay of tritium. The experiment is a recognized CERN experiment (RE14). The
KATRIN
high-resolution detectors (usually germanium semiconductor detectors) are used in beta decay studies. It can affect the correct determination of the feeding to the
Pandemonium_effect
Atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable
unstable and known to undergo radioactive decay into a different nuclide, which may be another radionuclide (see decay chain) or be stable. Radiation emitted
Radionuclide
Harmful high-frequency radiation
particles include alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons. These particles are created by radioactive decay, and almost all are energetic enough
Ionizing_radiation
Isotope of polonium
uranium series decay chain. It is generated via beta decay from 210Pb and 210Bi. The astrophysical s-process is terminated by the decay of 210Po, as the
Polonium-210
Chemical element with atomic number 54 (Xe)
early history of the Solar System. Radioactive xenon-135 is produced by beta decay from iodine-135 (a product of nuclear fission), and is the most significant
Xenon
Class of elementary particles
proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain certain characteristics of beta decay. It was first observed in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment conducted
Lepton
Neutrino oscillation experiment in Japan
surrounding rock. Electron antineutrinos (ν e) are detected through the Inverse beta decay reaction ν ¯ e + p → e + + n {\displaystyle {\bar {\nu }}_{e}+p\to e^{+}+n}
Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Antineutrino Detector
Kamioka_Liquid_Scintillator_Antineutrino_Detector
Process where an excited nucleus ejects an orbital electron from its atom
beta particles, since the latter come from beta decay, where they are newly created in the nuclear decay process. IC is possible whenever gamma decay
Internal_conversion
Austrian physicist (1900–1958)
of the structure of matter. To preserve the conservation of energy in beta decay, Pauli proposed the existence of a small neutral particle, dubbed the
Wolfgang_Pauli
Energy change of a nucleus after radioactive decay
M_{\text{products}}-\Sigma M_{\text{reactants}}).} Types of radioactive decay include gamma ray beta decay (decay energy is divided between the emitted electron and the
Decay_energy
Use of gaseous tritium to create visible light
of hydrogen, to create visible light. Tritium emits electrons through beta decay and, when they interact with a phosphor material, light is emitted through
Tritium_radioluminescence
1938 achievement in physics
by the energetic standards of radioactive decay. Scientists already knew about alpha decay and beta decay, but fission assumed great importance because
Discovery_of_nuclear_fission
Material composed of antiparticles
is an essential component of widely available applications related to beta decay, such as positron emission tomography, radiation therapy, and industrial
Antimatter
Gamma radiation measurement technique
unstable parent has decayed by means of the beta decay process. This technique can be used for beta decay studies related to beta feeding measurements
Total_absorption_spectroscopy
Nuclear reaction splitting an atom into multiple parts
and gamma rays and those emitted after beta decay, plus about 3 percent from neutrinos as the product of such decay. Nuclear fission can occur without neutron
Nuclear_fission
Atoms or particles produced by nuclear fission
atomic number, many of them quickly undergo beta decay. This releases additional energy in the form of beta particles, antineutrinos, and gamma rays. Thus
Nuclear_fission_product
Atomic nuclei decay delimiter
stronger Coulomb barrier and enable other transitions such as alpha and beta decay to instead occur. This renders unambiguous determination of the drip lines
Nuclear_drip_line
Rule for predicting stability of elements
to beta decay or double beta decay), but many such nuclides which are theoretically unstable to double beta decay have not been observed to decay, e.g
Mattauch_isobar_rule
Metastable excited state of a nuclide
life). In 210m 83Bi, the forbiddenness of available beta and gamma decays is so high that alpha decay is observed exclusively, though even that is slower
Nuclear_isomer
Elementary particle with negative charge
nucleosynthesis in stars, where they are known as beta particles. Electrons can be created through beta decay of radioactive isotopes and in high-energy collisions
Electron
"valley of beta stability" along which nuclides do not undergo beta decay. Nuclides that lie "up the walls" of the valley tend to beta decay towards the
Isotopes_of_technetium
On transmutation of elements during radioactive decay
{}_{83}^{212}{\text{Bi}}} This corresponds to β− decay or electron emission, the only form of beta decay which had been observed when Fajans and Soddy proposed
Radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy
Radioactive_displacement_law_of_Fajans_and_Soddy
Characterization of nuclide stability
known as the line of beta stability. The sides of the valley correspond to increasing instability to beta decay (β− or β+). The decay of a nuclide becomes
Valley_of_stability
Chemical element with atomic number 35 (Br)
primary decay mode of isotopes lighter than 79Br is electron capture to isotopes of selenium; that of isotopes heavier than 81Br is beta decay to isotopes
Bromine
Isotope of uranium
Thorium-233 decays into protactinium-233 through beta decay. Protactinium-233 has a longer half-life of about 27 days to further decay into uranium-233;
Uranium-233
Institute of Technology Experimental confirmation of neutrinos
very small mass, had been conjectured to be an essential particle in beta decay processes in the 1930s. With no charge and minuscule mass, such particles
Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment
Cowan–Reines_neutrino_experiment
Conversion of an atom from one element to another
nature spontaneously decay by a process that causes transmutation, such as alpha or beta decay. An example is the natural decay of potassium-40 to argon-40
Nuclear_transmutation
Chemical element with atomic number 96 (Cm)
solution in 1978, as the curyl ion (CmO2+ 2): this was prepared from beta decay of americium-242 in the americium(V) ion 242 AmO+ 2. Failure to get Cm(VI)
Curium
Naturally occurring uranium self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions
isotopes which subsequently beta decay and 100 Ru would only be produced in appreciable quantities by double beta decay of the very long-lived (half-life
Natural nuclear fission reactor
Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor
Isotope of plutonium
Plutonium-241 is a beta emitter with a half-life of 14.33 years, corresponding to a decay of about 5% of 241Pu nuclei over a one-year period. This decay has a Q-value
Plutonium-241
Chemical element with atomic number 87 (Fr)
87, produced by the alpha decay of actinium-227. Perey then attempted to determine the proportion of beta decay to alpha decay in actinium-227. Her first
Francium
Immediate emission of neutrons after nuclear fission
event, as opposed to a delayed neutron decay which can occur within the same context, emitted after beta decay of one of the fission products anytime
Prompt_neutron
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
expected to undergo alpha decay or double beta decay. However, the predicted half-lives are extremely long (e.g. the alpha decay of 208Pb to the ground state
Periodic_table
Number of neutrons in a nuclide
unstable to double beta decay, and the nuclides with 84 or 86 neutrons which are theoretically stable to both beta decay and double beta decay are 144Nd, 146Sm
Neutron_number
Particle physics experiment
searching for neutrinoless double beta decay of xenon-136 at WIPP near Carlsbad, New Mexico, U.S. Neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) detection would prove
Enriched_Xenon_Observatory
Austrian-Swedish nuclear physicist (1878–1968)
during beta decay, one that had no electric charge and little or no rest mass. The idea was taken up by Enrico Fermi in his 1934 theory of beta decay, and
Lise_Meitner
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
radioactive isotope uranium-239. 239U decays by beta emission to neptunium-239, also a beta-emitter, that decays in its turn, within a few days into plutonium-239
Uranium
Group of chemical elements
radionuclide decay energetics to be only observationally stable and to decay with extremely long half-lives through double-beta decay, though no decays attributed
Alkaline_earth_metal
Most stable isotope of radon
stable isotope of radon. Its final decay product is stable lead-206. In theory, 222Rn is capable of double beta decay to 222Ra, and depending on the mass
Radon-222
Nuclear fusion reaction
cycles is limited by proton captures. Specifically, the timescale for beta decay of the radioactive nuclei produced is faster than the timescale for fusion
CNO_cycle
BETA DECAY
BETA DECAY
Female
English
Short form of English Elizabeth, BETH means "God is my oath."Â
Biblical
Beth (Hebrew)|house of the sun
Male
Hebrew
(בֶּלַע) Hebrew name BELA means "destruction." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including a king of Edom.
Female
Polish
Polish name derived from Latin beatus, BEATA means "blessed."Â
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Emperor; Single Beat
Girl/Female
Greek Hebrew English
From the Hebrew Elisheba, meaning either oath of God, or God is satisfaction. Famous bearer: Old...
Girl/Female
Indian, Marathi
Our Heart Beat
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Heart Beat
Female
German
Short form of German Margarete, META means "pearl."
Female
Hebrew
(× Ö¶×˜Ö·×¢) Hebrew unisex name NETA means meaning "plant, shrub."
Female
English
English name derived from the second letter of the Greek alphabet, beta, related to Hebrew bet, BETA means "house."Â
Female
Polish
Polish form of Greek Elisabet, ELŻBIETA means "God is my oath."
Female
English
Czech and Polish form of German Bertha, BERTA means "bright."
Female
Spanish
 Short form of Spanish Aleta, LETA means "winged." Compare with another form of Leta.
Female
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Greek Elisabet, ERZSÉBET means "God is my oath."
Female
English
Short form of English Elizabeth, BET means "God is my oath."Â
Female
English
Short form of English Beatrix, BEA means "voyager (through life)."Â
Female
Native American
 Native American Blackfoot name PETA means "golden eagle." Compare with another form of Peta.
Female
Italian
 Variant spelling of Italian Zita, ZETA means "little girl." Compare with another form of Zeta.
Boy/Male
Scottish Shakespearean
Son of Beth.
BETA DECAY
BETA DECAY
Boy/Male
Biblical
He that fights or disputes.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Greatness
Boy/Male
Indian
Onw who strives
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Crystal, CHRYSTAL means "crystal, ice."
Boy/Male
Indian
Bold, Courageous, An able minister, Forgiveness
Female
English
 Pet form of Scottish Kirstine, KIRSTY means "believer" or "follower of Christ."
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Indian, Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu
Ramas Mother; Mother of Lord Rama
Boy/Male
Tamil
King
Boy/Male
Indian
Attributed to quraish
Male
Egyptian
, a royal scribe.
BETA DECAY
BETA DECAY
BETA DECAY
BETA DECAY
BETA DECAY
imp.
of Beat
v. i.
To make a succession of strokes on a drum; as, the drummers beat to call soldiers to their quarters.
p. p.
of Beat
n.
The rise or fall of the hand or foot, marking the divisions of time; a division of the measure so marked. In the rhythm of music the beat is the unit.
v. t.
To give the signal for, by beat of drum; to sound by beat of drum; as, to beat an alarm, a charge, a parley, a retreat; to beat the general, the reveille, the tattoo. See Alarm, Charge, Parley, etc.
v. i.
A round or course which is frequently gone over; as, a watchman's beat.
v. t.
To beat thoroughly or severely.
n.
A recurring stroke; a throb; a pulsation; as, a beat of the heart; the beat of the pulse.
v. i.
To make a sound when struck; as, the drums beat.
v. t.
That on which bets are laid; the subject of a bet.
n.
A sudden swelling or reenforcement of a sound, recurring at regular intervals, and produced by the interference of sound waves of slightly different periods of vibrations; applied also, by analogy, to other kinds of wave motions; the pulsation or throbbing produced by the vibrating together of two tones not quite in unison. See Beat, v. i., 8.
pl.
of Seta
v. t.
To beat.
n.
The common beet (Beta vulgaris).
imp. & p. p.
of Bet
v. i.
A cheat or swindler of the lowest grade; -- often emphasized by dead; as, a dead beat.
v. t.
To strike repeatedly; to lay repeated blows upon; as, to beat one's breast; to beat iron so as to shape it; to beat grain, in order to force out the seeds; to beat eggs and sugar; to beat a drum.
v. t.
To beat severely.