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Lists radionuclides of technological importance
lists some common beta-emitting radionuclides of technological importance, and their properties. Strontium-90 is a commonly used beta emitter used in industrial
Common_beta_emitters
Type of radioactive decay
neutrinoless double beta decay will occur. Most neutrino physicists believe that neutrinoless 2β has never been observed. Common beta emitters Neutrino Betavoltaics
Beta_decay
Ionizing radiation
A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay
Beta_particle
of caesium Common beta emitters List of alpha-emitting nuclides http://www.iem-inc.com/information/tools/radiation-energies/gamma-emitters useful radioisotope
Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes
Commonly_used_gamma-emitting_isotopes
238 U 237 Np 238 Pu, 239 Pu, 240 Pu, 244 Pu 241 Am 244 Cm, 245 Cm, 248 Cm 249 Cf, 252 Cf Common beta emitters Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes
List of alpha-emitting nuclides
List_of_alpha-emitting_nuclides
Type of electronic amplifier using a bipolar junction transistor
response. Common emitters are also commonly used as low-noise amplifiers. Electronics portal Common base Common collector Common gate Common drain Common source
Common_emitter
Type of transistor amplifier
In electronics, a common collector amplifier (also known as an emitter follower) is one of three basic single-stage bipolar junction transistor (BJT) amplifier
Common_collector
radioactive elements in Radionuclide, Nuclear medicine, Common beta emitters, Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes, Fluorine-18, Cobalt-60, Strontium-90, Technetium-99m
List of elements by stability of isotopes
List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes
Radionuclide emitting ionizing radiation
caesium-137 material in Tammiku, Estonia, in 1994. Common beta emitters Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes Geiger counter Ionizing radiation Neutron
Radioactive_source
Transistor that uses both electrons and holes as charge carriers
is the emitter current β F {\displaystyle \beta _{\text{F}}} is the forward common emitter current gain (20 to 500) β R {\displaystyle \beta _{\text{R}}}
Bipolar_junction_transistor
Type of radioactive decay
weak force. The positron is a type of beta particle (β+), the other beta particle being the electron (β−) emitted from the β− decay of a nucleus. An example
Positron_emission
Waves or particles moving through space
alpha-emitters are all isotopes of radium, radon, and polonium, due to the amount of decay that occur in these short half-life materials. Beta-minus (β−)
Radiation
Isotope of copper emitting both beta+ and beta- and used in PET scan
Copper-64 (64Cu) is a positron and beta emitting isotope of copper (exhibiting both forms of beta decay), with applications in molecular radiotherapy and
Copper-64
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
bone marrow and internal organs. Unlike alpha and beta rays, they easily pass through many common materials and thus pose a formidable radiation protection
Gamma_ray
dose equivalent Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Common beta emitters Communicating vessels Communication physics Communications in Mathematical
Index_of_physics_articles_(C)
Type of nuclear battery which generates electric current
electric current from beta particles (electrons or positrons) emitted from a radioactive source, using semiconductor junctions. A common source used is the
Betavoltaic_device
Quantum transitions that are not allowed in the most direct mechanism
as beta decay in some cases, or internal conversion where beta decay is not favored. Beta decay is classified according to the L-value of the emitted radiation
Forbidden_mechanism
qualitatively directly from the Gummel plot: The common-emitter current gain, β {\displaystyle \beta } , and the common-base current gain, α {\displaystyle \alpha
Gummel_plot
Electromagnetic radiation from a charged particle in a medium
radiotherapy in oncology. Radioisotopes such as the positron emitters 18F and 13N or beta emitters 32P or 90Y have measurable Cherenkov emission and isotopes
Cherenkov_radiation
Type of radioactive decay
which decays into radon, along with other radioactive materials that emit beta and gamma rays. However, Curie also worked with unshielded X-ray tubes
Alpha_decay
Electronic circuit
two-stage emitter follower. The HA-2600 used a similar solution employing two reverse diodes, which connected the input node with the emitters of the output
Diamond_buffer
Measurement of radioactivity within the body
emits gamma rays. Alpha particle decays can also be detected indirectly by their coincident gamma radiation. In certain circumstances, beta emitters can
Whole-body_counting
Type of electrical circuit
i_{B3}~=~{\frac {i_{C3}}{\beta }}} and the emitter current by, i E 3 = β + 1 β i C 3 {\displaystyle i_{E3}={\frac {\beta +1}{\beta }}i_{C3}} ... (1) From
Wilson_current_mirror
Pharmaceutical drug which emits radiation, used as a diagnostic or therapeutic agent
gamma emitter. 24Na is a beta and gamma emitter. 32P is a beta emitter. 47Ca is a beta and gamma emitter. 51Cr is a gamma emitter. 59Fe is a beta and gamma
Radiopharmaceutical
Isotope of uranium
radioactive, its decay products, thorium-234 and protactinium-234, are beta particle emitters with half-lives of about 20 days and one minute respectively. Protactinium-234
Uranium-238
Process necessary for BJT amplifiers to work correctly
{\displaystyle \beta } ). Varies with temperature and between different batches of the same part. Also depends on the collector-emitter voltage due to
Bipolar_transistor_biasing
Radioactive biochemical substance used for diagnosis or for study of receptor systems
treatments using alpha emitters exist which consist of alpha emitters attached to carrier molecules. Some examples of alpha-emitting radioligands include
Radioligand
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
Three of the most common types of decay are alpha, beta, and gamma decay. The weak force is the mechanism that is responsible for beta decay, while the
Radioactive_decay
Harmful high-frequency radiation
ionization effect. Bremsstrahlung is of concern when shielding beta emitters, as the interaction of beta particles with some shielding materials produces bremsstrahlung
Ionizing_radiation
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up Beta, beta, béta, or bêta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Beta (B, β) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. Beta or BETA may also refer
Beta_(disambiguation)
Radiation measurement instrument
the instrument to compensate. A common technique is to remove the counter from any proximity to alpha and beta emitters and allow a "background" count
Survey_meter
Type of voltage amplifier
circuit the emitter terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the collector as the output, and the base is connected to ground, or "common", hence its
Common_base
Ionizing radiation particle of two protons and two neutrons
alpha-capture, or the alpha-ladder) Beta particle Cosmic rays Helion, the nucleus of helium-3 rather than helium-4 List of alpha-emitting nuclides Nuclear physics
Alpha_particle
Use of gaseous tritium to create visible light
visible light. Tritium emits electrons through beta decay and, when they interact with a phosphor material, light is emitted through the process of phosphorescence
Tritium_radioluminescence
Each entry on this list of common misconceptions is worded as a correction; the misconceptions themselves are implied rather than stated. These entries
List of common misconceptions about science, technology, and mathematics
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_science,_technology,_and_mathematics
Damage to skin or biological tissue from radiation exposure
can cause deep gamma burns, with 60Co internal burns common. Beta burns tend to be shallow as beta particles are not able to penetrate deeply into a body;
Radiation_burn
Emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field
specialized expertise. Nowadays it is possible to prepare very sharp emitters, including emitters that end in a single atom. In this case, electron emission comes
Field_electron_emission
spillage of solutions of the 'soft' beta emitters, they are sometimes spiked with a short half-life gamma emitter such as 82Br... Jack E. Whitten, Steven
Uses of radioactivity in oil and gas wells
Uses_of_radioactivity_in_oil_and_gas_wells
List with diagrams of common Feynman diagrams
This is a list of common Feynman diagrams. His first published diagram appeared in Physical Review in 1949. Unless otherwise specified, the shown diagrams
List_of_Feynman_diagrams
Atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable
stored fruit and vegetables. Food irradiation usually uses strong gamma emitters like cobalt-60 or caesium-137.[citation needed] In industry, and in mining
Radionuclide
a "valley of beta stability" along which nuclides do not undergo beta decay. Nuclides that lie "up the walls" of the valley tend to beta decay towards
Isotopes_of_technetium
Medical imaging technique
body as a tracer. When the radiopharmaceutical undergoes beta plus decay, a positron is emitted, and when the positron interacts with an ordinary electron
Positron_emission_tomography
Process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron
beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus. Electron capture is sometimes called inverse beta decay
Electron_capture
Radioactive isotope of phosphorus
nearly undetectable electron antineutrino. In comparison to other beta radiation-emitting nuclides, the electron is moderately energetic. It is on average
Phosphorus-32
Radioactive isotope of Americium
a sheet of paper, there are serious health concerns for ingestion of α-emitters. Americium and its isotopes are also very chemically toxic as well, in
Americium-241
Electrical instrument
characteristics measured are: Icbo collector current with emitter open (Common base) ac beta (Common emitter) Rin (Input resistance) Transistor testers have the
Transistor_tester
Characterization of nuclide stability
Proton emitters can be produced via nuclear reactions, usually utilizing linear particle accelerators (linac). Although prompt (i.e. not beta-delayed)
Valley_of_stability
Bipolar junction transistor operated in the avalanche breakdown region
current, I E {\displaystyle I_{E}} is the emitter current, β {\displaystyle \beta } is the common emitter current gain of the transistor. Equating the
Avalanche_transistor
undergoing double beta decay with a half-life of 2.02 × 1021 years (over 100 billion times the age of the universe). Stable 74Ge is the most common isotope, having
Isotopes_of_germanium
Isotope of uranium
follows: uranium-238 nuclei emit an alpha particle to become thorium-234. Next, with a short half-life, 234Th nuclei emit a beta particle to become protactinium-234
Uranium-234
Common NPN bipolar junction transistor
625 mW transistor with a transition frequency of 300 MHz, with a minimum beta, or current gain, of 100 at a collector current of 10 mA. Electrically similar
2N3904
Induction of radioactivity by neutron radiation
excited states. The excited nucleus decays immediately by emitting gamma rays, or particles such as beta particles, alpha particles, fission products, and neutrons
Neutron_activation
Isotope of krypton
most common decay (99.57%) is by beta particle emission with a maximum energy of 687 keV and an average energy of 251 keV. The second most common decay
Krypton-85
Experiment for measuring antineutrino mass
antineutrino with sub-eV precision by examining the spectrum of electrons emitted from the beta decay of tritium. The experiment is a recognized CERN experiment
KATRIN
Set of nuclides that cannot undergo beta decay
line of beta stability, a term already in common use in 1965. This line lies along the bottom of the nuclear valley of stability. The line of beta stability
Beta-decay_stable_isobars
Undesirable presence of radioactive substances
usually expressed in units of radioactivity per unit of area for alpha or beta emitters. For SI, this is becquerels per square meter (or Bq/m2). Other units
Radioactive_contamination
Quantitative measurement of the energy of alpha particles
such as beta decay) with energies often distinct to the decay they can be used to identify which radionuclide they originated from. It is common to place
Alpha-particle_spectroscopy
Scientific phenomenon
the following table, it is assumed that for β = v / c > 0 {\displaystyle \beta =v/c>0} the receiver r {\displaystyle r} and the source s {\displaystyle
Relativistic_Doppler_effect
example, gallium-73 decays via beta decay into germanium-73m2, which is short-lived (499ms). The germanium isotope emits two weak gamma rays and a conversion
Delayed_nuclear_radiation
Promethium-147 beta decays to the long-lived primordial radioisotope samarium-147 with a half-life of 2.6234 years, emitting low-energy beta radiation without
Isotopes_of_promethium
Spectral density of light emitted by a black body
{\displaystyle Z\left(\beta \right)=\sum _{r=0}^{\infty }e^{-\beta E\left(r\right)}={\frac {e^{-\beta \varepsilon /2}}{1-e^{-\beta \varepsilon }}},} with
Planck's_law
Traditional first example of a computer programming language
Beatnik Befunge BETA Blitz BASIC Brainfuck C Caché ObjectScript Cairo C/AL Casio BASIC Charm CherryPy Clean Clipper C++ C# COBOL Cobra Common Intermediate
Hello,_world
It undergoes radioactive decay through beta emission to form bismuth-212 (212Bi), which further decays to emit alpha particles. This decay chain is particularly
Isotopes_of_lead
Star in the constellation of Corvus
produces a yellow hue common to G-type stars. Currently, Beta Corvi has expanded to 15.8 times the Sun's size and is emitting about 175 times the luminosity
Beta_Corvi
As for the other americium isotopes, and more generally for all alpha emitters, 243Am is carcinogenic in case of internal contamination after being inhaled
Isotopes_of_americium
Autoimmune endocrine disease
irradiates the gland with beta and gamma radiation, about 90% of the total radiation emitted by the beta (electron) particles. The most common method of iodine-131
Graves'_disease
Array of antennas creating a steerable beam
\phi +\beta _{x}=\pm 2m\pi } k d y sin θ sin ϕ + β y = ± 2 n π {\displaystyle kd_{y}\sin \theta \sin \phi +\beta _{y}=\pm 2n\pi } It is common in engineering
Phased_array
Type of electronic amplifier
beta \cdot V_{\text{out}}).} Rearranging: V out ( 1 + β ⋅ A OL ) = V in ⋅ A OL . {\displaystyle V_{\text{out}}(1+\beta \cdot
Negative-feedback_amplifier
Chemical compound
a variety of enzymes including exo-alpha-bergamotene synthase, (+)-endo-beta-bergamotene synthase, (-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene synthase, and others. Bergamotenes
Bergamotene
Excessive production of thyroid hormone
results. Many of the common symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as palpitations, trembling, and anxiety, are mediated by increases in beta-adrenergic receptors
Hyperthyroidism
Isotope of radium
the gut, and excreted. Although radium-223 and its decay products also emit beta and gamma radiation, over 95% of the decay energy is in the form of alpha
Radium-223
Effectiveness of radiation in radiobiology
it has been suggested that the health impact of contamination by alpha emitters might have been substantially underestimated. Measurements of RBE with
Relative biological effectiveness
Relative_biological_effectiveness
Telescope accessory used to improve details of viewed objects
the visible spectrum, which emits near 500 nm wavelength. These nebulae also radiate weakly at 486 nm, the Hydrogen-beta line. There are two main types
Astronomical_filter
Fast-moving particles with energy
charged beta particles (high-energy positrons β+ or electrons β−; the latter being more common) high-speed electrons that are not from the beta decay process
Particle_radiation
Isotope of iodine
given for therapeutic use, since it is a strong emitter of gamma radiation. However, since the beta radiation causes tissue damage without contributing
Iodine-131
Theory of interwoven space and time by Albert Einstein
{\displaystyle \alpha =\tan ^{-1}(\beta ),} where β = v / c . {\displaystyle \beta =v/c.} The primed and unprimed axes share a common origin because frames S and
Special_relativity
Chemical element with atomic number 43 (Tc)
technetium must be handled carefully. The most common isotope, technetium-99, is a weak beta emitter; such radiation is stopped by the walls of laboratory
Technetium
CO2 emissions. In countries such as the US, companies are the largest emitters of CO2. By linking earnings-per-share (EPS) to fossil fuel price volatility
Fossil_Fuel_Beta
Electronic circuit used to implement two-state devices
V_{sat}=V_{sat}(1-[\beta +1]e^{\tfrac {-T1}{RC}})} Upon solving, we get: T 1 = R C ln [ 1 + β 1 − β ] {\displaystyle T1=RC\ln \left[{\frac {1+\beta }{1-\beta }}\right]}
Multivibrator
Star in the constellation Equuleus
Beta Equulei, Latinized from β Equulei, is the Bayer designation for a solitary star in the northern constellation of Equuleus. It is faintly visible to
Beta_Equulei
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
junction voltage drop, collector current, and amplification factor beta. The common-emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage (Vin) changes
Transistor
Even in modern work, where infinite emitters are allowed and C*-algebras of general graphs are considered, it is common to state the row-finite case of a
Graph_C*-algebra
Following EC, the excited 123Te from 123I emits a high-speed 127 keV internal conversion electron (not a beta ray) about 13% of the time, but this does
Isotopes_of_iodine
Interaction between subatomic particles
interaction between subatomic particles that is responsible for the radioactive beta decay of atoms: The weak interaction participates in nuclear fission and
Weak_interaction
Vector describing a wave; often its propagation direction
(1+\beta )}}={\frac {\sqrt {1-\beta ^{2}}}{1+\beta }}={\frac {\sqrt {(1+\beta )(1-\beta )}}{1+\beta }}={\frac {\sqrt {1-\beta }}{\sqrt {1+\beta }}}}
Wave_vector
Agent directly involved in causing cancer
radiation has low penetration and is not a hazard outside the body, but emitters are carcinogenic when inhaled or ingested. For example, Thorotrast, a (incidentally
Carcinogen
Antiparticle of the electron
density, defects, displacements, or even voids, within a solid material. Beta particle Buffer-gas trap Electron hole List of particles Positronium Positronic
Positron
Unity gain amplifier with low output impedance
the bipolar junction transistor in common-collector configuration (called an emitter follower because the emitter voltage follows the base voltage, or
Buffer_amplifier
Chemical analysis technique
onto an analyzer for data display and analysis.[citation needed] The most common detector used to be a Si(Li) detector cooled to cryogenic temperatures with
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy
Chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen
{\displaystyle {\ce {C_{\mathit {\alpha }}H_{\mathit {\beta }}O_{\mathit {\gamma }}}}+\left(\alpha +{\frac {\beta }{4}}-{\frac {\gamma }{2}}\right)\left({\ce {O_{2}}}+3
Combustion
Common NPN bipolar junction transistor
The 2N2222 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) used for general purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for
2N2222
Chemical element with atomic number 97 (Bk)
soft, silvery-white, radioactive metal. The berkelium-249 isotope emits low-energy beta particles and thus is relatively safe to handle. It decays with
Berkelium
Electric circuit with two pairs of terminals
≈ 2 β r O R E r π + 2 R E {\displaystyle R_{22}-R_{21}\approx {\frac {2\beta r_{\mathrm {O} }R_{\mathrm {E} }}{r_{\pi }+2R_{\mathrm {E} }}}} compared
Two-port_network
Emission of secondary X-rays from a material excited by high-energy X-rays
is illuminated with high-energy X-rays, its atoms can become excited and emit their own unique, characteristic X-rays—a process similar to how a blacklight
X-ray_fluorescence
Decay of a neutron when outside a nucleus
is also emitted. n0 → p+ + e− + ν e + γ This photon may be thought of as a sort of "internal bremsstrahlung" that arises as the emitted beta particle
Free_neutron_decay
Reaction that splits an atomic nucleus
percent each comes from initial neutrons and gamma rays and those emitted after beta decay, plus about 3 percent from neutrinos as the product of such
Nuclear_fission
Nuclear fusion reaction
reaction is regenerated in the last reaction. After the two positrons (emitted by beta-plus decay) annihilate with two ambient electrons producing an additional
CNO_cycle
Optical Cavity
absorption can therefore act as a narrowband thermal emitter when heated. Resonant thermal emitters use photonic crystals, metasurfaces, guided-mode resonances
Nanophotonic_resonator
Isotope of hydrogen with two neutrons
reactions (the latter of which produce 14C, an undesirable long-lived beta emitter, from 17O) they are net "neutron consumers" and are thus undesirable
Tritium
Class of oily organic compounds found in plants
acyclic lycopene, the monocyclic gamma-carotene, and the bicyclic alpha- and beta-carotenes. Polyterpenes consist of long chains of many isoprene units. Natural
Terpene
COMMON BETA-EMITTERS
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COMMON BETA-EMITTERS