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Cryptographic attack
Correlation attacks are a class of cryptographic known-plaintext attacks for breaking stream ciphers whose keystreams are generated by combining the output
Correlation_attack
Stream ciphers
published attacks on Salsa20/12 or the full Salsa20/20; the best attack known breaks 8 of the 12 or 20 rounds. In 2005, Paul Crowley reported an attack on Salsa20/5
Salsa20
Stream cipher
proved the keystream–key correlation and, in another work, Goutam Paul and Subhamoy Maitra proved the permutation–key correlations. The latter work also
RC4
Algorithm
successful attack.[citation needed] It is also possible to increase the key length or the rounds in the encryption process to better protect against attack. This
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Instant messaging software
Boystown. To identify the perpetrators, German police used a correlation analysis attack. By sending Ricochet messages to perpetrators and monitoring
Ricochet_(software)
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
to timing attacks. To be noted, when the SSH protocol uses ChaCha20-Poly1305 as underlying primitive, it is vulnerable to the Terrapin attack. Authenticated
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Type of symmetric key cipher
security of the resultant scheme, for example, in order to avoid correlation attacks. Normally LFSRs are stepped regularly. One approach to introducing
Stream_cipher
Stream cipher
Alexander; Thomas Johansson; Steve Babbage (2004). "An Improved Correlation Attack on A5/1". Selected Areas in Cryptography 2004: 1–18. Briceno, Marc;
A5/1
Input to a cryptographic primitive
whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between (potentially similar) segments of the encrypted
Initialization_vector
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
meaningful word or phrase) with a code word (for example, "wallaby" replaces "attack at dawn"). A cypher, in contrast, is a scheme for changing or substituting
Cryptography
Cryptography algorithm
was encrypted with the same key before (this is known as the TLS CBC IV attack). For some keys, an all-zero initialization vector may generate some block
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Refutation of a logical fallacy
The phrase "correlation does not imply causation" refers to the inability to legitimately deduce a cause-and-effect relationship between two events or
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Methods to break a stream cipher
the generated key streams are then analyzed statistically for a linear correlation and/or an algebraic Boolean relation (see also Differential cryptanalysis)
Stream_cipher_attacks
Stream cipher
Meier, Willi; Vaudenay, Serge (2005). "The Conditional Correlation Attack: A Practical Attack on Bluetooth Encryption". Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO
E0_(cipher)
Concept in cryptography
(Such wrapping is called modular arithmetic.) Here the plaintext message "attack at dawn" is combined by addition with the keystream "kjcngmlhylyu" and produces
Keystream
Stream cipher
April 2015[update], no cryptanalytic attacks better than brute-force attack are known, but several attacks come close. The cube attack requires 268 steps to break
Trivium_(cipher)
Stream cipher
Rabbit claims 128-bit security against attackers whose target is one specific key. If, however, the attacker targets a large number of keys at once and
Rabbit_(cipher)
Boolean function with low-order correlation-immunity is more susceptible to a correlation attack than a function with correlation immunity of high order. Siegenthaler
Correlation_immunity
Family of stream ciphers
algebraic attacks with the result named SNOW 3G. It has been found that related keys exist both for SNOW 2.0 and SNOW 3G, allowing attacks against SNOW
SNOW
Turing stream cipher has a number of weaknesses when faced with chosen IV attacks. For instance, its key scheduling algorithm has the same secret key for
Turing_(cipher)
Type of cryptographic attack
In cryptography, a related-key attack is any form of cryptanalysis where the attacker can observe the operation of a cipher under several different keys
Related-key_attack
Ability to easily switch cryptographic primitives
algorithm were found by NIST to have a key length that made it vulnerable to attacks, thus prompting the transition to SHA-2. With the rise of secure transport
Cryptographic_agility
Stream cipher
backwards compatible) cards, the MIFARE Classic EV1. However, in 2015 a new attack rendered the cards insecure, and NXP now recommends migrating away from
Crypto-1
Stream cipher
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
CryptMT
Stream cipher algorithm
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
WG_(cipher)
Key that is easy to break with a specific cipher
above. RC4. RC4's weak initialization vectors allow an attacker to mount a known-plaintext attack and have been widely used to compromise the security of
Weak_key
3D-printable firearm
intended to enhance supply chain resilience and minimize the risk of correlation attacks. This modification requires access to a small lathe. A lower receiver
Urutau_(firearm)
Cryptographic number generator
computers. Cryptanalysis has been undertaken by Marina Pudovkina (2001). Her attack can recover the initial state with a complexity that is approximated to
ISAAC_(cipher)
Stream cipher algorithm
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
TRBDK3_YAEA
Stream cipher
distinguishing attack, published in October 2006. Doug Whiting has reviewed the attack and notes that while the paper is clever, the attack unfortunately
Phelix
Stream cipher
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
SEAL_(cipher)
Nasoor; Naderi, Majid; Mohajeri, Javad (May 7, 2007). A new distinguish attack against ABC stream cipher. pp. 1768–1770. doi:10.1109/ICACT.2007.358713
ABC_(stream_cipher)
Stream cipher
Algorithm). Alexander Maximov (2007-02-22). "Two Linear Distinguishing Attacks on VMPC and RC4A and Weakness of RC4 Family of Stream Ciphers (Corrected)"
Variably Modified Permutation Composition
Variably_Modified_Permutation_Composition
through the early 1990s various attacks against the summation generator eventually led to its fall to a correlation attack. In 1995 Klapper and Goresky were
Summation_generator
Stream cipher algorithm
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
CJCSG
Stream cipher algorithm
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
Frogbit_(cipher)
Cipher algorithm
3 is Dragon-128. It is not Patented. Dragon has not been successfully attacked to date, but Cho and Pieprzyk found biases within the primary non-linear
Dragon_(cipher)
Stream cipher algorithm
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
Polar_Bear_(cipher)
Stream cipher algorithm
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
NLS_(cipher)
Stream cipher
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
Grain_128a
Stream cipher
2003, Elad Barkan, Eli Biham and Nathan Keller presented a ciphertext-only attack based on the error correcting codes used in GSM communication. They also
A5/2
Stream cipher
(2004) showed a weakness in the MAC generation of SOBER-128 which means an attack could forge a message with probability 2−6. MAC functionality was deleted
SOBER-128
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
KCipher-2
Project to identify new stream ciphers for widespread adoption
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
ESTREAM
Stream cipher
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
FISH_(cipher)
Stream cipher
Fault Attack on MICKEY 2.0". Cryptology ePrint Archive. eStream page on MICKEY Archived 2012-07-01 at the Wayback Machine A Differential Fault Attack on
MICKEY
Stream cipher
a nonlinear 5-to-1 Boolean function (that is chosen to be balanced, correlation immune of the first order and has algebraic degree 3) and the output
Grain_(cipher)
Stream cipher
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
LILI-128
Stream cipher
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
HC-256
Stream cipher
influenced by that of Panama. As of September 2006, there are no known attacks against MUGI that are faster than serial brute-force of the key space or
MUGI
Stream cipher
2008-09-30 at the Wayback Machine process, it was shown that a theoretical attack with cost 2224 could be applied, which does not contradict the security
SOSEMANUK
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
"Analysis of Y00 Protocol Under Quantum Generalization of a Fast Correlation Attack: Toward Information-Theoretic Security". IEEE Access. 8: 23417–23426
Quantum_cryptography
Free and open-source anonymity network based on onion routing
through Tor onion services and the public Internet can be subject to correlation attacks, and all onion services are susceptible to misconfigured services
Tor_(network)
Cipher Protocol
vulnerable to attack. A revised version of cipher, DECIM v2, as well as a 128-bit security version were developed, both proving vulnerable to attack. Berbain
DECIM
project. It is not patented. A new revision of LEX protects against a slide attack found in an earlier version. eSTREAM page on LEX Archived 2012-07-01 at
LEX_(cipher)
Cryptography primitive
in the paper Producing Collisions for PANAMA presented at FSE 2001. The attack shows a computational complexity of 282 and with negligible memory requirements
Panama_(cryptography)
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
Gimli_(cipher)
Acronym for a common strategy of abusers
combination. However, studies before and after DARVO was coined found a correlation between perpetrators who minimized or denied their wrongdoing and those
DARVO
Stream cipher
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
Scream_(cipher)
Digital rights management system used for DVD Video discs
exploits that rendered the CSS cipher practically ineffective: A correlation attack enables the recovery of a keystream's seed at complexity of 216. The
Content_Scramble_System
Routing protocol
packet transmission, introducing randomness to prevent traffic correlation attacks. Exponential mixing delays, making traffic analysis more difficult
Mix_network
Stream cipher
paper discusses both theoretical and practical aspects of attacking QUAD and of attacking the underlying hard problem. For example, this paper shows
QUAD_(cipher)
paper "An Analysis of the Hermes8 Stream Ciphers" the authors claim, 'an attack on the latest version of the cipher (Hermes8F), which requires very few
Hermes8
Type of shift register in computing
Yi; Willi Meier; Serge Vaudenay (2005). "The Conditional Correlation Attack: A Practical Attack on Bluetooth Encryption". Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO
Linear-feedback shift register
Linear-feedback_shift_register
Stream cipher
Pentium II processor. LEVIATHAN is considered broken due to distinguishing attacks which require 236 bytes of output and comparable effort. LEVIATHAN specification
LEVIATHAN_(cipher)
Stream cipher
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
F-FCSR
Stream cypher algorithm
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
SSS_(cipher)
Stream cipher algorithm
vulnerabilities against existing cryptographic attacks such as correlation, algebraic, or distinguishing attacks (Wang & Zhang, 2010). Li, An-Ping (May 13
DICING
Free and open-source anonymity network
packet format. Standardizing packet sizes helps prevent traffic correlation attacks based on message length. Layered encryption: Similar to onion encryption
Nym_(mixnet)
Stream cipher
believed to be much stronger. It potentially has a huge key length, and no attacks have been published as of 2004[update]. Pike consists of three lagged Fibonacci
Pike_(cipher)
Stream cipher
search. At SASC 2006, a successful key-recovery attack on Mir-1 was shown. Maximov did not dispute the attack, and the algorithm was archived after Phase
Mir-1
Stream cipher
distinguishing attack with data complexity 2281. This attack is only meaningful if the key-size of TPypy is longer than 281 bits. To remove attacks on TPy and
Py_(cipher)
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
Feedback with Carry Shift Registers
Feedback_with_Carry_Shift_Registers
Stream cipher
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
ORYX
elegant and secure against some simple algebraic attacks, it is vulnerable to more elaborate known attacks. "eSTREAM - The ECRYPT Stream Cipher Project"
SFINKS
shift register LFSR NLFSR T-function IV Attacks correlation attack correlation immunity stream cipher attacks v t e Cryptography General History of cryptography
MULTI-S01
Family of stream ciphers
to "guess and determine" attacks. SOBER-2 changed the position of the feedback and output taps to resist the above attacks. S16 was an expansion to 16-bit
SOBER
Field of computer security
a system weaker. With suitable correlation rules in place, a SIEM should trigger an alert at the start of the attack so that the company can take the
Security information and event management
Security_information_and_event_management
Computer hacking technique
opens and Mallory enters. Replay attack Jeong, Hyera; So, Jaewoo (2018-03-01). "Channel correlation-based relay attack avoidance in vehicle keyless-entry
Relay_attack
Form of pseudorandom number generator
tradeoffs between time complexity and the amount of output needed to mount the attack, e.g. with asymptotic complexity O ( L 2 .2 2 L / 3 ) {\displaystyle O(L^{2}
Alternating_step_generator
Event correlation is a technique for making sense of a large number of events and pinpointing the few events that are really important in that mass of
Event_correlation
the KNOT-MOSQUITO family are subject to differential chosen ciphertext attacks. Our results, combined with previous results on HBB, KNOT and SSS show
MOSQUITO
Stream cipher
exploited in certain attack scenarios. Research has indicated that WAKE's design allows for effective chosen plaintext attacks, where an attacker can choose arbitrary
WAKE_(cipher)
Family of stream ciphers
published an attack that recovered 53 bits of the counter state. By comparing the complexity of the attack to a parallelized brute-force attack, Bernstein
VEST
Mathematical function used in cryptography
triangular T-functions are naturally vulnerable to guess-and-determine attacks, well chosen bitwise transpositions between rounds can neutralize that
T-function
statistical bias, making it subject to cryptanalysis such as the correlation attack. Benjamini, Itai; Schramm, Oded; Wilson, David Bruce (2005), "Balanced
Balanced_Boolean_function
End-to-end auditable anonymous voting system
pitfalls. The encryption system used in the ThreeBallot was broken by a correlation attack devised by Charlie Strauss, who also showed how it could be used to
ThreeBallot
collaborative firewall log correlation system. It receives logs from volunteers worldwide and uses them to analyze attack trends. It is used as the data
DShield
Type of in security engineering
statistical correlation with the correct go/no go result can frequently be enough for a systematic automated attack. In a compression oracle attack the use
Oracle_attack
Special type of Boolean function
Hamming distance between truth tables. Concretely, this means the maximum correlation between the output of the function and a linear function is minimal.
Bent_function
Stream cipher
cryptanalytic attacks against ACHTERBAHN-128/80 for the tabulated parameters that are faster than brute force attack. Recent analysis showed that attacks are possible
Achterbahn_(stream_cipher)
Form of violent assault
of being attacked by her husband would make students "become scared of marriage". A positive correlation has been observed between acid attacks and ease
Acid_attack
American basketball player (born 1984)
ranked second behind Jordan in polls, the results of which show a strong correlation with the age of respondents, as older voters more often choose Jordan
LeBron_James
1999 mass shooting in Colorado, U.S.
Courts. AP. Dr. Froggé, George (October 20, 2019). "Bullying and Its Correlation with School Violence". Evidence Based Community. Austin Peay State University
Columbine High School massacre
Columbine_High_School_massacre
Correlation theory
Eleanor (June 13, 2025). "How three pizza restaurants predicted Israel's attack on Iran". The Telegraph. London. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved June 20, 2025
Pentagon_pizza_theory
Event in Second Sino-Japanese War
plague attack (simplified Chinese: 开明街鼠疫灾难; traditional Chinese: 開明街鼠疫災難; lit. 'Kaiming Street plague disaster') was a secret biological warfare attack launched
Ningbo_plague_attack
Attacking the person rather than their argument
argumentum ad hominem ('an argument to the person'), refers to when a speaker attacks the character, motive, or some other attribute of the person making an
Ad_hominem
Cryptographic attack
used to perform statistical correlation analysis of timing information to recover the key completely, even by a passive attacker. Observed timing measurements
Timing_attack
housing market from the late twentieth century onward, and noted the correlation between crises in the Middle East and strong price increases in London's
Economic impact of the 2026 Iran war
Economic_impact_of_the_2026_Iran_war
Diagnostic plot of binary classifier ability
prediction from the real class) and their geometric mean is the Matthews correlation coefficient.[citation needed] Whereas ROC AUC varies between 0 and 1
Receiver operating characteristic
Receiver_operating_characteristic
CORRELATION ATTACK
CORRELATION ATTACK
Boy/Male
Greek
Helps defend Thebes against the attackers.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Punishment, correction.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Attacker
Boy/Male
Greek
One of the attackers against Thebes.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : perhaps a nickname for a sarcastic, witty, or spiteful person, from early modern English squibbe ‘lampoon’, ‘satirical attack’. The word, which is probably of imitative origin, is not recorded until the 16th century; the original sense was ‘firework’.
Biblical
punishment; correction
Boy/Male
Native American
attacking hawk.
Girl/Female
Latin
To seek; to attack.
Boy/Male
Greek
One of the Thebes attackers.
Boy/Male
Greek
One of the attackers in 'The Seven Against Thebes'.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Attack; This was the Name of Huyama Al-awsabiyah Al-danishqiyah; She was a Jurist of Great Rank and a Very Pious Woman
Boy/Male
Norse
Leader of the attack on Hlidarend.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Impetuous; Attacking Violently
Boy/Male
Greek Latin
One of the attackers of Thehes.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Impetuous; Attacking Violently
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
To Attack Violently and Persistently
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Nottinghamshire)
English (chiefly Nottinghamshire) : variant of Hart.German : topographic name from Middle High German hurt ‘hurdle’, ‘woven fence’.Dutch : nickname, presumably for a pugnacious or aggressive person, from Middle Dutch hort, hurt ‘strike’, ‘blow’, ‘attack’.
Girl/Female
Indian
Attack
Girl/Female
Muslim
Attack
Boy/Male
Muslim
Attacker
CORRELATION ATTACK
CORRELATION ATTACK
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.
Male
Native American
Native American Dakota name TOKALA means "fox."
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly central and southeastern England)
English (mainly central and southeastern England) : patronymic from a personal name (see Hawk 1), or a variant of Hawk 2.
Boy/Male
Indian
Name of a tribe
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Shute.
Girl/Female
Italian
White; shining. AFrench Blanche.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Security. Deposit.
Biblical
chiding, or multiplying, of Jehovah
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Latin American
Victory; triumphant. Famous Bearer: Queen Victoria.
CORRELATION ATTACK
CORRELATION ATTACK
CORRELATION ATTACK
CORRELATION ATTACK
CORRELATION ATTACK
adv.
In a correlative relation.
a.
Having or indicating a reciprocal relation.
n.
Reciprocal relation; corresponding similarity or parallelism of relation or law; capacity of being converted into, or of giving place to, one another, under certain conditions; as, the correlation of forces, or of zymotic diseases.
n.
Emendation; correction.
n.
The act or process of passing, or causing to pass, from a fluid to a solid state, as by the abstraction of heat; the act or process of freezing.
n.
An allowance made for inaccuracy in an instrument; as, chronometer correction; compass correction.
n.
The quality of correlation; reciprocation; interchange; interaction; interdependence.
n.
The flowing of different streams into one.
n.
The act corrugating; contraction into wrinkles or alternate ridges and grooves.
n.
The antecedent of a pronoun.
n.
Mutual or reciprocal relation; correlation.
n.
Correction; chastisement; punishment inflicted by way of correction and training.
n.
The quality or state of being irrelative; want of connection or relation.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Correlate
n.
Quality of being correlative.
n.
That which is congealed.
n.
Abatement of noxious qualities; the counteraction of what is inconvenient or hurtful in its effects; as, the correction of acidity in the stomach.
a.
Submissive to correction; docile.
n.
One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation, or is correlated, to some other person or thing.
n.
The state of being congealed.