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Atoms of the same element, but different mass
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei)
Isotope
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up Isotope or isotope in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Isotopes are any of the several different forms of an element each having different atomic
Isotope_(disambiguation)
British 1970s jazz rock band
Isotope was a British jazz rock band, fronted by the guitarist Gary Boyle. Boyle founded the band in June 1972 and a first album, Isotope, was largely
Isotope_(band)
three naturally occurring isotopes: 1H, 2H, and 3H. 1H and 2H are stable, while 3H has a half-life of 12.32 years. Heavier isotopes also exist; all are synthetic
Isotopes_of_hydrogen
observationally stable isotopes: 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb. Lead-204 is entirely a primordial nuclide and is not a radiogenic nuclide. The three isotopes lead-206
Isotopes_of_lead
Topics referred to by the same term
constant#Effect of isotopic substitution Isotopic shift, effect of isotopic substitution on spectroscopy Kinetic isotope effect, effect of isotopic substitution
Isotope_effect
Change in chemical reaction rate due to isotopic substitution
one of its isotopes. Formally, it is the ratio of rate constants for the reactions involving the light (kL) and the heavy (kH) isotopically substituted
Kinetic_isotope_effect
occurring radioactive element (radioelement) with no stable isotopes. It has two primordial isotopes, uranium-238 and uranium-235, that have long half-lives
Isotopes_of_uranium
Gold (79Au) has one stable isotope, 197Au, and known radioisotopes ranging from 169Au to 210Au, with 195Au being the most stable with a half-life of 186
Isotopes_of_gold
artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. It was synthesized before being found in nature, with the first isotope synthesized being 238Pu in 1940. Twenty-two
Isotopes_of_plutonium
There are three known stable isotopes of oxygen (8O): 16 O, 17 O, and 18 O. Radioisotopes are known from 11O to 28O (particle-bound from mass number 13
Isotopes_of_oxygen
Carbon (6C) has 14 known isotopes, from 8 C to 20 C as well as 22 C, of which only 12 C and 13 C are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is 14 C, with
Isotopes_of_carbon
Chlorine (17Cl) has two stable isotopes, 35Cl (75.8%) and 37Cl (24.2%), giving chlorine a standard atomic weight of 35.45. Artificical radioisotopes are
Isotopes_of_chlorine
Field of geochemistry and hydrology
Isotope hydrology is a field of geochemistry and hydrology that uses naturally occurring stable and radioactive isotopic techniques to evaluate the age
Isotope_hydrology
Astatine (85At) has 41 known isotopes, all of which are radioactive, whose mass numbers range from 188 to 229 except 189; they are accompanied by almost
Isotopes_of_astatine
occurring xenon (54Xe) consists of nine isotopes: seven stable isotopes and two very long-lived radioactive isotopes: double electron capture has been observed
Isotopes_of_xenon
41 known isotopes, ranging from 184Bi to 224Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one naturally occurring, very long-lived isotope; thus, the
Isotopes_of_bismuth
Technetium (43Tc) is one of the two elements with Z < 83 that have no stable isotopes; the other such element is promethium. It is primarily artificial, with
Isotopes_of_technetium
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry (HIBGC) is the scientific study of biological, geological, and chemical processes in the environment using the distribution
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry
Hydrogen_isotope_biogeochemistry
Naturally occurring nickel (28Ni) consists of five stable isotopes; 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni and 64Ni; 58Ni is the most abundant at over 68%. 26 radioisotopes
Isotopes_of_nickel
The only stable isotopes of thallium (81Tl) are 203Tl and 205Tl, which make up all natural thallium. The five short-lived isotopes 206Tl through 210Tl
Isotopes_of_thallium
Naturally occurring titanium (22Ti) is composed of five stable isotopes; 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti and 50Ti with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural
Isotopes_of_titanium
Daughter products other than magnesium Isotopes of aluminum Isotopes of sodium Isotopes of neon Isotopes of fluorine Isotopes of oxygen Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M
Isotopes_of_magnesium
Analytical technique used to study isotopes
Isotope analysis is the identification of isotopic signature, abundance of certain stable isotopes of chemical elements within organic and inorganic compounds
Isotope_analysis
Naturally occurring cadmium (48Cd) is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity has been observed, and three others are predicted
Isotopes_of_cadmium
Mathematical ratio used in analysis of radioactive materials
An isotopic signature (also isotopic fingerprint) is a ratio of non-radiogenic stable isotopes, stable radiogenic isotopes, or unstable radioactive isotopes
Isotopic_signature
Silicon (14Si) has 25 known isotopes, with mass number ranging from 22 to 46. 28Si (the most abundant isotope, at 92.24%), 29Si (4.67%), and 30Si (3.07%)
Isotopes_of_silicon
There are two natural isotopes of iridium (77Ir), 191Ir and 193Ir, both stable. In addition, there are 40 known radioisotopes with mass numbers 164 through
Isotopes_of_iridium
Processes for the separation of isotopes
Isotope fractionation describes fractionation processes that affect the relative abundance of isotopes, a phenomenon that occurs (and so advantage is taken
Isotope_fractionation
Stable-isotope probing (SIP) is a technique in microbial ecology for tracing uptake of nutrients in biogeochemical cycling by microorganisms. A substrate
Stable-isotope_probing
known isotopes from 26P to 47P; only 31P is stable, thus phosphorus is considered a monoisotopic element. The longest-lived radioactive isotopes are 33P
Isotopes_of_phosphorus
given. Like all artificial elements, it has no known stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 241Am in 1944. The artificial element decays
Isotopes_of_americium
Francium (87Fr) has no stable isotopes, so a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Its most stable isotope is 223Fr with a half-life of 22 minutes, occurring
Isotopes_of_francium
Natural tantalum (73Ta) consists of two isotopes: observationally stable 181Ta (99.988%) and 180mTa (0.012%). There are also 35 known artificial radioisotopes
Isotopes_of_tantalum
Topics referred to by the same term
Laser isotope separation, or laser enrichment, is a technology of isotope separation using selective ionization of atoms or molecules by the means of
Laser_isotope_separation
Usage of mass spectrometry to measure remaining isotopes
Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a specialization of mass spectrometry, in which mass spectrometric methods are used to measure the relative
Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry
Isotope-ratio_mass_spectrometry
Method of determining the quantity of chemical substances
amounts of isotopically enriched substance to the analyzed sample. Mixing of the isotopic standard with the sample effectively "dilutes" the isotopic enrichment
Isotope_dilution
Naturally occurring zirconium (40Zr) is composed of four stable isotopes (one, 94Zr, may in the future be found radioactive), and one very long-lived radioisotope
Isotopes_of_zirconium
Ancient warm and cool periods
Marine isotope stages (MIS), marine oxygen-isotope stages, or oxygen isotope stages (OIS), are alternating warm and cool periods in the Earth's paleoclimate
Marine_isotope_stages
Naturally occurring ytterbium (70Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes: 168Yb, 170Yb–174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Yb being the most abundant (31.90% natural
Isotopes_of_ytterbium
naturally occurring isotopes, five of which are stable: 187Os, 188Os, 189Os, 190Os, and (most abundant) 192Os. The other natural isotopes, 184Os and 186Os
Isotopes_of_osmium
Helium (2He) has nine known isotopes, but only helium-3 (3He) and helium-4 (4He) are stable. All radioisotopes are short-lived; the only particle-bound
Isotopes_of_helium
Aspect of geology studying variations in isotope abundances in the natural environment
Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon the study of natural variations in the relative abundances of isotopes of various elements. Variations
Isotope_geochemistry
stable isotopes and no characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. There are 34 known isotopes, from
Isotopes_of_actinium
Aluminium or aluminum (13Al) has one stable isotope, 27Al, comprising all natural aluminium. The radioactive 26Al, with half-life 717,000 years, occurs
Isotopes_of_aluminium
Chemical and biochemical technique to follow reactions through using atomic isotopes
Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope (an atom with a detectable variation in neutron count)
Isotopic_labeling
Artificial nuclides with atomic number of 96 but with different mass numbers
standard atomic weight cannot be given, and it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope synthesized was 242Cm in 1944, which has 146 neutrons. There
Isotopes_of_curium
There are 21 known isotopes of sodium (11Na), ranging from 17 Na to 39 Na (except for 36Na and 38Na), and five isomers. 23 Na is the only stable (and the
Isotopes_of_sodium
Naturally occurring thulium (69Tm) is composed of one stable isotope, 169Tm, with 100% natural abundance. Thirty-nine radioisotopes have been characterized
Isotopes_of_thulium
Copper (29Cu) has two stable isotopes, 63Cu and 65Cu, along with 28 known radioisotopes from 55Cu to 84Cu. The most stable radioisotope, 67Cu, has a half-life
Isotopes_of_copper
cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 245Cf in 1950. There are 20 known radioisotopes
Isotopes_of_californium
(20Ca) has 26 known isotopes, ranging from 35Ca to 60Ca. There are five stable isotopes (40Ca, 42Ca, 43Ca, 44Ca and 46Ca), plus one isotope (48Ca) with such
Isotopes_of_calcium
There are 42 known isotopes of polonium (84Po), all radioactive, stretching from 186Po to 227Po. The isotopes 210 through 218 occur naturally in the four
Isotopes_of_polonium
Naturally occurring silver (47Ag) is composed of the two stable isotopes 107Ag and 109Ag in almost equal proportions, with 107Ag being slightly more abundant
Isotopes_of_silver
Ratio of two stable isotopes
stable isotopes usually refers to isotopes of the same element. The relative abundance of such stable isotopes can be measured experimentally (isotope analysis)
Stable_isotope_ratio
occurring barium (56Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by
Isotopes_of_barium
Series of radioactive decays
elements. Radioactive isotopes do not usually decay directly to stable isotopes, but rather into another radioisotope. The isotope produced by this radioactive
Decay_chain
Naturally occurring tellurium on Earth consists of eight isotopes: 120, 122-126, 128, 130. The heaviest two have been found to be radioactive: 128Te and
Isotopes_of_tellurium
Beryllium (4Be) has 11 known isotopes and 3 known isomers, but only one of these isotopes (9 Be) is stable and a primordial nuclide. As such, beryllium
Isotopes_of_beryllium
Naturally occurring platinum (78Pt) consists of five stable isotopes (192Pt, 194Pt, 195Pt, 196Pt, 198Pt) and one long-lived (half-life 4.83×1011 years)
Isotopes_of_platinum
Thorium (90Th) has seven naturally occurring isotopes but none are stable. One isotope, 232Th, is relatively stable, with a half-life of 1.40×1010 years
Isotopes_of_thorium
Boron (5B) naturally occurs as isotopes 10 B and 11 B, the latter of which makes up about 80% of natural boron. There are 13 radioisotopes that have been
Isotopes_of_boron
Naturally occurring tungsten (74W) consists of five isotopes. Four are considered stable (182W, 183W, 184W, and 186W) and one is slightly radioactive,
Isotopes_of_tungsten
Isotope analysis has many applications in archaeology, from dating sites and artefacts, determination of past diets and migration patterns and for environmental
Isotope analysis in archaeology
Isotope_analysis_in_archaeology
elements in the periodic table, 80 have isotopes considered to be stable. Overall, there are 251 known stable isotopes in total. Atomic nuclei consist of protons
List of elements by stability of isotopes
List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes
Mass effects on spectroscopy
The isotopic shift (also called isotope shift) is the shift in various forms of spectroscopy that occurs when one nuclear isotope is replaced by another
Isotopic_shift
There are seven stable isotopes of mercury (80Hg) with 202Hg being the most abundant (29.74%). The longest-lived radioisotopes are 194Hg with a half-life
Isotopes_of_mercury
Heavy isotopes bonded to other heavy isotopes
Clumped isotopes are heavy isotopes that are bonded to other heavy isotopes. The relative abundance of clumped isotopes (and multiply substituted isotopologues)
Clumped_isotopes
Daughter products other than neon Isotopes of sodium Isotopes of fluorine Isotopes of oxygen Isotopes of nitrogen Isotopes of carbon Kondev, F. G.; Wang,
Isotopes_of_neon
Natural gallium (31Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71. Synthetic radioisotopes are known with atomic masses ranging
Isotopes_of_gallium
Concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element
Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes. The use of the nuclides produced
Isotope_separation
Natural yttrium (39Y) is composed of the single stable isotope, 89Y. The most stable radioisotopes are 88Y, which has a half-life of 106.63 days, and
Isotopes_of_yttrium
Rest mass of an atom in its ground state
its mass number. The relative isotopic mass (see section below) can be obtained by dividing the atomic mass ma of an isotope by the atomic mass constant
Atomic_mass
synthetic element and thus has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic weight cannot be given. The first isotope to be synthesized was either 259Rf in 1966
Isotopes_of_rutherfordium
Naturally occurring gadolinium (64Gd) is composed of six stable isotopes, 154Gd, 155Gd, 156Gd, 157Gd, 158Gd and 160Gd, and one long-lived radioisotope
Isotopes_of_gadolinium
isotope biogeochemistry is the study of the distribution of sulfur isotopes in biological and geological materials. In addition to its common isotope
Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry
Sulfur_isotope_biogeochemistry
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry is the study of the distribution and relative abundances of trace metal isotopes in order to better understand
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry
Trace_metal_stable_isotope_biogeochemistry
cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 277Cn in 1996. There are seven known radioisotopes
Isotopes_of_copernicium
Naturally occurring niobium (41Nb) is composed of one stable isotope (93Nb). The most stable radioisotope is 92Nb with a half-life of 34.7 million years
Isotopes_of_niobium
Naturally occurring cobalt, Co, consists of a single stable isotope, 59Co (thus, cobalt is a mononuclidic element). Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been
Isotopes_of_cobalt
Naturally occurring lutetium (71Lu) is composed of one stable isotope 175Lu (97.40% natural abundance) and one long-lived radioisotope, 176Lu with a half-life
Isotopes_of_lutetium
the Universe. The stable isotope 113In is only 4.3% of naturally occurring indium. Among elements with a known stable isotope, only tellurium and rhenium
Isotopes_of_indium
( 19K) has 25 known isotopes from 34 K to 57 K as well as 31 K, as well as an unconfirmed report of 59 K. Three of those isotopes occur naturally: the
Isotopes_of_potassium
Naturally occurring iodine (53I) consists of one stable isotope, 127I, and is a mononuclidic element for atomic weight. Radioisotopes of iodine are known
Isotopes_of_iodine
Naturally occurring lithium (3Li) is composed of two stable isotopes, lithium-6 (6Li) and lithium-7 (7Li), with the latter being far more abundant on Earth
Isotopes_of_lithium
are 34 known isotopes of krypton (36Kr) with atomic mass numbers from 67 to 103. Naturally occurring krypton is made of five stable isotopes and one (78
Isotopes_of_krypton
it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 289Fl in 1999 (or possibly 1998). Flerovium has six known isotopes, along with the unconfirmed
Isotopes_of_flerovium
stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 266Mt in 1982, and this is also the only isotope directly synthesized; all other isotopes are only
Isotopes_of_meitnerium
Tin (50Sn) is the element with the greatest number of naturally abundant isotopes, 10. Seven, 114-120Sn, are theoretically stable, while the remaining three
Isotopes_of_tin
stable isotopes, and a standard atomic weight cannot be given. The first isotope to be synthesized was 262Bh in 1981. There are 11 known isotopes ranging
Isotopes_of_bohrium
stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 288Mc in 2004. There are five known radioisotopes from 286Mc to 290Mc. The longest-lived isotope is
Isotopes_of_moscovium
There are 39 known isotopes of radon (86Rn), from 193Rn to 231Rn; all are radioactive. The most stable isotope is 222Rn with a half-life of 3.8215 days
Isotopes_of_radon
Naturally occurring praseodymium (59Pr) is composed of one stable isotope, 141Pr. Forty radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being
Isotopes_of_praseodymium
Naturally occurring zinc (30Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes 64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn, and 70Zn with 64Zn being the most abundant (48.6% natural
Isotopes_of_zinc
Position-specific isotope analysis, also called site-specific isotope analysis, is a branch of isotope analysis aimed at determining the isotopic composition
Position-specific isotope analysis
Position-specific_isotope_analysis
Argon (18Ar) has 26 known isotopes, from 29Ar to 54Ar, of which three are stable (36Ar, 38Ar, and 40Ar). On Earth, 40Ar makes up 99.6% of natural argon
Isotopes_of_argon
cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 269Ds in 1994. There are 11 known radioisotopes
Isotopes_of_darmstadtium
occurs naturally as two stable isotopes, 121Sb (57.21%) and 123Sb (42.79%). There are 37 artificial radioactive isotopes known with mass numbers 104 to
Isotopes_of_antimony
elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 258Lr in 1961. There are fourteen known isotopes from 251Lr to 266Lr, except
Isotopes_of_lawrencium
Method of geochemical research
Xenon isotope geochemistry uses the abundance of xenon (Xe) isotopes and total xenon to investigate how Xe has been generated, transported, fractionated
Xenon_isotope_geochemistry
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