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Class of attack on cryptographic systems
exploit weaknesses in this process are known as random number generator attacks. A high quality random number generation (RNG) process is almost always required
Random number generator attack
Random_number_generator_attack
Creating sequence of numbers that cannot be predicted
Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator (RNG), a sequence of numbers or symbols is generated that
Random_number_generation
Algorithm that generates an approximation of a random number sequence
A pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), also known as a deterministic random bit generator (DRBG), is an algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers
Pseudorandom_number_generator
Random number generators are important in many kinds of technical applications, including physics, engineering or mathematical computer studies (e.g.,
List of random number generators
List_of_random_number_generators
Cryptographic device
hardware random number generator (HRNG), true random number generator (TRNG), non-deterministic random bit generator (NRBG), or physical random number generator
Hardware random number generator
Hardware_random_number_generator
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
also referred to as a cryptographic random number generator (CRNG). Most cryptographic applications require random numbers, for example: key generation
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Type of random number generator
true random number generator (NPTRNG), also known as a non-physical nondeterministic random bit generator, is a generator of unpredictable random numbers
Non-physical true random number generator
Non-physical_true_random_number_generator
Controversial pseudorandom number generator
Curve Deterministic Random Bit Generator) is an algorithm that was presented as a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) using methods
Dual_EC_DRBG
Program that generates password from random number generator
A random password generator is a software program or hardware device that takes input from a random or pseudo-random number generator and automatically
Random_password_generator
Pseudorandom number generator file in Unix-like operating systems
systems, /dev/random and /dev/urandom are special files that provide random numbers from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG)
/dev/random
Pseudorandom number generator
Blum Blum Shub CryptGenRandom Random number generator attack "random(4)". www.freebsd.org. Retrieved 2020-10-01. "Random number generation". Apple Support
Fortuna_(PRNG)
Cryptographic algorithm for random number generation
CryptGenRandom is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator function that is included in Microsoft CryptoAPI. In Win32 programs, Microsoft
CryptGenRandom
Stream cipher
congruential pseudo-random number generator with a 32-bit internal state. Several attacks on RC4 are able to distinguish its output from a random sequence. As
RC4
Free general-purpose operating system
such as Ubuntu made a variety of security keys vulnerable to a random number generator attack, since only 32,767 different keys were generated. The security
Debian
Random number generator
Lavarand is a hardware random number generator designed and trademarked by Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 1996. The system operates by digitizing the chaotic
Lavarand
Standard for generating random numbers
Technology with the title Recommendation for Random Number Generation Using Deterministic Random Bit Generators. The publication contains the specification
NIST_SP_800-90A
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
brute-force attack is that the complete key space was used to generate keys, something that relies on an effective random number generator, and that there
Brute-force_attack
Mechanical or electronic random number generator
in a "pick 3" or "pick 4" game. Some lotteries use computerized random number generators, either alongside or in place of a mechanical draw machine. These
Lottery_machine
Secure communication method
that were not secure using a random number generator attack. Another common class of attacks is the Trojan horse attack which does not require physical
Quantum_key_distribution
Encryption technique
Even those generators that are suitable for normal cryptographic use, including /dev/random and many hardware random number generators, may make some
One-time_pad
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG). CSPRNGs are designed to produce unpredictable random numbers which can be alphanumeric.
Salt_(cryptography)
The Blum–Micali algorithm is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator. The algorithm gets its security from the difficulty of computing discrete
Blum–Micali_algorithm
Computer instruction for returning hardware-generated random numbers
RDRAND (for "read random") is an instruction for returning random numbers from an Intel on-chip hardware random number generator which has been seeded
RDRAND
Cryptographic number generator
(2023-03-17). "Tests for Random Number Generators". Marina Pudovkina, A known plaintext attack on the ISAAC keystream generator, 2001, Cryptology ePrint
ISAAC_(cipher)
Uses of an apparent lack of pattern or predictability in events
between randomization, pseudorandomization, and quasirandomization, as well as between random number generators and pseudorandom number generators. For example
Applications_of_randomness
Cryptographic attack
LFSR in the keystream generator and the output of the Boolean function that combines the output states of all the LFSRs. These attacks are employed in combination
Correlation_attack
Algorithm used to generate cryptographic keys
A key generator (or keygen) in cryptography is a protocol or algorithm used to generate a sequence with pseudo-random characteristics for use as an encryption
Key_generator
Collection of efficiently-computable functions which emulate a random oracle
with pseudorandom generators (PRGs). The guarantee of a PRG is that a single output appears random if the input was chosen at random. On the other hand
Pseudorandom_function_family
Public-key cryptographic pseudorandom function
cryptographic commitment to an exponentially large number of seemingly random bits. The concept of a verifiable random function is closely related to that of a
Verifiable_random_function
Theory of cryptography
authentication codes, mask generation functions, stream ciphers, pseudo-random number generators, and authenticated encryption. A sponge function is built from
Sponge_function
Where a clock does not run at same rate as reference clock
clock drift can be utilized to build random number generators. These can however be exploited by timing attacks. Everyday clocks such as wristwatches
Clock_drift
Method to set encryption keys
confidentiality. One particular attack is always possible against keys, the brute force key space search attack. A sufficiently long, randomly chosen, key can resist
Pre-shared_key
Attacks against common ciphers
distinguishing ciphertext from random data. Attacks that lead to disclosure of the key. Attacks that allow distinguishing ciphertext from random data. Block cipher
Cipher_security_summary
Type of symmetric key cipher
Such generators include the stop-and-go generator, the alternating step generator and the shrinking generator. An alternating step generator comprises
Stream_cipher
deterministic random-bit generator mechanisms that were falsely presented as cryptographically secure in NIST SP 800-90A to construct faux-random-bit generators, as
NIST_SP_800-90B
Crypyographic attack method
functions as a random one-time pad, as a pseudo-random number generator controls the output at each step. With certain IVs, an attacker knowing the first
Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir attack
Fluhrer,_Mantin_and_Shamir_attack
Cryptographic attack
from the generator. Finally, the attacker's goal is to find one of the actual internal states of the bit generator to be able to run the generator from this
Time/memory/data tradeoff attack
Time/memory/data_tradeoff_attack
Cryptographic hash extension
long, allowing it to be used as a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator. One particular hash construction, the sponge construction, makes
Extendable-output_function
Method for generating passphrases using dice
other cryptographic variables using ordinary dice as a hardware random number generator. For each word in the passphrase, five rolls of a six-sided die
Diceware
Type of cryptographic attack
between two or more parties. The attack depends on the higher likelihood of collisions found between random attack attempts and a fixed degree of permutations
Birthday_attack
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
using a test program the team released. A cryptographically strong random number generator, which has been properly seeded with adequate entropy, must be
RSA_cryptosystem
Practice in cryptography
assumption that an adversary will attack a server by only stealing keys and not modifying the random number generator used by the server but it is also
Forward_secrecy
Stream ciphers
compile-time option. ChaCha20 is also used for the arc4random random number generator in FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD operating systems, instead of the
Salsa20
Input to a cryptographic primitive
non-repeating, and the required randomness is derived internally. In this case, the IV is commonly called a nonce (a number used only once), and the primitives
Initialization_vector
Approach to public-key cryptography
curves are applicable for key agreement, digital signatures, pseudo-random generators and other tasks. Indirectly, they can be used for encryption by combining
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Form of pseudorandom number generator
Pseudo Random Number Using Evolutionary methods IEEE, DOI: 10.1109/CIS.2008.220. Caballero-Gil, P. et al. New Attack Strategy for the Shrinking Generator Journal
Shrinking_generator
Computer communications authentication algorithm
and SHA-0 from a random function or HMAC with a random function. Differential distinguishers allow an attacker to devise a forgery attack on HMAC. Furthermore
HMAC
Form of cryptanalysis
distinguishing attack is any form of cryptanalysis on data encrypted by a cipher that allows an attacker to distinguish the encrypted data from random data. Modern
Distinguishing_attack
Asymmetric encryption algorithm developed by Robert McEliece
general linear code. For this, the code's generator matrix G {\displaystyle G} is perturbated by two randomly selected invertible matrices S {\displaystyle
McEliece_cryptosystem
Property of some cryptosystems
under chosen-plaintext attack if every probabilistic polynomial time adversary has only a negligible "advantage" over random guessing. An adversary is
Ciphertext indistinguishability
Ciphertext_indistinguishability
Computer worm
attacking. In 2003, SQL Slammer became the first observed example of a Warhol worm. The mechanism of SQL Slammer's spread used a pseudo-random number
Warhol_worm
American mathematician
measuring statistical randomness. George Marsaglia established the lattice structure of linear congruential generators in the paper "Random numbers fall mainly
George_Marsaglia
2015 password-based key derivation function
time–memory trade-off (TMTO) attacks, but introduces possible side-channel attacks. Argon2i is optimized to resist side-channel attacks. It accesses the memory
Argon2
Cyptographic algorithm
and Hedging Deployed Cryptography" (PDF). NDSS Symposium 2010. Random number generators (RNGs) are consistently a weak link in the secure use of cryptography
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Augmented password-authenticated key exchange protocol
every information to compute the shared key K. The attack goes as follow: Carol → Steve: generate random value a; send I and A = ga Steve: u = H(A, B); S=Avu;
Secure Remote Password protocol
Secure_Remote_Password_protocol
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
results are published for GCM on a number of platforms. Käsper and Schwabe described a "Faster and Timing-Attack Resistant AES-GCM" that achieves 10
Galois/Counter_Mode
Algorithm that employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic or procedure
In common practice, randomized algorithms are approximated using a pseudorandom number generator in place of a true source of random bits; such an implementation
Randomized_algorithm
(cryptography) • Random function • Randomness tests • Random number generator attack • Random oracle • RC2 • RC4 • RC5 • RC6 • Rebound attack • Reciprocal
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Process of generating keys in cryptography
keys. In some cases, keys are randomly generated using a random number generator (RNG) or pseudorandom number generator (PRNG). A PRNG is a computer algorithm
Key_generation
Computing concept
systems. A true random number generator (TRNG) can be a (de)central service. One example of a centralized system where a random number can be acquired
Entropy_(computing)
Type of data structure
second-preimage attack in which an attacker creates a document other than the original that has the same Merkle hash root. For the example above, an attacker can
Merkle_tree
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
secure as any other generator of the same group. If Alice and Bob use random number generators whose outputs are not completely random and can be predicted
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Key derivation function
interesting property when using HMAC as its pseudo-random function. It is possible to trivially construct any number of different password pairs with collisions
PBKDF2
Cryptographic signature scheme
private key, Alice uses the random number generator to produce 256 pairs of random numbers (2×256 numbers in total), each number being 256 bits in size, that
Lamport_signature
Attack model against cryptographic hash functions
Birthday attack Cryptographic hash function Hash function security summary Puzzle friendliness Rainbow table Random oracle RFC 4270: Attacks on Cryptographic
Preimage_attack
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
building a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator and then using its stream of random bytes as keystream. SEAL is a stream cipher that
Cryptographic_hash_function
Random number generator
The Yarrow algorithm is a family of cryptographic pseudorandom number generators (CSPRNG) devised by John Kelsey, Bruce Schneier, and Niels Ferguson and
Yarrow_algorithm
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
linear code such as Reed-Solomon code by inserting random columns in the underlying linear code generator matrix. Security is related to the problem of constructing
Post-quantum_cryptography
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
known plaintext that aids in breaking the encryption. Random length padding also prevents an attacker from knowing the exact length of the plaintext message
Padding_(cryptography)
Cryptographic attack
In cryptography, a timing attack is a side-channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute
Timing_attack
Cryptography algorithm
decrypted bits. Bit errors may occur intentionally in attacks or randomly due to transmission errors. Random bit errors occur independently in any bit position
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Public-key cryptosystem
cyclic group G {\displaystyle G\,} of order q {\displaystyle q\,} with generator g {\displaystyle g} . Let e {\displaystyle e} represent the identity element
ElGamal_encryption
Cryptographic hash function
replaced SHA-1 with BLAKE2s for hashing the entropy pool in the random number generator. btrfs file system supports BLAKE2b to checksum data and metadata
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Stream cipher
LFSR which is used during the authentication phase as a pseudo random number generator The usual operation of Crypto1 and Hitag2 ciphers uses nonlinear
Crypto-1
American computer scientist
is the construction of a strongly pseudo random permutation generator from a pseudo random function generator). Rackoff, Shafi Goldwasser, and Silvio Micali
Charles_Rackoff
Password-based key derivation function
Function bcrypt Input: cost: Number (4..31) log2(Iterations). e.g. 12 ==> 212 = 4,096 iterations salt: array of Bytes (16 bytes) random salt password: array of
Bcrypt
Testing method for testing the randomness of pseudo-random number generators
theory of computation, the next-bit test is a test against pseudo-random number generators. We say that a sequence of bits passes the next bit test for at
Next-bit_test
Cryptographic hash function
because the found collisions were almost random) and is fast enough to be practical for resourceful attackers, requiring approximately $100,000 of cloud
SHA-1
Cryptographer
of cryptographic protocols, cryptographic random number generation, electronic voting, side-channel attacks on cryptography implementations, and anonymizing
John_Kelsey_(cryptanalyst)
Digital signature scheme
further need for a random number generator in order to make signatures, and there is no danger that a broken random number generator used to make a signature
EdDSA
Block cipher
from a strong random generator, and only keying option 1 should be used (option 2 needs only 16 random bytes, but strong random generators are hard to assert
Triple_DES
One-time password used in banking
identified by a sequence number (index). As the index is randomly chosen by the bank, an arbitrary TAN acquired by an attacker is usually worthless. However
Transaction authentication number
Transaction_authentication_number
Chess with a randomized starting position
describe chess moves. Chess960, also known as Fischer Random Chess, is a chess variant that randomizes the starting position of the pieces on the back rank
Chess960
Internet Protocol Suite service
supports the Character Generator Protocol on either Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port number 19. Upon opening a TCP
Character_Generator_Protocol
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
The S-boxes of DES were much more resistant to the attack than if they had been chosen at random, strongly suggesting that IBM knew about the technique
Data_Encryption_Standard
Stage of electronic circuit design validation
software environment. Key components include a generator to create stimuli (often using constrained-random techniques), a driver to translate stimuli into
Functional_verification
Password cracking dataset
secret and may be generated at random and stored with the password hash. A large salt value prevents precomputation attacks, including rainbow tables, by
Rainbow_table
Set of cryptographic hash functions
security strength. Arbitrarily large lengths can be used as pseudo-random number generators. Alternately, SHAKE256(M, 128) can be used as a hash function with
SHA-3
Method for dividing a secret among multiple parties
sufficient number of individuals combine their 'shares', the secret may be reconstructed. Whereas insecure secret sharing allows an attacker to gain more
Secret_sharing
Hiding messages in other messages
encrypted data or a block of random data (an unbreakable cipher like the one-time pad generates ciphertexts that look perfectly random without the private key)
Steganography
Any attack based on information gained from the implementation of a computer system
operation is executed on a randomized version of the data, over which the attacker has no control or even knowledge. Brute-force attack Computer and network
Side-channel_attack
Block cipher
uses no S-boxes or other table lookups in order to avoid cache timing attacks; its nonlinearity comes from alternating additions with exclusive ORs.
Threefish
Encryption method
Alice's side into an oracle. Naturally, this attack cannot be mounted at all when the keys are generated randomly. Key commitment was originally studied in
Authenticated_encryption
Type of cipher
Special Publication 800-90A Recommendation for Random Number Generation Using Deterministic Random Bit Generators" (PDF). doi:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-90A. {{cite
Block_cipher
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
Key-agreement protocol glossary Password psychology Public key fingerprint Random number generator Session key Tripcode Machine-readable paper key Weak key Piper
Key_(cryptography)
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
construction, using XChaCha20 instead of ChaCha20. When choosing nonces at random, the XChaCha20-Poly1305 construction allows for better security than the
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
when k {\displaystyle k} is generated by a faulty random number generator. Such a failure in random number generation caused users of Android Bitcoin Wallet
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
High-tech implementations adopt computers, random number generators and internet resources. Simple random techniques are classified by modality of association
Random_stimulus
Free and open-source disk encryption utility
these attacks, several of which are detailed below. VeraCrypt stores its keys in random-access memory (RAM); on some personal computers dynamic random-access
VeraCrypt
Type of shift register in computing
sequence by skipping some states. LFSRs have long been used as pseudo-random number generators for use in stream ciphers, due to the ease of construction from
Linear-feedback shift register
Linear-feedback_shift_register
RANDOM NUMBER-GENERATOR-ATTACK
RANDOM NUMBER-GENERATOR-ATTACK
Boy/Male
English
Son of Rand.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Randy, RANDI means "worthy of admiration."
Girl/Female
Muslim American Arabic English Gaelic
Jewel. Amber stone.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Rand 1.
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, summer, from Old English sumor, SUMMER means "summer," the hot season of the year.
Male
English
 Variant spelling of Middle English Randulf, RANDOLF means "shield-wolf." Compare with other forms of Randolf.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Brandon.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; perhaps a variant of Francom.
Male
Scandinavian
 Scandinavian form of Old Norse Randolfr, RANDOLF means "shield-wolf." Compare with another form of Randolf.
Male
English
Medieval form of English Randolf, RANDAL means "shield-wolf."
Boy/Male
English American
Son of Rand.
Male
English
Pet form of English Randall and Randolph, both RANDY means "shield-wolf." Compare with feminine Randy.
Female
Native American
Native American Algonquin name NUMEES means "sister."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Randall.Americanized spelling of Randel.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant of Crandon, a habitational name from Crandon in Somerset or Crandean in Falmer, Sussex. Compare Grandin.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly East Anglia)
English (chiefly East Anglia) : patronymic from the Middle English personal name Rand(e) (see Rand 1).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Rand 1, from the Old French oblique case.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Ransom.
Girl/Female
English American
Born during the summer.
Male
Hungarian
 Variant spelling of Hungarian András, ANDOR means "man; warrior." Compare with another form of Andor.
RANDOM NUMBER-GENERATOR-ATTACK
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RANDOM NUMBER-GENERATOR-ATTACK
RANDOM NUMBER-GENERATOR-ATTACK
RANDOM NUMBER-GENERATOR-ATTACK
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