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Value accounting for thermodynamic non-ideality of mixtures
In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. In an ideal
Activity_coefficient
Measure of the effective concentration of a species in a mixture
which are different. However, the activity coefficients are similar.[citation needed] When the activity coefficient is close to 1, the substance shows
Thermodynamic_activity
Gas law regarding proportionality of dissolved gas
dilution activity coefficient γc depends on the concentration and must be determined at the concentration of interest. The activity coefficient can also
Henry's_law
Thermodynamic extension of Debye–Hückel theory
coefficient, mixed ion activity coefficients, and salt solubility. They can be used to calculate mixed ion activity coefficients and water activities
Pitzer_equations
Solvent interface of a solute
dissolved electrolyte can be linked to the statistical component of the activity coefficient of the electrolyte and to the ratio between the apparent molar volume
Solvation_shell
Quantity characterizing the deviation of a solvent from ideal behavior
activity coefficient through the osmotic coefficient. In a single solute solution, the (molality based) osmotic coefficient and the solute activity coefficient
Osmotic_coefficient
Chemical property
P_{X}} in bar is used. If it can be assumed that the quotient of activity coefficients, Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } , is constant over a range of experimental
Equilibrium_constant
Model describing the departures from ideality in solutions of electrolytes and plasmas
electrolyte solution but nevertheless gave accurate predictions of mean activity coefficients for ions in dilute solution. The Debye–Hückel equation provides
Debye–Hückel_theory
Physical law in electrochemistry
concentrations. For a given dissolved species, its chemical activity (a) is the product of its activity coefficient (γ) by its molar (mol/L solution), or molal (mol/kg
Nernst_equation
Thermodynamic model
introduced the concept of the activity coefficient, the model could be used to derive an expression for the activity coefficients γ i {\displaystyle \gamma
Margules_activity_model
Model of phase equilibrium in statistical thermodynamics
thermodynamics, UNIQUAC (a portmanteau of universal quasichemical) is an activity coefficient model used in description of phase equilibria. The model is a so-called
UNIQUAC
Measure of inequality of a statistical distribution
In economics, the Gini coefficient (/ˈdʒiːni/ JEE-nee), also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to
Gini_coefficient
Method to estimate ion activity coefficients in solution
single-ion activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions at relatively high concentrations. It does so by taking into consideration interaction coefficients between
Specific ion interaction theory
Specific_ion_interaction_theory
When the ratio of reactants to products of a chemical reaction is constant with time
fugacity coefficient in place of activity coefficient. In the real world, for example, when making ammonia in industry, fugacity coefficients must be taken
Chemical_equilibrium
Empirical extension of Debye–Hückel theory
extension of Debye–Hückel theory which can be used to calculate activity coefficients of electrolyte solutions at relatively high concentrations at 25 °C
Davies_equation
Reference redox electrode used under standard conditions
equal to the formal concentration times the activity coefficient. These unit-less activity coefficients are close to 1.00 for very dilute water solutions
Standard_hydrogen_electrode
Amount of substance of solute divided by the mass of the solvent
}{\tilde {V}}_{3}+\ldots } . For concentrated ionic solutions the activity coefficient of the electrolyte is split into electric and statistical components
Molality
Measure of the tendency of a solution to take in pure solvent by osmosis
\gamma _{v}} is the activity coefficient of the solvent. The product γ v x v {\displaystyle \gamma _{v}x_{v}} is also known as the activity of the solvent
Osmotic_pressure
Difference in value between properties of an ideal and real mixture
pressure-explicit activity coefficient model. Similarly, the excess enthalpy is related to derivatives of the activity coefficients via H i E ¯ = − R
Excess_property
like the Gini coefficient and specific income ratios. Income from black market economic activity is not included. The Gini coefficient is a number between
List of countries by income inequality
List_of_countries_by_income_inequality
Ratio of concentrations in a mixture at equilibrium
In the physical sciences, a partition coefficient (P) or distribution coefficient (D) is the ratio of concentrations of a compound in a mixture of two
Partition_coefficient
Chemical substance
concentration of the additive K is the salting coefficient, which is a measure of the sensitivity of the activity coefficient of the solute towards the salt. Hydrotropes
Hydrotrope
Approximate quantum chemistry model
thermodynamic equilibrium properties such as activity coefficients, solubility, partition coefficients, vapor pressure and free energy of solvation.
COSMO-RS
Change in energies of a thermodynamic system with respect to particle number
re-parameterize the chemical potential in solution as a dimensionless activity or activity coefficient, that quantifies the deviation of μ i {\displaystyle \mu _{i}}
Chemical_potential
Law of Ostwald for dissociation of electrolytes
Debye–Hückel theory at low concentrations. Autosolvolysis Osmotic coefficient Activity coefficient Ion transport number Ion association Molar conductivity Laidler
Law_of_dilution
system. Whereas excess properties and excess models (also known as activity coefficient models) typically concern themselves with strictly liquid-phase systems
Residual_property_(physics)
Vitamin, dietary supplement, and yellow food dye
reductase activity coefficient (EGRAC) provides a measure of tissue saturation and long-term riboflavin status. Results are expressed as an activity coefficient
Riboflavin
Mathematical model of the thermodynamic activity of phase equilibria of liquid mixtures
(A12 and A21 <0) activity coefficients with decreasing concentration. The model can not describe extrema in the activity coefficient along the concentration
Van_Laar_equation
One of the main factors limiting microbial activity
≡ l w x w {\displaystyle a_{w}\equiv l_{w}x_{w}} where lw is the activity coefficient of water and xw is the mole fraction of water in the aqueous fraction
Water_activity
Liquid equilibrium model in statistical thermodynamics
(UNIQUAC Functional-group Activity Coefficients) is a semi-empirical system for the prediction of non-electrolyte activity in non-ideal mixtures. UNIFAC
UNIFAC
The activity of a substance in solution depends on the product of its concentration and the activity coefficient in that solution. The activity coefficient
Total ionic strength adjustment buffer
Total_ionic_strength_adjustment_buffer
Measure of the level of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution
ions, which require an insolvent scale that involves the transfer activity coefficient of hydronium/lyonium ion. pH is an example of an acidity function
PH
Thermodynamic equilibrium between a solid and a solution of the same compound
activity coefficients, to become a quotient of concentrations. See Equilibrium chemistry § Equilibrium constant for details. Moreover, the activity of
Solubility_equilibrium
Third letter of the Greek alphabet
gamma function The heat capacity ratio Cp /Cv in thermodynamics The activity coefficient in thermodynamics The gyromagnetic ratio in electromagnetism Gamma
Gamma
is the Physical Activity coefficient. The activity coefficients are tabulated below: Sedentary means only the light physical activity associated with
Institute of Medicine Equation
Institute_of_Medicine_Equation
Solution exhibiting thermodynamic properties analogous to an ideal gas
Raoult's law across the entire range of concentrations, and the activity coefficient (which measures deviation from ideality) is equal to one for each
Ideal_solution
Quantification of the electrical interactions between ions in solution
first introduced by Lewis and Randall in 1921 while describing the activity coefficients of strong electrolytes. The molar ionic strength, I, of a solution
Ionic_strength
Measure of an acid's strength in solution
numerator, activities of the reactants are placed in the denominator. See activity coefficient for a derivation of this expression. Since activity is the
Acid_dissociation_constant
Change in enthalpy during the mixture of substances
mixtures, the thermodynamic activity of each component is different from its concentration by multiplying with the activity coefficient. One approximation for
Enthalpy_of_mixing
Plot of thermodynamically stable phases of an aqueous electrochemical system
concentrations when the activity coefficients ( γ i {\displaystyle \gamma _{i}} ) tend to one, the term regrouping all the activity coefficients is equal to one
Pourbaix_diagram
partitioning coefficient, K i {\displaystyle K_{i}} . This coefficient depends on various inputs including the vapor pressure, the activity coefficient in the
Secondary_organic_aerosol
Simulation process modeling environment
numerical derivatives. COCO includes a LITE version of COSMOtherm, an activity coefficient model based on Ab initio quantum chemistry methods. The simulator
COCO_simulator
Calculation involving electrolyte solutions
developed in 1973 by Leroy A. Bromley with the objective of calculating activity coefficients for aqueous electrolyte solutions whose concentrations are above
Bromley_equation
Model describing the adsorption of a mono-layer of gas molecules on an ideal flat surface
solutions the activity of the solvent in bulk solution a 1 b ≃ 1 , {\displaystyle a_{1}^{\text{b}}\simeq 1,} and the activity coefficients ( γ {\displaystyle
Langmuir_adsorption_model
Effective partial pressure
liquid is used as a reference state when defining and using mixture activity coefficients. The fugacity is most useful in mixtures. It does not add any new
Fugacity
Model in physical chemistry
(abbreviated NRTL model) is an activity coefficient model introduced by Renon and Prausnitz in 1968 that correlates the activity coefficients γ i {\displaystyle \gamma
Non-random_two-liquid_model
Subdiscipline of chemistry concerned with chemical equilibrium
activities. Activities can be calculated from concentrations if the activity coefficient are known, but this is rarely the case. Sometimes activity coefficients
Equilibrium_chemistry
COSMOSPACE (COSMO Surface-Pair Activity Coefficient Equation) is an activity coefficient model in which the activity coefficient of the components in a liquid
COSMOSPACE
Any of a range of techniques used to break an azeotrope in distillation
azeotrope. Added in the liquid phase, the new component can alter the activity coefficient of various compounds in different ways thus altering a mixture's
Azeotropic_distillation
Standard apparent reduction potentials (E°') in biochemistry at pH 7
concentrations (Ci) only if the system is sufficiently diluted and the activity coefficients (γi) are close to unity (ai = γi Ci): Q r = a Red a Ox = C Red C
Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions important in biochemistry
Table_of_standard_reduction_potentials_for_half-reactions_important_in_biochemistry
Constants that describe stability of coordination complexes
numerator; activities of the reactants are placed in the denominator. See activity coefficient for a derivation of this expression. Since activity is the
Stability constants of complexes
Stability_constants_of_complexes
Thermodynamic model for the estimation of limiting activity coefficients
thermodynamic model for the estimation of limiting activity coefficients (also known as activity coefficient at infinite dilution). From a historical point
MOSCED
state (mostly cubic) with activity coefficient models based on group contributions, such as UNIFAC. The activity coefficient model is used to adapt the
PSRK
Chemical compound
"Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Acidic and Basic Nonelectrolytes in Aqueous Salt Solutions. 2. Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Suberic, Azelaic
Suberic_acid
American physical chemist
Mikkel Frandsen: "The Standard Electrode Potential of Iron and the Activity Coefficient of Ferrous Chloride," and "Determination of the Free Energy of Ferrous
Merle_Randall
Thermodynamic model
group-interaction values is the UNIFAC method, which estimates activity coefficients. A big disadvantage of the group-interaction model is the need for
Group-contribution_method
Mass per unit volume
relation between excess volumes and activity coefficients of the components, one can determine the activity coefficients: V E ¯ i = R T ∂ ln γ i ∂ P . {\displaystyle
Density
Equation used to estimate pH of a weak acid or base solution
{\displaystyle \gamma } are the corresponding activity coefficients. If the quotient of activity coefficients can be assumed to be a constant which is independent
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
Henderson–Hasselbalch_equation
Measure of acidity for very strong acids
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation are no longer valid due to the variations of the activity coefficients. The Hammett acidity function is used in fields such as physical
Hammett_acidity_function
Equation relating the concentration of a component and surface tension
{\mathrm {d} a_{i}}{a_{i}}}=RT\mathrm {d} \ln fC_{i}\,,} where f is the activity coefficient of component i, and C is the concentration of species i in the bulk
Gibbs_isotherm
Change in enthalpy from dissolving a substance
For non-ideal solutions of electrolytes it is connected to the activity coefficient of the solute(s) and the temperature derivative of the relative permittivity
Enthalpy_change_of_solution
American nuclear chemist (1916–2003)
dissociation constant of sulfuric acid, and methods for predicting activity and osmotic coefficients of concentrated electrolyte mixtures. With Lietzke and Raymond
Raymond_W._Stoughton
Fraction of total electric current carried in an electrolyte by an ionic species
concentration cell involves both the transport number of the cation and its activity coefficient: E T = − z R T F ∫ I I I t + d ln a + / − {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm
Ion_transport_number
of state (mostly cubic) with activity coefficient models based on group contributions like UNIFAC. The activity coefficient model is used to adapt the equation
VTPR
Chemical compound
"Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Acidic and Basic Nonelectrolytes in Aqueous Salt Solutions. 2. Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Suberic, Azelaic
Sebacic_acid
American chemical engineer (born 1928)
for his work in molecular thermodynamics. He developed many of the activity coefficient models used for the design of major chemical plants. Prausnitz was
John_Prausnitz
Law of thermodynamics for vapour pressure of a mixture
law. It is called the fugacity coefficient ( ϕ p , i {\displaystyle \phi _{p,i}} ). The second, the activity coefficient γ i {\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}
Raoult's_law
Vice-Chancellor and Rector of Stellenbosch University
Deenadayalu, Nirmala; Nevines, Ashley; Naicker, Pavan K. (2003-03-18). Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution of Organic Solutes in 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium
Deresh_Ramjugernath
American chemist
Randall in 1932, The Standard Electrode Potential of Iron and the Activity Coefficient of Ferrous Chloride and Determination of the Free Energy of Ferrous
Mikkel_Frandsen
Difference in properties of one mole of substance in a mixture vs. an ideal solution
solvent (water) can be linked to the statistical component of the activity coefficient γ s {\displaystyle \gamma _{s}} of the electrolyte and its solvation
Apparent_molar_property
Equation characterising electrochemical kinetics
are are the activities at equilibrium. The activities a are related to the concentrations c by a = γc, where γ is the activity coefficient. The equilibrium
Butler–Volmer_equation
Organic chemical compound
"Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Acidic and Basic Nonelectrolytes in Aqueous Salt Solutions. 2. Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Suberic, Azelaic
Azelaic_acid
Phenomenon in reverse osmosis
{\frac {\gamma [Ca^{2+}]\gamma [SO_{4}^{2-}]}{Ksp}}} where, γ is activity coefficient. [Ca2+] and [SO42−] are calcium and sulphate concentrations in mol/L
Membrane_scaling
Solutions of Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases
published two pure research papers on the activity issues in DES, in the first he pointed out that activity coefficients in DES do appear to deviate wildly away
Deep_eutectic_solvent
Electrochemical interface that is either polarisable or polarised
_{\text{A-}}^{\text{o}}}}\right)}} where γ represents the activity coefficient. Ionic partition diagram Distribution law Ion transport number Hung
ITIES
Type of thermodynamic potential
(NRTL model) – Gibbs energy of excess and mixing calculation and activity coefficients Spinodal – Spinodal Curves (Hessian matrix) Standard molar entropy
Gibbs_free_energy
Chemical compound with formula NaCl
pH in diluted solutions where the effects of ionic strength and activity coefficients are negligible. Common salt has a 1:1 molar ratio of sodium and
Sodium_chloride
Salt water for medical purposes
Springer. p. 6. Hamer WJ, Wu YC (1 October 1972). "Osmotic Coefficients and Mean Activity Coefficients of Uni-univalent Electrolytes in Water at 25°C". Journal
Saline_(medicine)
Name Standard symbol Definition Named after Field of application Activity coefficient γ {\displaystyle \gamma } γ = a x {\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {a}{x}}}
List of dimensionless quantities
List_of_dimensionless_quantities
German physical chemist and physicist (1896–1980)
account for their electrical conductivity and their thermodynamic activity coefficients. After spending 1928 and 1929 in England and Denmark, working briefly
Erich_Hückel
The Phenol coefficient, is now largely of historical interest, although the principles upon which it is based are still used. It is a measure of the bactericidal
Phenol_coefficient
Equation in thermodynamics
{\displaystyle N_{1}+N_{2},} substituting in the definition of activity coefficient γ {\displaystyle \gamma } and using the identity x 1 + x 2 = 1 {\displaystyle
Gibbs–Duhem_equation
Measure of temperature sensitivity in muscles
The Q10 temperature coefficient is a mathematical parameter that is thought to come from the late 19th century, in the work of van ’t Hoff. Q10 is a measure
Q10_(temperature_coefficient)
Factors representing a given reaction's influence on a steady state biochemical system
observable with respect to a change in enzyme activity (ei for each species i). For example, the flux control coefficients (C J ei, where J is the reaction rate)
Control coefficient (biochemistry)
Control_coefficient_(biochemistry)
Thermodynamics material reference point
real solution at a standard concentration (often 1 mol/dm3). The activity coefficients will not transfer from convention to convention and so it is very
Standard_state
Components of a chemical sample other than the substance of interest
example, the ionic strength of the solution can have an effect on the activity coefficients of the analytes. The most common approach for accounting for matrix
Matrix_(chemical_analysis)
Empirical observation in economics that as income rises, less is spent on food
a high Engel coefficient, whereas a country with higher standards of living would have a lower Engel coefficient. The Engel coefficient is used for this
Engel's_law
Topics referred to by the same term
Specific ion interaction theory, a theory for estimation of single-ion activity coefficients Sprint interval training, a form of high-intensity interval training
SIT
Raoult's Law using appropriate activity coefficients. Where activity coefficients are not available, the coefficient may be assumed to be 1.0. 3. The
HAZMAT Class 6 Toxic and infectious substances
HAZMAT_Class_6_Toxic_and_infectious_substances
Pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium
and positive deviations can be used to determine thermodynamic activity coefficients of the components of mixtures. Equilibrium vapor pressure can be
Vapor_pressure
energy at infinite pressure between an equation of state and an activity coefficient model (and thus with liquid excess Gibbs free energy). Halgren, Thomas
Combining_rules
a_{1}}{\partial \ln N_{1}}}).} where: a 1 {\displaystyle a_{1}} is the activity coefficient of the first component. D ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {D}}} is the overall
Darken's_equations
Method to compare weigh classes in Olympic weightlifting
The Sinclair Coefficients are a method to compare different weight classes in Olympic weightlifting. It replaced Hoffman's formula, which was the first
Sinclair_coefficient
Part of international standard ISO 31
the amount-of-substance concentration of hydrogen ion H+ and y1 denotes the activity coefficient of a typical uni-univalent electrolyte in the solution.
ISO_31-8
Measure of lipophilicity and hydrophilicity
The n-octanol-water partition coefficient, Kow is a partition coefficient for the two-phase system consisting of n-octanol and water. Kow is also frequently
Octanol-water partition coefficient
Octanol-water_partition_coefficient
Mathematical model of biochemical pathways
g. enzyme activity or the steady-state rate ( v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} ) of step i {\displaystyle i} . The two main control coefficients are the flux
Metabolic_control_analysis
German chemist (born 1946)
equilibria, solid–liquid equilibria, gas solubilities, heats of mixing, activity coefficients and more) Gmehling began in the 1970s with the systematic evaluation
Jürgen_Gmehling
American physical chemist (1875–1946)
[non-primary source needed] Lewis, Gilbert N.; Randall, Merle (1921). "The activity coefficient of strong electrolytes". Journal of the American Chemical Society
Gilbert_N._Lewis
Luminosity Optical activity Photoelasticity Photosensitivity Reflectivity Refractive index Scattering Transmittance Attenuation coefficients Half-life Neutron
List_of_materials_properties
columns etc.) and a range of thermodynamic methods (equation of state, activity coefficient models, etc.). These library components are normally restricted to
CAPE-OPEN_Interface_Standard
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