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Ionizing radiation
A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay
Beta_particle
Type of radioactive decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron)
Beta_decay
Ionizing radiation particle of two protons and two neutrons
{\displaystyle \beta } radiation". After five years of additional experimental work, Rutherford and Hans Geiger determined that "the alpha particle, after it
Alpha_particle
Physical phenomenon
In nuclear physics, a beta decay transition is the change in state of an atomic nucleus undergoing beta decay. A beta particle and a neutrino are emitted
Beta_decay_transition
Elementary particle with extremely low mass
distinguish this light neutral particle from Chadwick's heavy neutron. In Fermi's theory of beta decay, Chadwick's large neutral particle could decay to a proton
Neutrino
Type of radioactive decay
detectable beta particles, which are electrons or positrons. The literature distinguishes between two types of double beta decay: ordinary double beta decay
Double_beta_decay
First modern model of the atom
radiation from uranium, now called beta particles, had the same charge/mass ratio as cathode rays. These beta particles were believed to be electrons travelling
Plum_pudding_model
Type of radioactive decay
mediated by the weak force. The positron is a type of beta particle (β+), the other beta particle being the electron (β−) emitted from the β− decay of
Positron_emission
Type of nuclear battery which generates electric current
battery) is a type of nuclear battery that generates electric current from beta particles (electrons or positrons) emitted from a radioactive source, using semiconductor
Betavoltaic_device
Bosons that mediate the weak interaction
(often called a beta particle in this context) and an electron antineutrino: n0 → p+ + e− + ν e Again, the neutron is not an elementary particle but a composite
W_and_Z_bosons
Experiments proving existence of atomic nuclei
time. Thomson studied beta particle scattering, which showed small-angle deflections modelled as interactions of the particle with many atoms in succession
Rutherford scattering experiments
Rutherford_scattering_experiments
Waves or particles moving through space
and gamma radiation (γ) particle radiation consisting of particles of non-zero rest energy, such as alpha radiation (α), beta radiation (β), proton radiation
Radiation
Retarding force acting on charged particles due to interactions with matter
force acting on charged particles, typically alpha and beta particles, due to interaction with matter, resulting in loss of particle kinetic energy. Stopping
Stopping power (particle radiation)
Stopping_power_(particle_radiation)
Harmful high-frequency radiation
10 electronvolts (eV). Ionizing subatomic particles include alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons. These particles are created by radioactive decay, and
Ionizing_radiation
Second letter of the Greek alphabet
used for a beta particle (an unbound energetic electron or positron). In statistical thermodynamics, a quantity known as thermodynamic beta expresses how
Beta
Isotope of hydrogen with two neutrons
compared to other beta particles, the amount of bremsstrahlung generated is also lower. The unusually low energy released in the tritium beta decay makes the
Tritium
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
deflection, it was clear that alpha particles were much more massive than beta particles. Passing alpha particles through a very thin glass window and
Radioactive_decay
Damage to skin or biological tissue from radiation exposure
Beta burns tend to be shallow as beta particles are not able to penetrate deeply into a body; these burns can be similar to sunburn. Alpha particles can
Radiation_burn
Air monitoring technique
Beta attenuation monitoring (BAM) is an air monitoring technique employing the absorption of beta radiation by solid particles extracted from air flow
Beta_attenuation_monitoring
Fast-moving particles with energy
charged beta particles (high-energy positrons β+ or electrons β−; the latter being more common) high-speed electrons that are not from the beta decay process
Particle_radiation
Smallest unit of a chemical element
occurs following the emission of an alpha or a beta particle. Thus, gamma decay usually follows alpha or beta decay. Other more rare types of radioactive
Atom
Particle detector for visualizing ionizing radiation
supersaturated vapor of water or alcohol. An energetic charged particle (for example, an alpha or beta particle) interacts with the gaseous mixture by knocking electrons
Cloud_chamber
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
property making them unlike alpha and beta rays. Gamma rays were first thought to be particles with mass, like alpha and beta rays. Rutherford initially believed
Gamma_ray
Antiparticle of the electron
The positron or antielectron is the particle with an electric charge of +1e, a spin of 1/2 ħ (the same as the electron), and the same mass as an electron
Positron
Measure for the energy lost by ions per traversed distance
(Coulomb or Rutherford scattering), much more so than heavier particles. Beta particle tracks are therefore crooked. In addition to producing secondary
Linear_energy_transfer
Isotope of uranium
uranium-238 nuclei emit an alpha particle to become thorium-234. Next, with a short half-life, 234Th nuclei emit a beta particle to become protactinium-234
Uranium-234
Instrument used for measuring ionizing radiation
nuclear industry. It detects ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays using the ionization effect produced in a Geiger–Müller
Geiger_counter
environment. Alpha decay is characterized by the emission of an alpha particle, a 4He nucleus. The mode of this decay causes the parent nucleus to decrease
Radioanalytical_chemistry
Marvel Comics character
Accutech Research and Development. Accutech had been trying to develop a beta particle generator and when they refused to sell it to Roxxon, Ghost was hired
Ghost_(Marvel_Comics)
Ejection of an electron from the surface of matter, or atomic nucleus
ejection of an electron from the surface of matter, or, in beta decay (β− decay), where a beta particle (a fast energetic electron or positron) is emitted from
Electron_emission
Devices generating electricity from radioisotope decay
particles from a radioactive layer deposited on one of the electrodes. Spacing can be either vacuum or dielectric. Negatively charged beta particles,
Atomic_battery
Method for determining the age of objects
ionization caused by the beta particles emitted by the decaying 14 C atoms; the bursts are proportional to the energy of the particle, so other sources of
Radiocarbon_dating
Radiopharmaceutical medication
tumor cells are destroyed by 177Lu through the specific delivery of beta particle radiation. PSMA, a tumor-associated antigen and type II transmembrane
Lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan
Lutetium_(177Lu)_vipivotide_tetraxetan
Used to measure spectral components of light
alpha particle spectrometer, of beta particles in a beta particle spectrometer, of particles (e.g., fast ions) in a particle spectrometer, or to measure the
Spectrometer
Chemical element with atomic number 85 (At)
high-energy beta particles, and astatine does not. Beta particles have much greater penetrating power through tissues than do the much heavier alpha particles. An
Astatine
Proposed nuclear battery concept
beta decay, in which it emits a low-energy beta particle to become Nitrogen-14, which is stable (not radioactive). 14 6C → 14 7N + 0 −1β These beta particles
Diamond_battery
Subatomic particle with no charge
A neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n0 , that has no electric charge, and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. The neutron was discovered
Neutron
Derived SI unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation
sphere phantom. Examples of low penetrating radiation are alpha particles, beta particles and low-energy photons. This dose quantity is used for the determination
Sievert
Electromagnetic radiation due to deceleration of charged particles
e., photon emission by a non-relativistic particle), and the emission of electrons and positrons during beta decay. Bremsstrahlung also contributes to
Bremsstrahlung
Measurement of radioactivity of a sample material
activity with the scintillator. It is generally used for alpha particle or beta particle detection. Samples are dissolved or suspended in a "cocktail"
Liquid_scintillation_counting
Isotope of krypton
by beta particle emission with a maximum energy of 687 keV and an average energy of 251 keV. The second most common decay (0.43%) is by beta particle emission
Krypton-85
Measurement for ionizing radiation
measurements are associated with the detection of particles, such as alpha particles and beta particles. However, for gamma ray and X-ray dose measurements
Counts_per_minute
Particle smaller than an atom
subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom. According to the Standard Model of particle physics, a subatomic particle can be a composite particle or
Subatomic_particle
Light produced in a material by bombardment with ionizing radiation
material by bombardment with ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. Radioluminescence is used as a low level light
Radioluminescence
Type of electronic noise
the particle nature of light. Shot noise is also observed in nuclear physics where particles like neutrons, muons, alpha particles, beta particles (electrons)
Shot_noise
Isotope of uranium
decayed particles per second per mole 238U. While 238U is minimally radioactive, its decay products, thorium-234 and protactinium-234, are beta particle emitters
Uranium-238
Lists radionuclides of technological importance
Various radionuclides emit beta particles (high-speed electrons or positrons) through radioactive decay of their atomic nucleus. These can be used in a
Common_beta_emitters
Elementary particle with negative charge
nucleosynthesis in stars, where they are known as beta particles. Electrons can be created through beta decay of radioactive isotopes and in high-energy
Electron
Comics character
Motivated to battle corporate greed, Elias replaces his heart with a beta-particle reactor which supplies energy through a vibranium weave mesh under his
Cardiac_(character)
Induction of radioactivity by neutron radiation
nucleus decays immediately by emitting gamma rays, or particles such as beta particles, alpha particles, fission products, and neutrons (in nuclear fission)
Neutron_activation
Radiosotope of carbon
As usual with beta decay, almost all the decay energy is carried away by the beta particle and the neutrino. The emitted beta particles have a maximum
Carbon-14
Chinese-American physicist (1912–1997)
was a Chinese-American particle and experimental physicist who made significant contributions in the fields of nuclear and particle physics. Wu worked on
Chien-Shiung_Wu
Entrapment of charged particles along geomagnetic lines of force
suggested the effect had defensive potential in a nuclear war, with so many beta particles becoming trapped that warheads flying through the region would experience
Christofilos_effect
Atoms or particles produced by nuclear fission
number, many of them quickly undergo beta decay. This releases additional energy in the form of beta particles, antineutrinos, and gamma rays. Thus,
Nuclear_fission_product
Transformation of a nuclide to another
d for deuteron, α representing an alpha particle or helium-4, β for beta particle or electron, γ for gamma photon, etc. The reaction above would be written
Nuclear_reaction
Elementary particle, fundamental constituent of matter
ˈkwɑːrk/ ) is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable
Quark
Mechanism of beta decay proposed in 1933
In particle physics, Fermi's interaction (also the Fermi theory of beta decay or the Fermi four-fermion interaction) is an explanation of the beta decay
Fermi's_interaction
Theorized type of radioactive decay
Majorana nature of the neutrino particle. To this day, it has not been found. The discovery of neutrinoless double beta decay could shed light on the absolute
Neutrinoless double beta decay
Neutrinoless_double_beta_decay
Scientific background leading to the discovery of subatomic particles
penetrating power. These radiations were later identified with known particles: beta rays were shown to be electrons by Walter Kaufmann in 1902, alpha rays
Discovery_of_the_neutron
Electromagnetic radiation from a charged particle in a medium
(/tʃərɛŋˈkɒf/) is an electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium (such as distilled
Cherenkov_radiation
Field of physics that studies atomic interactions
Rutherford writes: "I have been working recently on scattering of alpha and beta particles and have devised a new atom to explain the results.. Godenko, Lyudmila
Nuclear_physics
Interaction between subatomic particles
the mechanism of interaction between subatomic particles that is responsible for the radioactive beta decay of atoms: The weak interaction participates
Weak_interaction
Space protecting occupants from radioactive debris
materials that resemble ground pumice. The fallout emits alpha and beta particles, as well as gamma rays. Much of this highly radioactive material falls
Fallout_shelter
Radioactive isotope of strontium
so weak that for most purposes 90 Sr and 90 Y can be considered pure beta particle emitters. 90Sr is a product of nuclear fission. It is present in significant
Strontium-90
Device using photographic film to measure radiation exposure
its sensitivity to incident radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays and beta particles. After use by the wearer, the film is removed, developed, and examined
Film_badge_dosimeter
Radioactive biochemical substance used for diagnosis or for study of receptor systems
A radioligand is a microscopic particle which consists of a therapeutic radioactive isotope and the cell-targeting compound — the ligand. The ligand is
Radioligand
Full range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies
radiation that he at first thought consisted of particles similar to known alpha and beta particles, but with the power of being far more penetrating
Electromagnetic_spectrum
Physical interaction of charged particles
paper on beta particle scattering. In a 1909 experiment, Geiger and Marsden discovered that the metal foils could scatter some alpha particles in all directions
Coulomb_scattering
List with diagrams of common Feynman diagrams
phenomenon Interaction Type Description Diagram Beta- decay and Free neutron decay Decay In beta decay, a beta particle is emitted from an atomic nucleus, and
List_of_Feynman_diagrams
Classification
humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents Radionuclides, beta-particle-emitting, internally deposited 78, 100D 2012 2009 Specific radionuclides
IARC_group_1
Physical model of propagating energy
pitchblende was differentiated into alpha rays (alpha particles) and beta rays (beta particles) by Ernest Rutherford through simple experimentation in
Electromagnetic_radiation
German physicist (1882–1945)
Geiger–Müller tube. This new device not only detected alpha particles, but also beta and gamma particles, and is the basis for the Geiger counter. In 1929, Geiger
Hans_Geiger
Type of chromatography
or photo diodes. Electron capture detector (ECD) uses a radioactive beta particle (electron) source to measure the degree of electron capture. ECD are
Gas_chromatography
Critical radionuclides for the long-term safety of nuclear waste repositories
decay energy around 100–300 keV, only part of which appears in the beta particle; the rest is lost to a neutrino that has no effect. In contrast, actinides
Long-lived_fission_product
1982 nuclear accident near Murmansk, Russia, Soviet Union
through sights of the Aurora Borealis, and, most terrifyingly, colossal beta particle contamination levels and travelling gamma waves reflected from plates
Andreev_Bay_nuclear_accident
Chemical element with atomic number 43 (Tc)
of the nuclide technetium-99 is used as a gamma-ray–free source of beta particles. Long-lived technetium isotopes produced commercially are byproducts
Technetium
Part of a Geiger counter
ionizing event due to a radiation particle. It is used for the detection of gamma radiation, X-rays, and alpha and beta particles. It can also be adapted to
Geiger–Müller_tube
Canadian heavy water nuclear reactor design
because of its low-energy radioactive emissions (beta particle energy up to 18.6 keV). The beta particles travel 6 mm in air and only penetrate skin up to
CANDU_reactor
Italian-American physicist (1901–1954)
during beta decay, to satisfy the law of conservation of energy. Fermi took up this idea, developing a model that incorporated the postulated particle, which
Enrico_Fermi
Property of a charged particle beam
}}=\gamma x^{2}+2\alpha xx'+\beta x'^{2}} where x and x′ are the position and angle of the particle, and β , α , γ {\displaystyle \beta ,\alpha ,\gamma } are
Beam_emittance
Type of radiation therapy to treat cancer
energy transfer (LET) and relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Beta particle (β) emitters such as yttrium-90 can travel considerable distances beyond
Targeted alpha-particle therapy
Targeted_alpha-particle_therapy
Process where an excited nucleus ejects an orbital electron from its atom
resulting from internal conversion are not called beta particles, since the latter come from beta decay, where they are newly created in the nuclear
Internal_conversion
Material capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain reaction
neptunium-236 with a half-life of 154,000 years) because they readily decay by beta-particle emission to their isobars with an even number of protons and an even
Fissile_material
and beta particles as well as gamma rays. The radiation emitted from a radium 226 atom is 96% alpha particles and 4% gamma rays. The alpha particle is
Naturally occurring radioactive material
Naturally_occurring_radioactive_material
Statistical description for the behavior of fermions
{\displaystyle e^{-\beta E_{R}}} is called the Boltzmann factor, and the summation is over all possible states R ′ {\displaystyle R'} of the many-particle system.
Fermi–Dirac_statistics
Experimental setup at CERN
the continuous beta energy spectrum. In a detector, beta particles undergo large-angle deflections along their tracks and a particle that entered a detector
WISArD_experiment
Breakdown of nuclear fission results
involved in the operation of a nuclear reactor decay to a proton and a beta particle before they can interact with anything else. Given that protons from
Fission_products_(by_element)
Range of safety measures
Alpha particles (helium nuclei) are the least penetrating. Even very energetic alpha particles can be stopped by a single sheet of paper. Beta particles (electrons)
Radiation_protection
Chinese-American physicist (1922–2025)
reactions – those nuclear processes that result in the emission of beta particles. Yang was born in Hefei, Anhui, China, on October 1, 1922. His mother
Yang_Chen-Ning
Series of physics experiments
Subsequently, the beta radiation from these decays was discovered to be the emission of a negatively charged particle. Later these particles were identified
Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments
Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann_experiments
Radioactive isotope of phosphorus
bremsstrahlung produced by the interaction of the beta particle and the shielding. Because the beta radiation from phosphorus-32 is blocked by around
Phosphorus-32
In quantum physics, type of particle that gives rise to forces between other particles
Feynman diagrams containing additional virtual particles. Another example involving virtual particles is beta decay where a virtual W boson is emitted by
Force_carrier
solved in spherical coordinates. beta decay In nuclear physics, a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted from an atomic nucleus
Glossary_of_physics
Canadian physicist (1906–1993)
disintegration constants of beta particle-emitting radioisotopes and corresponding logarithms of their maximum beta particle energies. These plots are known
Bernice_Weldon_Sargent
Effectiveness of radiation in radiobiology
transfer their energy to the tissue in different ways. Photons and beta particles have a low linear energy transfer (LET) coefficient, meaning that they
Relative biological effectiveness
Relative_biological_effectiveness
Characterization of nuclide stability
chemical element in a process known as nuclear transmutation and a beta particle and an electron antineutrino are emitted. An essential property of this
Valley_of_stability
Long-lived radioisotope of selenium
best current value, 327,000 years. 79Se decays to 79Br by emitting a beta particle with no attendant gamma radiation (i.e., 100% β decay). This complicates
Selenium-79
alpha alpha particle angular acceleration radian per second squared (rad/s2) fine-structure constant unitless β {\displaystyle \beta } beta velocity in
List of common physics notations
List_of_common_physics_notations
Subatomic particle
n0 → p+ + e− The early understanding of beta decay In 1930, Wolfgang Pauli theorized that an undetected particle was carrying away the observed difference
Electron_neutrino
Radioactive isotope produced by fission of uranium
with a half-life of 211,000 years to stable ruthenium-99, emitting beta particles, but effectively no gamma rays. It is the most significant long-lived
Technetium-99
BETA PARTICLE
BETA PARTICLE
Male
Hebrew
(בֶּלַע) Hebrew name BELA means "destruction." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including a king of Edom.
Biblical
Beth (Hebrew)|house of the sun
Female
Polish
Polish name derived from Latin beatus, BEATA means "blessed."Â
Female
Spanish
 Short form of Spanish Aleta, LETA means "winged." Compare with another form of Leta.
Female
English
Short form of English Elizabeth, BETH means "God is my oath."Â
Girl/Female
Greek Hebrew English
From the Hebrew Elisheba, meaning either oath of God, or God is satisfaction. Famous bearer: Old...
Female
German
Short form of German Margarete, META means "pearl."
Female
Polish
Polish form of Greek Elisabet, ELŻBIETA means "God is my oath."
Female
English
Czech and Polish form of German Bertha, BERTA means "bright."
Female
Italian
 Variant spelling of Italian Zita, ZETA means "little girl." Compare with another form of Zeta.
Female
Hebrew
(× Ö¶×˜Ö·×¢) Hebrew unisex name NETA means meaning "plant, shrub."
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Heart Beat
Female
English
English name derived from the second letter of the Greek alphabet, beta, related to Hebrew bet, BETA means "house."Â
Female
English
Short form of English Beatrix, BEA means "voyager (through life)."Â
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Emperor; Single Beat
Female
Native American
 Native American Blackfoot name PETA means "golden eagle." Compare with another form of Peta.
Female
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Greek Elisabet, ERZSÉBET means "God is my oath."
Female
English
Short form of English Elizabeth, BET means "God is my oath."Â
Boy/Male
Scottish Shakespearean
Son of Beth.
Girl/Female
Indian, Marathi
Our Heart Beat
BETA PARTICLE
BETA PARTICLE
BETA PARTICLE
BETA PARTICLE
BETA PARTICLE
BETA PARTICLE
BETA PARTICLE
v. i.
A round or course which is frequently gone over; as, a watchman's beat.
n.
The common beet (Beta vulgaris).
v. t.
To give the signal for, by beat of drum; to sound by beat of drum; as, to beat an alarm, a charge, a parley, a retreat; to beat the general, the reveille, the tattoo. See Alarm, Charge, Parley, etc.
n.
A sudden swelling or reenforcement of a sound, recurring at regular intervals, and produced by the interference of sound waves of slightly different periods of vibrations; applied also, by analogy, to other kinds of wave motions; the pulsation or throbbing produced by the vibrating together of two tones not quite in unison. See Beat, v. i., 8.
n.
A recurring stroke; a throb; a pulsation; as, a beat of the heart; the beat of the pulse.
v. i.
To make a succession of strokes on a drum; as, the drummers beat to call soldiers to their quarters.
n.
The rise or fall of the hand or foot, marking the divisions of time; a division of the measure so marked. In the rhythm of music the beat is the unit.
pl.
of Seta
v. i.
A cheat or swindler of the lowest grade; -- often emphasized by dead; as, a dead beat.
v. t.
To beat severely.
v. i.
To make a sound when struck; as, the drums beat.
v. t.
To beat.
p. p.
of Beat
v. t.
That on which bets are laid; the subject of a bet.
v. t.
To strike repeatedly; to lay repeated blows upon; as, to beat one's breast; to beat iron so as to shape it; to beat grain, in order to force out the seeds; to beat eggs and sugar; to beat a drum.
v. t.
To beat thoroughly or severely.
imp. & p. p.
of Bet
imp.
of Beat