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Measure of inequality of a statistical distribution
In economics, the Gini coefficient (/ˈdʒiːni/ JEE-nee), also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to
Gini_coefficient
indicators, like the Gini coefficient and specific income ratios. Income from black market economic activity is not included. The Gini coefficient is a number
List of countries by income inequality
List_of_countries_by_income_inequality
states. The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of incomes (or sometimes wealth) across individuals. A score of "0" on the Gini coefficient represents
List of U.S. states and territories by income inequality
List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income_inequality
Italian statistician (1884–1965)
Corrado Gini (23 May 1884 – 13 March 1965) was an Italian statistician, demographer and sociologist who developed the Gini coefficient, a measure of the
Corrado_Gini
Spread of wealth in a society
will also increase. The Gini coefficient (or Gini index) is an indicator often used to measure wealth inequality. A Gini coefficient of 0 reflects perfect
Distribution_of_wealth
"Economy of LOCATION" links. Gini: Higher Gini coefficients signify greater inequality in wealth distribution. A Gini coefficient of 0 reflects perfect wealth
List of countries by wealth per adult
List_of_countries_by_wealth_per_adult
Distribution of a country's total GDP amongst its population
closely associated with measures of income inequality, such as the Gini coefficient. World Bank lists 118 countries based on consumption inequality compared
Income_distribution
Measure of statistical dispersion
difference divided by the arithmetic mean, and equal to twice the Gini coefficient. The mean absolute difference is also known as the absolute mean difference
Mean_absolute_difference
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up gini in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Gini may refer to: Gini coefficient (also the Gini index) in economics, an indicator of income inequality
Gini
estimated that China's Gini coefficient increased from 0.30 to 0.55 between 1980 and 2002. At this time, the Gini coefficient for rural–urban inequality
Income_inequality_in_China
Relative measure of dispersion expressed as the ratio of standard deviation to the mean
like the Gini coefficient which is constrained to be between 0 and 1). It is, however, more mathematically tractable than the Gini coefficient. Archaeologists
Coefficient_of_variation
all the income). Thus, a Gini coefficient that increases over time indicates rising income inequality." "The Gini coefficient can also be interpreted as
Income inequality in the United States
Income_inequality_in_the_United_States
Graphical representation of the distribution of income or of wealth
= 100%. This curve is called the "line of perfect inequality." The Gini coefficient is the ratio of the area between the line of perfect equality and the
Lorenz_curve
Statistical principle about ratio of effects to causes
(for example, 0.8:0.2) and with A + B = 1, inequality measures like the Gini index (G) and the Hoover index (H) can be computed. In this case both are
Pareto_principle
Probability distribution
Specifically, the Gini coefficient is twice the area between the Lorenz curve and the equidistribution line. The Gini coefficient for the Pareto distribution
Pareto_distribution
Ways inequality is measured
most common metrics used to measure inequality are the Gini index (also known as Gini coefficient), the Theil index, and the Hoover index. They have all
Income_inequality_metrics
Denmark a Gini coefficient of 0.249, below the OECD average of 0.315. The OECD in 2013 ranked Denmark with having a 0.254 Gini coefficient, ranking third
Income_inequality_in_Denmark
by Gini coefficient. India had a Gini coefficient of 32.5 in the year 1999- 2000; India's nominal Gini index rose to 36.8 in 2005, while real Gini after
Income_in_India
Country in Northern Europe
median wealth, Gini coefficient, distribution of adults (%) by wealth range, and number of adults. All of that info (except the Gini coefficient) is also in
Lithuania
Diagnostic plot of binary classifier ability
as Gini index or Gini coefficient, but it should not be confused with the measure of statistical dispersion that is also called Gini coefficient. G 1
Receiver operating characteristic
Receiver_operating_characteristic
Country in northern Europe
and density of unemployment funds occurred. In 2010, Sweden's income Gini coefficient was the third lowest among developed countries, at 0.25—slightly higher
Sweden
increased during the last decades. In 2017, Denmark had the seventh-lowest Gini coefficient (a measure of economic inequality) of the then 28 European Union countries
Economy_of_Denmark
This is a list of sovereign states by wealth inequality, including Gini coefficients. Wealth distribution can vary greatly from income distribution in
List of sovereign states by wealth inequality
List_of_sovereign_states_by_wealth_inequality
the household income Gini coefficient was 0.61. Urban China had a 0.58 Gini coefficient while rural China had a Gini coefficient of 0.61. In 2012, the
China Household Finance Survey
China_Household_Finance_Survey
{\displaystyle G_{beforetax}} is the before-tax Gini coefficient. Using the formula for the Gini coefficient, the equation for the Kakwani index can be reduced
Kakwani_index
Distribution of income or wealth between different groups
Income inequality metrics are used for measuring income inequality, the Gini coefficient being a widely used one. Another type of measurement is the Inequality-adjusted
Economic_inequality
the United States' Gini Coefficient at 41% while the CIA Factbook placed the coefficient at 45%. The United States' Gini Coefficient was below 40% in 1964
Tax policy and economic inequality in the United States
Tax_policy_and_economic_inequality_in_the_United_States
According to data from the World Bank, Germany has the 14th lowest Gini coefficient regarding income in the world. However, since the mid-1990s, income
Inequality_in_Germany
Country in Southern Africa
informal housing. Income disparity is one of the world's highest with a Gini coefficient of 59 in 2015. With a population of 3.1 million people, Namibia is
Namibia
Country in Northern Europe
inequality is considerably lower. According to Eurostat, Denmark's Gini coefficient for disposable income was the 7th-lowest among EU countries in 2017
Denmark
Line (India) Homeless Vulnerability Index Misery index (economics) Gini coefficient Genuine progress indicator (GPI) Legatum Prosperity Index Poverty gap
List of countries by Human Development Index
List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index
example, the Gini coefficient for wealth inequality increased from 0.80 in 1983 to 0.84 in 1989. In the same year, 1989, the Gini coefficient for income
Wealth inequality in the United States
Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States
country has one of the lowest income inequalities in the EU, with a Gini coefficient of 29.6 in 2023. The economy is heavily reliant on exports, primarily
Economy_of_Hungary
income among its citizens. According to the CIA World Factbook, the Gini coefficient of India, which is a measure of income distribution inequality, was
Income_inequality_in_India
accompanied by a rapid increase in income inequality that China's Gini coefficient increased from 0.310 in 1981 to 0.468 in 2018. Several policies have
Income_distribution_in_China
Uneven distribution of resources in a society
"well-being." If we look at the Gini coefficient for world income, over time, after World War II the global Gini coefficient sat at just under .45. From around
Social_inequality
Region of southeastern Europe
Herzegovina, Albania, North Macedonia (~$7,000) and Kosovo ($5,000). The Gini coefficient, which indicates the level of difference by monetary welfare of the
Balkans
also used separately. Adjusting income for inequality based on the Gini coefficient was first proposed by Amartya Sen in 1976. The UN first applied the
List of countries by inequality-adjusted income
List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_income
compensation (market income) or after taxes and transfer payments. The Gini coefficient is a widely accepted statistic that allows comparisons across jurisdictions
Economy_of_the_United_States
Geographic region in Europe
federal Gini coefficient for Germany stands at around 30, the southern states have a Gini coefficient of 30.6 whereas for the Northern states the Gini coefficient
Northern_Germany
China's Gini coefficient has generally been fluctuating and declining. After reaching its highest point of 0.491 in 2008, the Gini coefficient of the national
Economic_inequality_in_China
Psychological behavior
Line (India) Homeless Vulnerability Index Misery index (economics) Gini coefficient Genuine progress indicator (GPI) Legatum Prosperity Index Poverty gap
Learned_helplessness
Thus Spain may have higher purchasing power as well as a smaller gini coefficient (inequality measure), than shown in official numbers. In the first
Economy_of_Spain
Country in Southern Africa
some 56% lived below the poverty line in 2014. Having the highest Gini coefficient of 0.67, South Africa is considered one of the most economically unequal
South_Africa
European Union at a monthly minimum wage of €1,050. It maintains a Gini coefficient of 28.5 – as of 2026 according to Eurostat – which implies moderate
Economy_of_Croatia
slight increase in the number of low income in those over 65. The Gini coefficient declined from 0.343 in 2010 to 0.302 in 2020, which is an indicator
Poverty_in_Canada
the most egalitarian, according to the calculation provided by the Gini coefficient. From 2006 onwards, the economy faced problems of growing inflation
Economy_of_Iceland
opportunities, recreational spaces, housing and jobs. South Africa's Gini coefficient has remained high since 1982 and has proven to be noticeably higher
Wealth inequality in South Africa
Wealth_inequality_in_South_Africa
Relates income inequality and income mobility
The horizontal axis shows the inequality, measured by a country's Gini coefficient (a higher value means a more unequal distribution of income in society)
Great_Gatsby_Curve
Total earnings of an individual
Curve and the diagonal line calculates the Gini coefficient, which ranges from 0 to 1. A higher Gini coefficient indicates higher income inequality, with
Personal_income
Brazil ranks 49.3 in the Gini coefficient index, with the richest 10% of Brazilians earning 43% of the nation's income, the poorest 34% earn less than
Social_issues_in_Brazil
Continuous probability distribution for a non-negative random variable
income in economics, where it is known as the Fisk distribution. Its Gini coefficient is [11]. The log-logistic has been used as a model for the period of
Log-logistic_distribution
government activity. Income inequality in Sweden ranks as moderate in the Gini coefficient index, being 29.3 as of 2023 with inequality rising sharply since 2021
Income_inequality_in_Sweden
] at 99%. According to the United Nations Development Program, the Gini coefficient (inequality indicator) is one of the lowest in Europe. Before the October
Economy_of_Belarus
Range of poverty indicators
Line (India) Homeless Vulnerability Index Misery index (economics) Gini coefficient Genuine progress indicator (GPI) Legatum Prosperity Index Poverty gap
Multidimensional Poverty Index
Multidimensional_Poverty_Index
Term in market economics
market concentration criterion. Examples are stochastic dominance and Gini coefficient. The Herfindahl–Hirschman index (HHI) (the most commonly used market
Market_concentration
System for categorizing galaxies based on appearance
at low redshift. In 2004, a paper by Jennifer Lotz found that the Gini coefficient, when used in tandem with the second-order moment of the brightest
Galaxy morphological classification
Galaxy_morphological_classification
Country in Central Europe
less than the mean income, income inequality is relatively low with a Gini coefficient of 29.7, placing Switzerland among the top 20 countries. In 2015, the
Switzerland
Lack of economic resources
several other different income inequality metrics, for example, the Gini coefficient or the Theil index. Rather than income, poverty is also measured through
Poverty
more equitable income distribution and inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) fell from 45.7 to 38.9 between 1980 and 2006. This remarkable achievement
Economy_of_Mauritius
Index to measure economic inequality
property of the Theil index which the more popular Gini coefficient does not offer. The Gini coefficient is more intuitive to many people since it is based
Theil_index
Line (India) Homeless Vulnerability Index Misery index (economics) Gini coefficient Genuine progress indicator (GPI) Legatum Prosperity Index Poverty gap
List of African countries by Human Development Index
List_of_African_countries_by_Human_Development_Index
Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda, S. A. Retrieved 22 February 2026. "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat
Member state of the European Union
Member_state_of_the_European_Union
Country in Northern Europe
the level of stratification and distribution of family income. The Gini coefficient has held steadily higher than the EU average (31 in 2009), although
Estonia
Group of islands in the South Atlantic
islands have a high Human Development Index of 0.874 and a moderate Gini coefficient for income inequality of 34.17. The local currency is the Falkland
Falkland_Islands
Composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices
Line (India) Homeless Vulnerability Index Misery index (economics) Gini coefficient Genuine progress indicator (GPI) Legatum Prosperity Index Poverty gap
Human_Development_Index
Island country in the Atlantic Ocean
had the second-highest quality of life in the world. Based on the Gini coefficient, Iceland also has one of the lowest rates of income inequality in the
Iceland
Statistical dispersion in nominal distributions
fj are the ith and jth frequencies respectively. The MNDif is the Gini coefficient applied to qualitative data. This is an analog of the variance. VarNC
Qualitative_variation
Summary statistic of the Lorenz curve
Lorenz curve is the Gini coefficient, which is an overall measure of inequality within the population. The Lorenz asymmetry coefficient can be a useful supplement
Lorenz_asymmetry_coefficient
of overall income inequality has further accentuated: the country's Gini coefficient increased by four percentage points, from 0.66 to 0.70, between 1993
Economy_of_South_Africa
Portuguese archipelago in the North Atlantic
"Coeficiente de Gini do rendimento monetário líquido por adulto equivalente (%) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013); Anual" [Gini coefficient of net monetary
Azores
Probability distribution
distribution with standard deviation σ {\displaystyle \sigma } , then the Gini coefficient, commonly used to evaluate income inequality, can be computed as G
Log-normal_distribution
second-highest Gini coefficient out of all nations, with a coefficient of 59.1 as of 2015. Only South Africa has a higher Gini coefficient. However, many
Economy_of_Namibia
included, Bagnall identified a Gini coefficient of 0.638. For the villagers of the town, Bagnall computed a Gini coefficient of 0.431 using only the best-preserved
Poverty_in_ancient_Rome
are several different income inequality metrics; one example is the Gini coefficient. Although absolute poverty is more common in developing countries,
Measuring_poverty
Leader of China from 2002 to 2012
'mass incidents' continued to increase across the country. China's Gini coefficient climbed to 0.47 by 2010, indicating a potentially unsustainable gap
Hu_Jintao
Country in northern Europe
comparable western economies. This is also evident in Norway's low Gini coefficient. The state has large ownership positions in key industrial sectors
Norway
income among its citizens. According to the CIA World Factbook, the Gini coefficient of India, which is a measure of income distribution inequality, was
Economy_of_India
Probability distribution in economics
wealth distribution. The relation between the Dagum Type I and the Gini coefficient is summarized in the formula below: G = Γ ( p ) Γ ( 2 p + 1 / a ) Γ
Dagum_distribution
Measure of income inequality
to medical intervention. The Gini coefficient showed very little correlation with any of the causes of death. The Gini, like the Theil (below), is an
Hoover_index
pesos while the richest 20% of 176,863 pesos. The Gini coefficient is also known as Gini index or Gini Ratio. It measures the degree of inequality in the
Income inequality in the Philippines
Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines
Higher tax ratio on poorer sources
measuring the difference in the Gini coefficient of incomes before and after taxes and transfers. The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality, with
Regressive_tax
Country ranking by public sector corruption
robust positive association between income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) and corruption (measured by the CPI). A study from 2001 shows that
Corruption_Perceptions_Index
Economic model showing fair trading leads to inequality
small group. Eventually, one person ends up with almost everything (a Gini coefficient of 1), and the wealth gap keeps widening. Historically, the yard-sale
Yard-sale_model
Condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs
Line (India) Homeless Vulnerability Index Misery index (economics) Gini coefficient Genuine progress indicator (GPI) Legatum Prosperity Index Poverty gap
Extreme_poverty
Country in Central Europe
International Monetary Fund. 14 April 2026. Retrieved 19 April 2026. "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". Eurostaturl-status=live
Austria
Measure of tax progressiveness
progressiveness, named for economist Daniel B. Suits. Similar to the Gini coefficient, the Suits index is calculated by comparing the area under the Lorenz
Suits_index
pension funds have had difficulty keeping up with inflation. With a Gini coefficient of 25.1 (2013) the income inequality is relatively low in the Netherlands
Economy_of_the_Netherlands
Department, inequality has been decreasing steadily since 1970, with the Gini coefficient dropping to an all-time low of 0.40 in 2014. Poverty in Malaysia List
Income_inequality_in_Malaysia
Singapore is one of the world's wealthiest countries per capita, but its Gini coefficient is high in comparison to developed countries. Statistics on income
Economy_of_Singapore
Term used to explain attention distribution across social media
approximately 0.2% of all hostnames, and 80% on 5% of hostnames. The Gini coefficient of attention distribution lay in 2008 at over 0.921 for such commercial
Attention_inequality
inequality (before taxes and benefits) was 47.6% as measured by the Gini coefficient, and reduced to 26.8% for final income inequality (after taxes and
Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom
of poverty or social exclusion". ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat. "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Economy_of_Slovakia
(PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2020. "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved
Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic
while the bottom 30% only receives 5 years. Gini Index is a measure of inequality in a country, A coefficient of 0 indicates a perfect equality, meaning
Middle_class_in_Colombia
modest decline in inequality for the country as a whole. Brazil's GINI coefficient, a measure of income inequality, has slowly decreased from 0.596 in
Income_inequality_in_Brazil
Measurement of poverty intensity
is the head count ratio and G z {\displaystyle G_{z}} is the income Gini coefficient of only the people below the poverty line. Watts index, sometimes referred
Poverty_gap_index
Person with wealth beyond a certain value
the amount of money held by a far higher number of poor people. The Gini coefficient, and other measures in economics, estimated for each country, are useful
Millionaire
Spread of world views, products, ideas, capital and labor
traditional metrics, such as GDP, and look to other measures, such as the Gini coefficient or the Happy Planet Index, and point to a "multitude of interconnected
Globalization
exclusion by sex". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 2 February 2025. "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat
Economy_of_Latvia
GINI COEFFICIENT
GINI COEFFICIENT
Female
English
 Pet form of English Georgina, GINA means "earth-worker, farmer." Also a pet form of other English names ending with -gina. Compare with other forms of Gina.
Female
French
Pet form of French Georgine, GIGI means "earth-worker, farmer."Â
Female
Hungarian
Pet form of Hungarian Gizella, GIZI means "pledge, hostage, noble offspring."
Male
Hebrew
(×’Ö¼Ö´× Ö¼Ö¸×”) Hebrew unisex name GINA means "garden." Compare with strictly feminine forms of Gina.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Small, Often a pet name
Girl/Female
Indian
Gold
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek
Well-born; Everliving; Noble; Short for Names Ending with Gino
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : reduced form of McGinn, an Anglicized form of Gaelic Mag Finn ‘son of Fionn’.English : from Middle English gin ‘trick’, ‘contrivance’, ‘snare’, a reduced form of Middle English engin (see Ingham 2), hence a metonymic occupational name for a trapper or a nickname for a cunning person.
Male
Hebrew
Pet form of Hebrew Gidown, GIDI means "cutter down; hewer," i.e. "mighty warrior."
Female
Finnish
Finnish name SINI means "blue."
Girl/Female
Muslim
Spring, Flower, Source, Choice
Boy/Male
Hindu
Mountain
Female
French
French form of Latin Regina, RÉGINE means "queen."
Female
Japanese
 Japanese name GINA means "silvery." Compare with other forms of Gina.
Female
Hebrew
(×’Ö¼Ö´× Ö¼Ö¸×”) Hebrew unisex name GINA means "garden." Compare with other forms of Gina.
Girl/Female
Indian
A song, World, Universe
Girl/Female
Hindu
Variation of Jenny which is a diminutive of jane and jennifer
Girl/Female
Indian
Modest
Girl/Female
Indian
Spring, Flower, Source, Choice
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Gold Coin; Parrot
GINI COEFFICIENT
GINI COEFFICIENT
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Kesed, CHESED means "increase." In the bible, this is the name of the 4th son of Nahor.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Name of a Raga
Girl/Female
Tamil
Kiranprabha | கிரணபà¯à®°à®ªà®¾
Girl/Female
American, British, English
God is Gracious; Modern Name Based on Jane or Jean; Based on Janai
Female
Gaelic
Gaelic form of Latin Alexandra, ALASTRÃONA means "defender of mankind."
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Eliminator of Power; Very Powerful
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; perhaps a hypercorrected form of Easter.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Fortunate
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Bright; Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Muslim
Good looking, Bright like morning
GINI COEFFICIENT
GINI COEFFICIENT
GINI COEFFICIENT
GINI COEFFICIENT
GINI COEFFICIENT
n.
Against; near by; towards; as, gin night.
n.
Holland gin.
n.
Gin made in Holland.
n.
A snare; a gin.
imp. & p. p.
of Gin
pl.
of Ginnee
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Gin
n.
A machine for separating the seeds from cotton; a cotton gin.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Gin
n.
A strong alcoholic liquor, distilled from rye and barley, and flavored with juniper berries; -- also called Hollands and Holland gin, because originally, and still very extensively, manufactured in Holland. Common gin is usually flavored with turpentine.
imp. & p. p.
of Gin
v. t.
To clear of seeds by a machine; as, to gin cotton.
v. i.
To begin [Obs.] See Gin.
n.
The red or cuckoo gurnard (Trigla pini.)
n.
Same as Gang, n., 2.
n.
The European red gurnard (Trigla pini).
v. i.
To begin. See Gin.