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Seventh stage of the Permian geologic period
In the geologic timescale, the Capitanian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the uppermost or latest of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian
Capitanian
Extinction event around 260 million years ago
Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago (H) K–Pg Tr–J P–Tr Cap Late D O–S The Capitanian mass extinction event began around 262 million years ago with its most
Capitanian mass extinction event
Capitanian_mass_extinction_event
Sixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era
poorly understood. The end of the Capitanian Stage at the end of the Middle Permian was marked by the major Capitanian mass extinction event, associated
Permian
Second series and epoch of the Permian
called Olson's Extinction and a significant mass extinction called the end-Capitanian extinction event. The Guadalupian is also known as the Middle Permian
Guadalupian
Rapid decrease in Earth's biodiversity
boundary extinction. More recent research has indicated that the End-Capitanian extinction event that preceded the "Great Dying" likely constitutes a
Extinction_event
Earth's most severe extinction event
end-Capitanian had finished. Many of the extinctions once dated to the Permian-Triassic boundary have more recently been re-dated to the end-Capitanian.
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Extinct genus of therapsids that lived in the Guadalupian epoch
dinocephalian therapsids that lived in what is now South Africa during the Capitanian stage of the Middle Permian around 264.4–260 million years ago. Fossils
Moschops
Third and final series of the Permian
went extinct. The series follows the Guadalupian, which ended with the Capitanian mass extinction, during which many species of brachiopods, ammonoids and
Lopingian
First series of the Permian
dominant land animals for some 40 million years. A few continued into the Capitanian. They were succeeded by the therapsids. Dimetrodon, a pelycosaur, was
Cisuralian
Prehistoric superocean that surrounded Pangaea
known as the Carboniferous-Earliest Permian Biodiversification Event. The Capitanian mass extinction event c. 260 Ma, however, put an end to that development
Panthalassa
Flood basalt igneous province in south-western China
global ecological and paleontological impact being associated with the Capitanian mass extinction. The term "trap" has been used in geology since 1785–1795
Emeishan_Traps
Sixth stage of the Permian
million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Roadian and followed by the Capitanian. The Wordian Stage was introduced into scientific literature by Johan
Wordian
Extinct clade of therapsid stem-mammals
approximately 275 and 260 million years ago (Ma), but became extinct during the Capitanian mass extinction event. Dinocephalians included carnivorous (Anteosauria)
Dinocephalia
First stage of the Permian
Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Induan ← Permian-Triassic mass extinction event ← end-Capitanian extinction event ← Olson's
Asselian
Mass extinction ending the Triassic period
traditional "Big Five" extinction events and the more recently recognised Capitanian mass extinction event are clickable links; see Extinction event for more
Triassic–Jurassic_extinction
Ninth and last stage of the Permian
Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Induan ← Permian-Triassic mass extinction event ← end-Capitanian extinction event ← Olson's
Changhsingian
Mass extinction event about 66 million years ago
traditional "Big Five" extinction events and the more recently recognised Capitanian mass extinction event are clickable links; see Extinction event for more
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Cretaceous–Paleogene_extinction_event
Genus of anteosaurid synapsid from the Permian
synapsid. It lived at the end of the Guadalupian (Middle Permian) during the Capitanian age, about 262 to 260 million years ago, in what is now South Africa.
Anteosaurus
Eighth stage of the Permian
between 259.51 and 254.14 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Capitanian and followed by the Changhsingian. Regional stages with which the Wuchiapingian
Wuchiapingian
Fifth stage of the Permian
the regional timescale used for the southeastern US had the Wordian and Capitanian as subdivisions of the Guadalupian. Efforts to correlate the Permian stratigraphy
Roadian
Extinct family of tetrapods
varanopid from the late Middle Permian Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone (Capitanian) is the youngest known varanopid and the last member of the "pelycosaur"
Varanopidae
Disappearance of a species from a specific area
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Local_extinction
End of the human species
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Human_extinction
Extinct group of saber-toothed therapsids from the Permian
Gorgonopsians rose to become apex predators of their environments following the Capitanian mass extinction event which killed off the dinocephalians and most basal
Gorgonopsia
Last known individual of a species or subspecies
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Endling
Informal grouping composed of basal or primitive Late Paleozoic synapsids
dominant land animals for some 40 million years. A few continued into the Capitanian, but they experienced a sharp decline in diversity in the late Kungurian
Pelycosaur
Mass extinction event c. 444 million years ago
risk Near-Earth supernova Anoxic event Late Devonian mass extinction Capitanian mass extinction event Permian–Triassic extinction event Triassic–Jurassic
Late Ordovician mass extinction
Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction
IUCN conservation category
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Extinct_in_the_wild
Second stage of the Permian
Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Induan ← Permian-Triassic mass extinction event ← end-Capitanian extinction event ← Olson's
Sakmarian
List of extinct species
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Lists_of_extinct_species
Ongoing extinction event caused by human activity
sometimes also called the sixth extinction (though this can also describe the Capitanian). Current extinction rates are estimated at 100 to 1,000 times higher
Holocene_extinction
Termination of a species' lineage
traditional "Big Five" extinction events and the more recently recognised Capitanian mass extinction event are clickable links; see Extinction event for more
Extinction
Extinct genus of therapsid
gorgonopsian therapsid (mammal-line synapsid) known from the Permian (Wordian–Capitanian age) Abrahamskraal Formation (Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone) of South
Jirahgorgon
Extinct genus of therapsids
genus of dinocephalian therapsid known from the late Middle Permian (Capitanian) Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa. It has a single species
Styracocephalus
Genus of molluscs (fossil)
is monotypic Paraceltitid genus of ammonoid from the Middle Permian, Capitanian, that is known from sediments in west Texas. The genus is distinguished
Nielsenoceras
Fourth stage of the Permian
Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Induan ← Permian-Triassic mass extinction event ← end-Capitanian extinction event ← Olson's
Kungurian
Extinct genus of reptiles
of millerettid stem-reptile. It is known from the late Middle Permian (Capitanian stage) of the Karoo Supergroup of South Africa and the Mwesia Beds of
Eunotosaurus
Extinct genus of therapsids
an extinct genus of dinocephalian therapsids from the Middle Permian (Capitanian) of South Africa. Struthiocephalus was a large animal, with a 2017 study
Struthiocephalus
Extinct clade of therapsids
Anteosaurs, as well as the rest of the dinocephalians, went extinct during the Capitanian mass extinction, which marked the end of the Middle Permian. Anteosaurs
Anteosauria
Environmental movement
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement
Extinct family of molluscs
Alatoconchids went extinct in the end of Guadalupian period, probably due to Capitanian mass extinction event, being one of the more notable bivalve extinctions
Alatoconchidae
Bioengineering project with the goal of replicating an extinct species
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Colossal Biosciences dire wolf project
Colossal_Biosciences_dire_wolf_project
Genus of anomodont therapsid (fossil)
Parasumina is an extinct genus of anomodont known from the late Capitanian age at the end of the middle Permian period of European Russia. The type and
Parasuminia
Extinct genus of reptiles
Fossils of Bradysaurus are known from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone (Capitanian age) of the South African Karoo. Along with the similarly large dinocephalia
Bradysaurus
Clade of tetrapods
Triassic. Synapsid population and diversity were severely reduced by the Capitanian mass extinction event and the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and only
Synapsida
Extinct family of therapsids
distributed across Pangaea. They flourished briefly during the Wordian and Capitanian ages, radiating into several lineages, existing simultaneously, and differing
Tapinocephalidae
End of viability for a population
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Functional_extinction
Type of evolutionary extinction vortex
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Mutational_meltdown
Taxon that disappears from the fossil record, only to reappear later
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Lazarus_taxon
Formation Induan Lower Sakamena Formation Permian Capitanian-Wuchiapingian Beaufort Group Capitanian Sakoa Group Sakoa Formation Sakmarian-Artinskian Karharbari
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Madagascar
List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Madagascar
Extinct clade of synapsids
last caseasaurs became extinct between the latest Wordian and earliest Capitanian stage of the Middle Permian. Among the most conspicuous characteristics
Caseasauria
Ice age
interval also limited to Australia from the middle Kungurian to the early Capitanian, known as P3, though unlike the previous glaciations, this one and the
Late_Paleozoic_icehouse
Paleoproterozoic surge in atmospheric oxygen
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Great_Oxidation_Event
Extinct genus of therapsids from the late Permian of Eurasia
Viatkosuchus is an extinct genus of therocephalians known from the Late Capitanian–Wuchiapingian Deltavjatia Assemblage Zone. Paleontology portal List of
Viatkosuchus
Mass extinction event 33.9 million years ago
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Eocene–Oligocene extinction event
Eocene–Oligocene_extinction_event
Extinct subclass of cephalopod molluscs
became concentrated in a few geographical regions. During the Permian, the Capitanian mass extinction event severely reduced the diversity of Goniatitida and
Ammonoidea
Extinction of large animals at the end of the last Ice Age
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Late_Pleistocene_extinctions
Second of the big five mass extinctions
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Late_Devonian_mass_extinction
Geological process
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Bioevent
Process of re-creating an extinct organism
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
De-extinction
Dzhulfa Formation Julfa Formation Khachik Formation Capitanian Arpinskaya Formation Wordian-Capitanian Gnishik Formation Wordian Arpa Formation Wordian
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Armenia
List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Armenia
Organism resembling a form long shown in the fossil records
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Living_fossil
Permian biozone in South Africa
which correlates to the middle Abrahamskraal Formation. It dates to the Capitanian stage of the Middle Permian, around 264.4-260 million years ago. It is
Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
Tapinocephalus_Assemblage_Zone
Extinct genus of bivalves
an extinct genus of scallop-like bivalve molluscs that lived from the Capitanian stage of the Middle Permian to the Anisian stage of the Middle Triassic
Claraia
Third stage of the Permian
Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Induan ← Permian-Triassic mass extinction event ← end-Capitanian extinction event ← Olson's
Artinskian
Process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Habitat_destruction
Extinct genus of therapsids
genus of gorgonopsian therapsids known from the Middle Permian (middle Capitanian stage) of Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, South Africa. It has one known
Eriphostoma
Mountain range in the US states of Texas and New Mexico
Guadalupian epoch of the Permian period is named for these mountains, and the Capitanian age within this epoch is named for the Capitan reef. For details on the
Guadalupe_Mountains
Wildlife sanctuary in Malaysia
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre
Sepilok_Orangutan_Rehabilitation_Centre
Extinct family of therapsids
lower Endothiodon Assemblage Zones of the Karoo Basin, surviving the Capitanian mass extinction event between them that wiped out many other therapsid
Lycosuchidae
Réunion hotspot Emeishan Traps 256.5 Southwestern China 1 Possible cause of Capitanian mass extinction event, later may have contributed to the Permian–Triassic
List of largest volcanic eruptions
List_of_largest_volcanic_eruptions
evidence of a steady increase in encephalization that stalled after the Capitanian mass extinction event and did not resume until the Triassic, with no evidence
2026_in_paleontology
Gradual evolutionary change in a species without splitting
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Anagenesis
Extinct order of reptiles
group of basal archosauromorph reptiles from the latest Middle Permian (Capitanian stage) to the end of the Late Triassic (Rhaetian stage) of Asia, Europe
Protorosauria
Extinct family of beetles
Orenburg Region (Kargala), Amanak Formation, Permian, Guadalupian/Lopingian, Capitanian/Wuchiapingian (Tatarian, Sweverodvinian), −265.0–259.0 Ma; Kemerovo Region
Permocupedidae
Extinct genus of therapsids
mammals. Originally it was hypothesized that Glanosuchus survived the Capitanian mass extinction and persisted into the Endothiodon Assemblage Zone. However
Glanosuchus
Genus of molluscs (fossil)
(British Columbia) Prostacheoceras shaoyangense Zhou, 1987: Wordian - Capitanian of China (Hunan) Prostacheoceras skinneri Miller, 1945: Kungurian of Malaysia
Prostacheoceras
Phylum of marine animals also known as lamp shells
exceeded that of bivalves. Their diversity was strongly affected by the end-Capitanian and end-Permian mass extinction events, from which their diversity would
Brachiopod
System that relates geologic strata to time
therapsid genera. 254.14 ± 0.07 * Wuchiapingian 259.51 ± 0.21 * Guadalupian Capitanian 264.28 ± 0.16 * Wordian 266.9 ± 0.4 * Roadian 274.4 ± 0.4 * Cisuralian
Geologic_time_scale
Permian biozone in South Africa
depositional environments of rivers and lakes. The EAZ overlaps with the Capitanian mass extinction event and, as such, preserves a record of ecosystem recovery
Endothiodon_Assemblage_Zone
Evolutionary process
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Speciation
Ecology term
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Ecological_extinction
Extinct genus of therapsids
Dinocephalian tetrapod fauna, dating from middle the Wordian to the middle Capitanian stage of the Middle Permian. The assemblage zone succeed the Ocher Assemblage
Titanophoneus
Extinct genus of dicynodonts
Lanthanostegus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsids from the Capitanian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, Koonap Formation (Beaufort Group) of South
Lanthanostegus
UK-based charity
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Population_Matters
2014 nonfiction book by Elizabeth Kolbert
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History
Extinct family of reptiles
Owenettids Temporal range: 260.5–232 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Capitanian - Mid Carnian Saurodektes kitchingorum Scientific classification Kingdom:
Owenettidae
Extinct genus of therapsids
head") is an extinct genus of tapinocephalian therapsids from the early Capitanian age of South Africa. It was found in the Lower and Middle Tapinocephalus
Keratocephalus
Accumulation of harmful mutations
Dresbachian Cambrian–Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson's End-Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian
Muller's_ratchet
; Utrup, J. (2025). "Permian ammonoids from the Guadalupian (Wordian–Capitanian) of Las Delicias, Coahuila state, Mexico: new biostratigraphical and
2025_in_paleomalacology
Extinct genus of synapsids
Artinskian; 8 Lalieudorhynchus gandi, Hérault, France, Wordian – early Capitanian; 9 Alierasaurus ronchii, Nurra, Sardinia, Italy, Roadian; 10 Eocasea martini
Angelosaurus
Extinct genus of therapsid from the Middle Permian of South Africa
extinct genus of therocephalian, known from the late Middle Permian (Capitanian) of South Africa. It lends its name to the now defunct Pristerognathus
Pristerognathus
Extinct family of reptiles
early stem-reptiles from the Middle Permian to the Late Permian period (Capitanian - Changhsingian stages) of South Africa and possibly Russia. Although
Millerettidae
Extinct genus of therapsids
herbivorous anomodonts which lived during the Middle Permian period (Capitanian stage) in what is now Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is known from the
Tiarajudens
Extinct genus of therapsid reptile
therapsid known, exceeding in size even the largest Late Wordian/early Capitanian anteosaurs. Two canine teeth are set side-to-side in Ivantosaurus' jaw
Ivantosaurus
Extinct genus of therapsids
Tapinocephalidae in general, had already attained their acme by early Capitanian time. List of therapsids "†Ulemosaurus gigas Efremov 1954". PBDB. "Ulemosaurus
Ulemosaurus
traditional "Big Five" extinction events and the more recently recognised Capitanian mass extinction event are clickable links; see Extinction event for more
List_of_extinction_events
Extinct genus of jawless fishes
at Getaway Ledge in the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas. The base of the Capitanian stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils
Jinogondolella
Mass extinction event about 488 million years ago
traditional "Big Five" extinction events and the more recently recognised Capitanian mass extinction event are clickable links; see Extinction event for more
Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event
Cambrian–Ordovician_extinction_event
Genus of trilobites
Endops Temporal range: 265–259 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Capitanian Artist's reconstruction Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda
Endops
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