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Planet smaller than Earth
A sub-Earth is a planet "substantially less massive" than Earth and Venus. In the Solar System, this category includes Mercury and Mars. Sub-Earth exoplanets
Sub-Earth
Type of exoplanet larger than Earth
super-Earths and sub-Neptunes is around 1.75 Earth-radii, as 2 Earth-radii would be the upper limit to be rocky (a planet with 2 Earth-radii and 5 Earth-masses
Super-Earth
Red dwarf star in the constellation Ophiuchus
observed in 1998. Barnard's Star hosts a system of four close-orbiting, sub-Earth-mass planets (Barnard's Star b, c, d & e). Multiple claims for a planetary
Barnard's_Star
Sub-Earth exoplanet orbiting Barnard's Star
or Barnard b, is a sub-Earth-mass exoplanet closely orbiting Barnard's Star, a nearby red dwarf star six light-years from Earth. The planet was discovered
Barnard's_Star_b
Types of planet by chemical mass
(2023-09-01). "Company for the Ultra-high Density, Ultra-short Period Sub-Earth GJ 367 b: Discovery of Two Additional Low-mass Planets at 11.5 and 34
List_of_planet_types
Extrasolar planet orbiting the star Gliese 367
formally named Tahay, is a sub-Earth exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 367 (GJ 367), 30.7 light-years (9.4 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation
Gliese_367_b
Suárez Mascareño, A.; et al. (January 4, 2022). "A candidate short-period sub-Earth orbiting Proxima Centauri" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 658. European
List_of_nearest_exoplanets
Nearest star to the Solar System
highly uncertain. A sub-Earth, Proxima Centauri d, roughly 0.028 AU (4.2 million km) away, orbits it every 5.1 days. A candidate sub-Neptune, Proxima Centauri c
Proxima_Centauri
Spaceflight where the spacecraft does not go into orbit
from Earth that reaches the Kármán line (about 83 km [52 mi] – 100 km [62 mi] above sea level), and then falls back to Earth, is considered a sub-orbital
Sub-orbital_spaceflight
3847/1538-4357/ab7c67. Basant, Ritvik; Luque, Rafael; et al. (March 2025). "Four Sub-Earth Planets Orbiting Barnard's Star from MAROON-X and ESPRESSO". The Astrophysical
List_of_smallest_exoplanets
Third planet from the Sun
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. This is made possible by Earth being an ocean world, the
Earth
Martian volcano, highest point on Mars
volcanoes on Earth, Martian basaltic volcanoes are capable of erupting enormous quantities of ash. Due to the reduced gravity of Mars compared to Earth, there
Olympus_Mons
Star system in the Centaurus constellation
The former is an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone (though it is unlikely to be habitable) while the latter is a sub-Earth which orbits very closely
Alpha_Centauri
Apparent oscillation of a minor body seen from the major body it orbits
observed from a point on Earth, it is the combination of longitudinal and latitudinal libration producing a movement of the sub-Earth point and a wobbling
Libration
Planet smaller than Neptune with a low density envelope
rate of sub-Neptunes. Sub-Neptunes are frequently found with other sub-Neptunes (or super-Earths). They tend to have similar sizes as other sub-Neptunes
Sub-Neptune
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
(about one-third of Earth's radius). Objects in orbits that pass through this zone, even if they have an apogee further out or are sub-orbital, are carefully
Low_Earth_orbit
Terrestrial planet orbiting L 98-59
Suárez Mascareño, A.; et al. (January 4, 2022). "A candidate short-period sub-Earth orbiting Proxima Centauri" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 658. European
L_98-59_b
Planet with environment similar to Earth's
An Earth analog, also called an Earth twin or second Earth, is a planet or moon with environmental conditions similar to those found on Earth. The term
Earth_analog
Larger of the two moons of Mars
which Phobos is a companion to the god, Ares. Planetary moons other than Earth's were never given symbols in the astronomical literature. Denis Moskowitz
Phobos_(moon)
Sub-Earth orbiting Proxima Centauri
independently confirmed in 2025. Proxima d is a sub-Earth at least one-quarter of the mass of Earth (or twice the mass of Mars), orbiting at roughly
Proxima_Centauri_d
Triple star system in the constellation of Lyra
away from Earth in the constellation Lyra. On 27 January 2015, the Kepler spacecraft is reported to have confirmed the detection of five sub-Earth-sized rocky
Kepler-444
1993 studio album by Earth
Earth 2: Special Low Frequency Version is the debut studio album by the American rock band Earth, released on February 5, 1993 on Sub Pop. Produced by
Earth_2_(album)
Red dwarf in the constellation Volans
multi-planetary system with HARPS - Mass characterization of a hot super-Earth, a sub-Neptune, and a mass upper limit on the third planet". Astronomy & Astrophysics
L_98-59
4 sub-brown dwarfs. The closest system is Alpha Centauri, with Proxima Centauri as the closest star in that system, at 4.2465 light-years from Earth. The
List_of_nearest_stars
Sub-Earth orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 341
of 0.92 R🜨 and an estimated mass of 0.72 M🜨, it is classified as a sub-Earth. It was discovered in 2024 via transit observations and analyzed by James
Gliese_341_b
Archaic conception of Earth's shape
Flat Earth is an archaic and scientifically disproven conception of the Earth's shape as a plane or disk. Many ancient societies subscribed to a flat-Earth
Flat_Earth
Sub Earth orbiting PSR B1257+12
2018-02-01. Retrieved 2016-01-29. Wolszczan, A. (1994). "Confirmation of Earth Mass Planets Orbiting the Millisecond Pulsar PSR B1257+12" (PDF). Science
PSR_B1257+12_A
; Osorio, M. R. Zapatero (1 February 2022). "A candidate short-period sub-Earth orbiting Proxima Centauri". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 658: A115. arXiv:2202
List of potentially habitable exoplanets
List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets
Planet outside of the Solar System
Mario; et al. (January 2025). "Evidence for a volcanic atmosphere on the sub-Earth L98-59b". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 980 (2): L26. arXiv:2501
Exoplanet
Exoplanet in the constellation Virgo
candidate KOI-1843.03 has a period four minutes shorter. K2-137b is a sub-Earth in terms of radius. The discovery paper gives an estimate of 0.89±0.09
K2-137b
found evidences of atmosphere for the sub-Earth planet L 98-59 b, the evaporating planet K2-22b and the super-Earth planets TOI-561 b and HD 3167 b. To
List of terrestrial exoplanet candidates for atmosphere detection
List_of_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates_for_atmosphere_detection
Rock on Phobos
consisting of a single massive piece of rock. Monoliths also occur naturally on Earth, but it has been suggested that the Phobos monolith may be a piece of impact
Phobos_monolith
Sub-Earth orbiting Kepler-37, currently the smallest known exoplanet
unphysically high densities. Kepler-37b is a sub-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass smaller than Earth. Its equilibrium temperature is 718 K (445 °C;
Kepler-37b
Small rocky exoplanet orbiting TRAPPIST-1
TRAPPIST-1d is a small exoplanet (about 40 percent the mass of the Earth), which orbits on the inner edge of the habitable zone of the ultracool dwarf
TRAPPIST-1d
Coordinate line
the celestial body's surface is the sub-Earth point. The central meridian is the meridian going through the sub-Earth point. Because of the body's rotation
Central_meridian_(astronomy)
Proposed concepts
helicopter have been on Mars. As of 2026, the farthest humans have been beyond Earth is the Moon and its vicinity, with the lunar flights of the Apollo program
Human_mission_to_Mars
Exoplanetary object orbiting around WD 1145+017
Light" mission. It is located about 476 light-years (146 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation of Virgo. The object was found by using the transit
WD_1145+017_b
Red dwarf star in the constellation Vela
transit photometry data by December 2021. Gliese 367 b is a close-orbiting sub-Earth that takes just 7.7 hours to orbit its star, one of the shortest orbits
Gliese_367
Martian orbit around the Sun
error in the Earth and Mars orbits in DE405 is now known to be about 2 km, which was good accuracy in 1997 but much worse than the current sub-kilometer
Orbit_of_Mars
Super-Earth ice exoplanet
NASA) is a super-Earth ice exoplanet orbiting OGLE-2005-BLG-390L, a star 21,500 ± 3,300 light-years (6,600 ± 1,000 parsecs) from Earth near the center
OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb
First planet from the Sun
slightly higher than that of Mars. The surface of Mercury is similar to Earth's Moon, being cratered, with an expansive rupes system generated from thrust
Mercury_(planet)
Cold Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting TRAPPIST-1
dwarf star TRAPPIST-1, located 40.7 light-years (12.5 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation Aquarius. It was one of four new exoplanets to be discovered
TRAPPIST-1h
Solar day: unit of time on Mars
year is approximately 668.6 sols, equivalent to approximately 687 Earth days or 1.88 Earth years. The sol was adopted in 1976 during the Viking Lander missions
Mars_sol
Large, dark, basaltic plains on Earth's Moon
ellipsoid with high points at both the sub- and anti-Earth points. As an analogy, there are two high tides per day on Earth, and not one. Since mare basaltic
Lunar_mare
Exoplanet orbiting the star Kepler 1520
Kepler-1520. It is located about 2,020 light-years (620 parsecs) away from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus. The exoplanet was found by using the transit
Kepler-1520b
Terrestrial planet orbiting the star Proxima Centauri
; Osorio, M. R. Zapatero (1 February 2022). "A candidate short-period sub-Earth orbiting Proxima Centauri". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 658: A115. arXiv:2202
Proxima_Centauri_b
Smaller and outer moon of Mars
Mars) summons Dread (Deimos) and Fear (Phobos). Planetary moons other than Earth's were never given symbols in the astronomical literature. Denis Moskowitz
Deimos_(moon)
Proposed human Mars program by SpaceX
ensuring the long-term survival of the human race if it becomes extinct on Earth. Colonization is to be achieved with reusable and mass-produced, super heavy-lift
SpaceX Mars colonization program
SpaceX_Mars_colonization_program
Constellation straddling the celestial equator
August 2021. Basant, Ritvik; Luque, Rafael; et al. (March 2025). "Four Sub-Earth Planets Orbiting Barnard's Star from MAROON-X and ESPRESSO". The Astrophysical
Ophiuchus
Marvel Comics character
Retrieved August 31, 2019. Sub-Mariner (Earth 8107 at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe "Namor the Sub-Mariner - Marvel Universe".
Namor
Regions south of the Sahara
Sub-Saharan Africa is the areas and regions of the continent of Africa that lie south of the Sahara. These include Central Africa, East Africa, Southern
Sub-Saharan_Africa
Any of the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium
Rare-earth elements in the periodic table The rare-earth elements (REE), also called rare-earth metals, or rare earths, are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable
Rare-earth_element
Natural satellites of the planet Mars
mythology, hence the name of the planet) into battle. Compared to the Earth's Moon, the moons Phobos and Deimos are very small. Phobos has a diameter
Moons_of_Mars
Area of Mars
illumination". Similar optical illusions can be found in the geology of Earth; examples include the Old Man of the Mountain, the Romanian Sphinx, Giewont
Cydonia_(Mars)
There are at least 108 mountains on Earth with elevations of 7,200 m (23,622 ft; 4 mi) or greater above sea level. Of these, 14 are more than 8,000 m
List of highest mountains on Earth
List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth
Flag or flag design that represents the planet Mars
NASA, designed a Mars flag in 1984. Paine's Mars flag includes a sliver of Earth near the hoist side of the flag "as a reminder of where we came from, and
Flag_of_Mars
Type of terrestrial planet
et al. (2023). "Company for the Ultra-high Density, Ultra-short Period Sub-Earth GJ 367 b: Discovery of Two Additional Low-mass Planets at 11.5 and 34
Iron_planet
Event when Earth transits the Sun from Mars
A transit of Earth across the Sun as seen from Mars takes place when the planet Earth passes directly between the Sun and Mars, obscuring a small part
Transit_of_Earth_from_Mars
Sub-Earth orbiting Kepler-62
is 25 ± 3 times Earth's. It is similar to Mercury. Kepler-62c is a sub-Earth, an exoplanet with a radius and mass smaller than Earth. It has an equilibrium
Kepler-62c
F. (2016). "EXPRES: A next generation RV spectrograph in the search for earth-like worlds". In Evans, Christopher J; Simard, Luc; Takami, Hideki (eds
List of exoplanet search projects
List_of_exoplanet_search_projects
Large geographical region identified by convention
the Earth, the text claims that the Earth has seven continents and Lord Vishnu Measured the entire universe from his first foot from the land of Earth which
Continent
Era of Mars' geologic history
frequently cited. The Hesperian Period is roughly coincident with the Earth's early Archean Eon. With the decline of heavy impacts at the end of the
Hesperian
Trajectory of Earth around the Sun
Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 149.60 million km (92.96 million mi), or 8.317 light-minutes, in a counterclockwise direction as viewed
Earth's_orbit
Star in the constellation Cetus
which was the first to be discovered, is LHS 1140 b, a water-rich super-Earth in the habitable zone. The existence of LHS 1140 c was first proposed by
LHS_1140
Star in the constellation Leo
Retrieved July 20, 2012. Stevenson, Kevin B.; et al. (2012). "Two nearby sub-Earth-sized exoplanet candidates in the GJ 436 system". The Astrophysical Journal
Gliese_436
Gravitational force exerted by the planet Mars
than Earth's gravity due to the planet's smaller mass. The average gravitational acceleration on Mars is 3.721 m/s2 (about 38% of the gravity of Earth),
Gravity_of_Mars
Extrasolar planet
K2-22b (also known as EPIC 201637175 b) is an exoplanet 801 ly from Earth, rapidly orbiting the red dwarf K2-22 with an orbital period of 9.145872 hours
K2-22b
List of largest planets by size
S2CID 119245125. González Hernández, J. I.; et al. (October 2024). "A sub-Earth-mass planet orbiting Barnard's star". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 690: A79
List_of_largest_exoplanets
3847/1538-4357/ad3f1d. González Hernández, J. I.; et al. (October 2024). "A sub-Earth-mass planet orbiting Barnard's star". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 690: A79
List of exoplanets discovered in 2024
List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2024
Fourth planet from the Sun
gravity is roughly a third of Earth's or double that of the Moon. Its mean diameter, 6,779 km (4,212 mi), is about half the Earth's, or twice the Moon's, and
Mars
Planet not gravitationally bound to a star
S2CID 54007072. Bennett, D.P.; Batista, V.; et al. (13 December 2013). "A Sub-Earth-Mass Moon Orbiting a Gas Giant Primary or a High Velocity Planetary System
Rogue_planet
1051/0004-6361/202554236. Basant, Ritvik; Luque, Rafael; et al. (March 2025). "Four Sub-Earth Planets Orbiting Barnard's Star from MAROON-X and ESPRESSO". The Astrophysical
List of exoplanets discovered in 2025
List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2025
Locations on Earth sharing environmental conditions with Mars
Mars habitability analogue environments on Earth are environments that share potentially relevant astrobiological conditions with Mars. These include
Mars habitability analogue environments on Earth
Mars_habitability_analogue_environments_on_Earth
Proposed concepts for human settlements on Mars
of Earth's, which is only slightly less than the amount of dry land on Earth (which is 29.2% of Earth's surface). Mars has half the radius of Earth and
Colonization_of_Mars
Parody religion created in the US in the 1970s
did not descend from yetis. SubGenius leaders teach that Dobbs hopes to rid the Earth of 90% of humanity, making the Earth "clear". The group praises drug
Church_of_the_SubGenius
Frigid super-Earth orbiting OGLE-2016-BLG-1195L
OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb is an extrasolar planet located about 22,000 light-years from Earth, in the galactic bulge, orbiting the 0.57±0.06 M☉ star OGLE-2016-BLG-1195L
OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb
Proposed approaches to tracking date and time on the planet Mars
rotation period similar to those of Earth. Thus, it experiences seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter much like Earth. Mars's orbital eccentricity is
Timekeeping_on_Mars
Moon beyond the Solar System
PMC 8938273. PMID 35399159. Bennett, D.P.; et al. (13 December 2013). "A Sub-Earth-Mass Moon Orbiting a Gas Giant Primary or a High Velocity Planetary System
Exomoon
NASA space telescope for exoplanetology (2009–2018)
to discover Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars. Named after astronomer Johannes Kepler, the spacecraft was launched into an Earth-trailing heliocentric
Kepler_space_telescope
Star in the constellation Draco
not detect any stellar companions to HD 176693. In 2014, a transiting Sub-Earth planet b was detected on a tight 2.5 day orbit. Initially reported with
HD_176693
air Earth observation – Information about the Earth environment Earth in culture – Cultural perspectives about Earth Earth phase – Phases of Earth as seen
Timeline of first images of Earth from space
Timeline_of_first_images_of_Earth_from_space
Star at the centre of the Solar System
Its mean distance from Earth is about 1.496×108 kilometres or about 8 light-minutes. The distance between the Sun and the Earth was used to define a unit
Sun
Hypothetical modification of Mars into an Earth-like habitable planet
atmosphere similar to Earth's. Hazards and difficulties include low gravity, toxic soil, low light levels relative to Earth's, and the lack of a magnetic
Terraforming_of_Mars
Proposal for a crewed Mars mission
ten months to complete. Some 26 months after the Earth Return Vehicle is originally launched from Earth, a second vehicle, the Mars Habitat Unit, would
Mars_Direct
Montes on Mars
15 km (49,000 ft) base-to-peak. For comparison, the tallest volcano on Earth, Mauna Kea in Hawaii, is about 120 km (75 mi) across and stands 9 km (30
Tharsis_Montes
1991 EP by Earth
doom band Earth. Despite the length, it is an EP release. Originally a CD only release, the first vinyl edition was released in 2002 by Sub Pop. Dave
Extra-Capsular_Extraction
Past Geological Phenomenon on Mars
Terrestrial Sub-Ice Volcanoes Compared: Observations and Interpretations of Similar Geomorphic Characteristics, in The Geology of Mars: Evidence from Earth-Based
Volcanism_on_Mars
Solar system objects beyond Neptune
existence of planets beyond Neptune, ranging from less than an Earth mass (Sub-Earth) up to a brown dwarf has been often postulated for different theoretical
Trans-Neptunian_object
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
There are five Lagrange points for the Sun–Earth system, and five different Lagrange points for the Earth–Moon system. L1, L2, and L3 are on the line
Lagrange_point
Sub-Earth orbiting Kepler-42
telescope Kepler. Kepler-42 c is a planet with a radius 0.73 times that of Earth. It orbits its star in a little less than 11 hours at about 0.006 AU of
Kepler-42c
Martian meteorite discovered in Antarctica in 1984
extant Earth microbes, others are of the order of 100–200 nm in size, within the size limits of Pelagibacter ubique, the most common bacterium on Earth, which
Allan_Hills_84001
Supermassive terrestrial planet
classified as mega-Earths, with a mass of 37.1 M🜨 and a radius of 2.65 R🜨, so large that it could belong to a sub-category of mega-Earths known as "supermassive
Mega-Earth
Assessments of possible life on Mars
interest in astrobiology due to the planet's proximity and similarities to Earth. To date, no conclusive evidence of past or present life has been found
Life_on_Mars
Expanse, a 2016 television series featuring a colonized solar system in which Earth and an independent Mars compete for the resources of the asteroid belt The
List_of_films_set_on_Mars
Range of low orbital altitudes
highly elliptical orbit around Earth with a perigee as low as 80 to 90 km (50 to 56 mi), surviving for multiple orbits. Sub-orbital flight and near space
Very_low_Earth_orbit
Astronomical hypothesis
channels imply erosion by a liquid agent, and resemble ancient riverbeds on Earth. Enormous channels, 25 km wide and several hundred meters deep, appear to
Mars_ocean_hypothesis
Time period on Mars
above and below by strata with distinctly different characteristics (on Earth, usually index fossils) that indicate dramatic (often abrupt) changes in
Amazonian_(Mars)
Erroneous idea of canals on Mars
of its day) was almost the same as Earth's, and they knew that Mars's axial tilt was also almost the same as Earth's, which meant it had seasons in the
Martian_canals
1997 video game
and obstacles, defeating the gods of Wind, Earth, Water, and Fire that protected the amulet. Just as Sub-Zero reaches out for it, Quan Chi takes the
Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero
Mortal_Kombat_Mythologies:_Sub-Zero
Sub-Neptune orbiting the red dwarf K2-18
located 124 light-years (38 pc) away from Earth. The planet is a sub-Neptune about 2.6 times the radius of Earth, with a 33-day orbit within the star's habitable
K2-18b
SUB EARTH
SUB EARTH
Girl/Female
Greek
Prophetess; oracle.
Female
Egyptian
, Good Nub, or Good Gold.
Boy/Male
Latin Egyptian
Venerable.
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Swedish
Sun
Boy/Male
Sikh
Sun, Godly, Warrior, Brave, A musical note
Boy/Male
Muslim
Lion
Boy/Male
Australian, Egyptian, French, Greek, Latin
God of the Earth; From Sebastia
Male
English
Pet form of Middle English Sibald, SIB means "bold victory."
Female
English
Short form of English Susan, SUE means "lily."
Girl/Female
Biblical Hindi Indian
That withdraws or departs, rebellion.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Auspicious
Girl/Female
Biblical
My secret.
Boy/Male
Irish
From the town by the river Boyn.
Boy/Male
Indian
Lion
Girl/Female
Hebrew American English
Graceful lily.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Love
Female
Egyptian
, Peace of Nub.
Girl/Female
Indian, Kannada, Korean, Telugu
The Sun; Obedient
Girl/Female
Hindu
Morning
Girl/Female
German, Greek
Prophetess; Seer; Oracle; Diminutive of Sybil
SUB EARTH
SUB EARTH
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pulakitha | பà¯à®²à®•ீதா
Shivering with Joy
Girl/Female
Indian
Goddess Parvati, Goddess Durga
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
God; Short Form of Bhavesh or Bhavik
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Flowing; Greetings
Girl/Female
Hindu
Beautiful, Angel
Girl/Female
Muslim
Sky, Heaven
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
One who helps supports
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Adornment of the World
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Good Deva
SUB EARTH
SUB EARTH
SUB EARTH
SUB EARTH
SUB EARTH
v. t.
To leave high and dry on shore; as, to sue a ship.
v. i.
To fret; to chafe; as, to rub upon a sore.
v. t.
To strike, rub, or dress smooth; to dab;
n.
A quantity of money or currency; any amount, indefinitely; as, a sum of money; a small sum, or a large sum.
a.
See Sib.
n.
The amount which a tub contains, as a measure of quantity; as, a tub of butter; a tub of camphor, which is about 1 cwt., etc.
v. i.
To sob with convulsions.
n.
A small cask; as, a tub of gin.
n.
The direct light or warmth of the sun; sunshine.
v. i.
To move or pass with difficulty; as, to rub through woods, as huntsmen; to rub through the world.
v. t.
To plant or set in a tub; as, to tub a plant.
n.
A sweating in a tub; a tub fast.
v. t.
To expose to the sun's rays; to warm or dry in the sun; as, to sun cloth; to sun grain.
n.
A stub nail; an old horseshoe nail; also, stub iron.
v. t.
To strike as the toes, against a stub, stone, or other fixed object.
v. t.
To remove stubs from; as, to stub land.
n.
Something grating to the feelings; sarcasm; joke; as, a hard rub.