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Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane
Mitochondria
DNA located in mitochondria
Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA or mtDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from organic compounds
Mitochondrial_DNA
Domain of life whose cells have nuclei
organelles (which are bound by two or more layers of membrane) such as mitochondria and various plastids. Eukaryotes can reproduce both asexually through
Eukaryote
Evolutionary theory
of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms. The theory holds that mitochondria, plastids such as chloroplasts, and possibly other organelles of eukaryotic
Symbiogenesis
2009 single by Kenichi Suzumura
"Mitochondria" is Kenichi Suzumura's third single, released on February 4, 2009. It came with a disc with the PV of the title track "Mitochondria", and
Mitochondria_(song)
Disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction
is a group of genetic disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are the organelles that generate energy for the cell and are found in
Mitochondrial_disease
Genus of bacteria
females of this tick species. These bacteria have been observed in the mitochondria of the host cells, a trait that has never been described in any other
Midichloria
Protein complex
ribosome, or mitoribosome, is a ribonucleoprotein complex that is active in mitochondria and functions as a riboprotein for translating mitochondrial mRNAs encoded
Mitochondrial_ribosome
Movement of whole mitochondria between cells
Horizontal transfer of mitochondria is the movement of whole mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA between cells. Mitochondria from donor cells are transported
Horizontal transfer of mitochondria
Horizontal_transfer_of_mitochondria
2005 book by Nick Lane
Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life is a 2005 popular science book by Nick Lane of University College London, which argues that mitochondria are
Power,_Sex,_Suicide
Autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to the vacuole and degraded
Mitophagy is the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy. It often occurs to defective mitochondria following damage or stress. The process of
Mitophagy
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
protein to bind to depolarized mitochondria to induce autophagy of those mitochondria. PINK1 is processed by healthy mitochondria and released to trigger neuron
PINK1
Study of the human mitochondrial genome
in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small
Human_mitochondrial_genetics
Cellular structure
Mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs) represent regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which are reversibly tethered to mitochondria. These membranes
Mitochondria associated membranes
Mitochondria_associated_membranes
Basic unit of life forms
membrane. Eukaryotic cells contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, which provide energy for cell functions, and chloroplasts, in plants
Cell_(biology)
Matrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans
estimated by scientists. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, the DNA located in mitochondria, different from the DNA in the nucleus of a cell) and Y-chromosome DNA
Mitochondrial_Eve
Process of forming the first eukaryotic cell
a nucleus, at least one centriole and cilium, facultatively aerobic mitochondria, sex (meiosis and syngamy), a dormant cyst with a cell wall of chitin
Eukaryogenesis
Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles with the ability to fuse and divide (fission), forming constantly changing tubular networks in most eukaryotic cells
Mitochondrial_fusion
Process of releasing energy from nutrients using inorganic electron acceptors
production in glycolysis, and requires pyruvate be transported by the mitochondria in order to be oxidized by the citric acid cycle. The products of this
Cellular_respiration
British biochemist
the properties of purified isocitric enzymes and calcium import in the mitochondria during cellular respiration. Jennifer Moyle was born in Norwich, England
Jennifer_Moyle
Transmission of genes occurring outside the nucleus
cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts or from cellular parasites like viruses or bacteria. Mitochondria are organelles which function
Extranuclear_inheritance
Order of bacteria
Oregon State University, indicated that SAR11 could be the ancestor of mitochondria in most eukaryotic cells. However, this result could represent a tree
Pelagibacterales
Species of Myxosporea
exclusively anaerobic metabolism. It is also notable for its lack of both mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA. Henneguya zschokkei is found in fish as an ovoid
Henneguya_zschokkei
Cell organelle in a few species
membrane-bound organelles closely related to mitochondria in structure, though functional overlap is limited. Unlike mitochondria, mitosomes do not have genes within
Mitosome
Mitochondrial fission is the process by which mitochondria divide or segregate into two separate mitochondrial organelles. Mitochondrial fission is counteracted
Mitochondrial_fission
Biological Eukaryotic Cell
chloroplasts (only in plant cells) and the mitochondria (in all eukaryotic cells). Most of the genes in the mitochondria code for respiration-related proteins
Cytohet
Order of bacteria
which mitochondria and related organelles developed from members of this group. However, more recent examination has suggested that the mitochondria and
Rickettsiales
Mitochondrial disorder
progressive myoclonic epilepsy "Ragged Red Fibers" - clumps of diseased mitochondria accumulate in the subsarcolemmal region of the muscle fiber and appear
MERRF_syndrome
American biologist (1883–1969)
experimental works on endosymbiotic theory. Nicknamed the "Mitochondria Man", he claimed that mitochondria, which are cell organelles, were once independent bacteria
Ivan_Wallin
Mitochondrion-derived organelle
membrane foldings (cristae) unlike typical mitochondria. They are considered to have evolved from mitochondria to produce molecular hydrogen and ATP in
Hydrogenosome
1998 video game
survivors. Aya confronts Melissa onstage, and Melissa says that Aya's mitochondria need more time to develop. She flees backstage, with Aya giving chase
Parasite_Eve_(video_game)
Mitochondrially inherited degeneration of retinal nerve cells
the mitochondrial (not nuclear) genome, and only the egg contributes mitochondria to the embryo. Men cannot pass on the disease to their offspring. LHON
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Leber's_hereditary_optic_neuropathy
organelles, including mitochondria, Golgi, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, chloroplasts and the plasma membrane. Both mitochondria and sorting endosomes
Membrane_contact_site
Metabolic pathway
adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In eukaryotes, this takes place inside mitochondria. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This
Oxidative_phosphorylation
Progressive neurodegenerative disease
enter the brain and interfere with metabolic functions. Dysfunction in mitochondria, which are central to cellular energy production, increases oxidative
Parkinson's_disease
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
mitochondria. Inside the cell, PLIN5 can be found in multiple intracellular structures including lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria,
Perilipin-5
Compound active in mitochondria
metabolism, carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into mitochondria to be oxidized for free energy production, and also participates in removing
Carnitine
Special form of in vitro fertilisation
(MRT), sometimes called mitochondrial donation, is the replacement of mitochondria in one or more cells to prevent or ameliorate disease. MRT originated
Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Mitochondrial_replacement_therapy
Form of L-carnitine
carnitine which is used by the body to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria for breakdown and energy production. Carnitine is both a nutrient and
Acetylcarnitine
Type of DNA
contained in organelles (such as mitochondria and chloroplasts), outside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria contain mitochondrial DNA Plastids
Organellar_DNA
Aspect of lactate metabolism
kidney, and heart mitochondria. It was also found that lactate could be oxidized as quickly as pyruvate in rat liver mitochondria. Because lactate can
Lactate_shuttle_hypothesis
Genus of protists
axostyle". It is the first eukaryotic genus to be found to completely lack mitochondria, and all hallmark proteins responsible for mitochondrial function. The
Monocercomonoides
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondria-associated 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIFM3 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000183773
Apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondria-associated 3
Apoptosis-inducing_factor,_mitochondria-associated_3
Process that kills nerve cells
in the membranes of mitochondria that opens when the organelles absorb too much calcium. Opening of the pore may cause mitochondria to swell and release
Excitotoxicity
Biological hypothesis
chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain specialized and discrete genetic systems. These genetic systems enable chloroplasts and mitochondria to make some
CoRR_hypothesis
1995 novel by Hideaki Sena
third game. The video games have also been adapted into a manga series. Mitochondria are the "power house" of biological cells. It is thought that they were
Parasite_Eve_(novel)
Genus of bacteria
in mitochondria. In fact, of all the microbes known, the Rickettsia is probably the closest relative (in a phylogenetic sense) to the mitochondria. Unlike
Rickettsia
Human protein
(steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) to transport cholesterol into mitochondria, though evidence is mixed. In animals, TSPO (PBR) is a mitochondrial
Translocator_protein
Genus of fungi
14 Calcofluor white staining. 10 Meront with several nuclei (n) and mitochondria (mi) in the lumen of Malpighian tubule. Inset: Mitochondrium with tubular
Nephridiophaga
Process by which cells build mitochondrial mass
self-replicate is rooted in its evolutionary history. It is commonly thought that mitochondria descend from cells that formed endosymbiotic relationships with α-protobacteria;
Mitochondrial_biogenesis
Hypothesis explaining cancer
formation) is insufficient cellular respiration caused by insult (damage) to mitochondria. The Warburg effect, on the other hand, describes the observation that
Warburg_hypothesis
Cell structure
mitochondria, the area of the inner membrane is about 5 times as large as the outer membrane due to cristae. This ratio is variable and mitochondria from
Inner_mitochondrial_membrane
Identity of organellar DNA sequences in a cell
mutations because of the genetic bottleneck, where only a few out of many mitochondria actually are passed on to offspring. The mussel Mytilus edulis is an
Homoplasmy
Important Biological tissue that allows movement
rich in mitochondria and capillaries and appears red when deoxygenated. Type IIx (also known as type IId), which is less dense in mitochondria and myoglobin
Muscle
Clade of protists
the Stramenopiles and Rhizaria among the protists with tubulocristate mitochondria into the SAR supergroup. It is ranked as a superphylum in Ruggiero et
Alveolate
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
MFN2 gene. Mitofusins are GTPases embedded in the outer membrane of the mitochondria. In mammals MFN1 and MFN2 are essential for mitochondrial fusion. In
MFN2
Metabolic process
Lipolysis of and release from adipose tissue Activation and transport into mitochondria β-oxidation Initially in the process of degradation, fatty acids are
Fatty_acid_degradation
Haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondria are the primary energy generator of the cell and have unique organelles that maintain their own DNA (mtDNA). In human genetics, human mitochondrial
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup
Enzyme
ATP. The F1 unit protrudes into the cytoplasm (matrix and stroma in mitochondria and chloroplasts respectively). Subunits α and β make a hexamer with
ATP_synthase
Mitochondrial DNA inheritance from father
reproduction, paternal mitochondria found in the sperm are actively decomposed, thus preventing "paternal leakage". Mitochondria in mammalian sperm are
Paternal_mtDNA_transmission
Protein-coding gene in humans
mitochondria due to dysfunctional fission machinery. Fission helps facilitate mitophagy, which is the breakdown and recycling of damaged mitochondria
DNM1L
Earliest phase in Sámi history
The origin of the Sámi has been of research interest since at least the early 17th century. Initially, the Sámi were grouped together with ethnic Finns
Origins_of_the_Sámi
Infraphylum of protists
protists originally thought to have evolved before the acquisition of mitochondria by eukaryotes. They include genera that are internal parasites or commensals
Archamoebae
Autoantibodies against liver mitochondria, indicating primary biliary cholangitis
autoantibodies, consisting of immunoglobulins formed against mitochondria, primarily the mitochondria in cells of the liver. The presence of AMA in the blood
Anti-mitochondrial_antibody
Organism that consists of only one cell
biological molecules. Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that
Unicellular_organism
Type of peptide chain
of a protein to a specific region in the cell, including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), chloroplast, apoplast, peroxisome and plasma
Target_peptide
Form of programmed cell death
and depends on the release of proteins from the intermembrane space of mitochondria. The extrinsic pathway is activated by extracellular ligands binding
Apoptosis
Part of a cell
region is frequently referred to as the perinuclear space. The IMS of mitochondria is crucial for the coordination of a variety of cellular activities,
Intermembrane_space
Genus of protists
mitochondria, flagella, and the broader cryptist lineage. Palpitomonas is a key model organism for studying the phylogenetic origins of mitochondria and
Palpitomonas
Order of bacteria
The Magnetococcales were an order of Alphaproteobacteria, but now the mitochondria are considered as sister to the alphaproteobactera, together forming
Magnetococcales
Protein family
complex of proteins found in the outer mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondria. As a translocase, the TOM complex facilitates the movement of proteins
Translocase of the outer membrane
Translocase_of_the_outer_membrane
Dicarboxylic acid
molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Succinate can exit the mitochondrial
Succinic_acid
Proposed biological kingdom
Archezoa for a paraphyletic territory of eukaryotes that primitively lacked mitochondria. Like Margulis and others before (see Pelomyxa), Cavalier-Smith argued
Archezoa
Chemical compound
carnitine shuttle system (which transports fatty acyl-CoA molecules into mitochondria), and once inside, can participate in beta-oxidation. Alternatively,
Palmitoyl-CoA
Chemical compound
as a contact herbicide. It is an uncoupler, affecting respiration in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts. It is banned for use in the European
Dinoterb
Structures projecting from cells
podocytes are devoid of mitochondria, and mitochondria are confined to the cytosol surrounding the nucleus. The absence of mitochondria in foot processes can
Cellular_extensions
Species of bacterium
research indicated that Paracoccus denitrificans especially resembled mitochondria. The bacteria encloses within itself the biochemistry of the mitochondrial
Paracoccus_denitrificans
Mitochondrial disease
proteins that are part of NADH dehydrogenase (also called complex I) in mitochondria, that helps convert oxygen and simple sugars to energy. Other genes (MT-TH
MELAS_syndrome
Coenzyme acting as an electron carrier in biochemical redox reactions
homeostasis in mitochondria. Mitochondrial folate cycle has been recently suggested as the principal contributor to NADPH generation in mitochondria of cancer
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate
cellular stress response related to the mitochondria. The UPRmt results from unfolded or misfolded proteins in mitochondria beyond the capacity of chaperone
Mitochondrial unfolded protein response
Mitochondrial_unfolded_protein_response
Theory of ageing
coworkers (1989). The second was proposed by A. N. Lobachev in 1978. Mitochondria are cell organelles which function to provide the cell with energy by
Mitochondrial theory of ageing
Mitochondrial_theory_of_ageing
Biological structure
components such as vesicles and organelles between cells, including whole mitochondria. The diameter of TNTs ranges from 0.05 μm to 1.5 μm and they can reach
Tunneling_nanotube
Group of excavate protists
This group is studied as a model system for reductive evolution of mitochondria, because it includes both organisms with anaerobic mitochondrion-like
Preaxostyla
membranes of mitochondria. They serve to transport molecules and other factors, such as ions, into or out of the organelles. Mitochondria contain both
Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
Mitochondrial_membrane_transport_protein
Metabolic reaction
mitochondria, and in oxygen-depleted muscle. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells during glycolysis and in mitochondria during
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Substrate-level_phosphorylation
Complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans
chromosomes (X and Y). A small DNA molecule is found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial
Human_genome
Unicellular organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
that contains their DNA, and other membrane-bound organelles including mitochondria (which evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts through an evolutionary
Prokaryote
Species of bear
expressed in the peroxisome of giant panda cells instead of only in the mitochondria like carnivorous mammals, which would enable glyoxylate to be metabolised
Giant_panda
American biochemist
at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her research considers mitochondria and the processes which import proteins to their appropriate locations
Carla_Koehler
Progressive neurodegenerative disease
other changes such as inflammation. Aβ also selectively builds up in mitochondria in the cells of Alzheimer's-affected brains, and it inhibits certain
Alzheimer's_disease
Hypothetical endosymbiont ancestor of all mitochondria
is the hypothetical ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria in eukaryotes are thought to descend, after an episode of symbiogenesis
Proto-mitochondrion
All genetic material of an organism
fraction of junk DNA with no evident function. Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria and a small mitochondrial genome. Algae and plants also contain chloroplasts
Genome
Immature ovum or egg cell
receives mitochondria from maternal cells, which will go on to control embryonic metabolism and apoptotic events. The partitioning of mitochondria is carried
Oocyte
Free-radical aging theory
proposes that reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced in the mitochondria, causes damage to certain macromolecules including lipids, proteins and
Free-radical_theory_of_aging
Organism not requiring oxygen for its growth
also lack mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA, and oxidative pathways. The microscopic, parasitic cnidarian is observed to contain mitochondria-related organelles
Anaerobic_organism
Biological mechanism for routing proteins
addition, proteins targeted to other cellular destinations, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes, use specialized post-translational pathways
Protein_targeting
Gene located in the cell nucleus of a eukaryote
distinguished from extranuclear genes, such as those found in the genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, which reside outside the nucleus in their own organellar
Nuclear_gene
Biochemical process in which fatty acids are derived from acetyl-CoA and NADPH
Acetyl-CoA is generated in the mitochondria from pyruvate molecules derived from glucose via glycolysis. Within the mitochondria, acetyl-CoA typically combines
Fatty_acid_synthesis
German histologist and pathologist of the 19th century
skepticism and harsh criticism. Altmann's granules are now believed to be mitochondria. He is credited with coining the term "nucleic acid" in 1889, replacing
Richard_Altmann
Macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins in cells
evolutionary origin. Distinct ribosomes are also found in eukaryotic mitochondria and, in plants and algae, chloroplasts. Ribosomes are assembled through
Ribosome
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