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Astronomical hypothesis
The Mars ocean hypothesis states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history
Mars_ocean_hypothesis
Study of extraterrestrial oceans
ocean water from Enceladus. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis
Planetary_oceanography
Study of past and present water on Mars
connected to a putative vast ocean. The Mars ocean hypothesis proposes that the Vastitas Borealis basin was the site of an ocean of liquid water at least
Water_on_Mars
Thought experiment to assess ability to detect evidence of a prior advanced civilization
traces of nuclear waste. The hypothesis also speculated that artifacts from past civilizations might be found on the Moon and Mars, where erosion and tectonic
Silurian_hypothesis
Hypothesis of the formation of the Moon
1946 by Canadian geologist Reginald Daly. The hypothesis suggests that the Proto-Earth collided with a Mars-sized co-orbital protoplanet likely from the
Giant-impact_hypothesis
Topics referred to by the same term
the North Atlantic Ocean north of Iceland Oceanus Borealis, see Mars ocean hypothesis Boreal Sea, was a Mesozoic-era seaway that lay along the northern
North_Sea_(disambiguation)
Former bodies of water on Mars
alteration by water (hi-res) The Mars ocean hypothesis postulates that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in
Lakes_on_Mars
Planet with environment similar to Earth's
discoveries, other Earth comparisons remained. For example, the Mars Ocean Hypothesis had its origins in the Viking missions and was popularised during
Earth_analog
Natural satellites of the planet Mars
missions may be able to distinguish which hypothesis is correct. Speculation about the existence of the moons of Mars had begun when the moons of Jupiter were
Moons_of_Mars
Hypothesis that complex extraterrestrial life is improbable and extremely rare
In planetary astronomy and astrobiology, the Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the origin of life and the evolution of biological complexity, such as sexually
Rare_Earth_hypothesis
Fourth planet from the Sun
bands found on Earth's ocean floors. One hypothesis, published in 1999 and re-examined in October 2005 (with the help of the Mars Global Surveyor), is that
Mars
ocean worlds in the Solar System, planets or satellites known or suspected to harbor substantial volumes of liquid water, either as subsurface oceans
List of ocean worlds in the Solar System
List_of_ocean_worlds_in_the_Solar_System
Overview of and topical guide to Mars
entry Mars Direct Mars Exploration Joint Initiative Mars flyby Mars landing Life on Mars Martian meteorite Mars ocean hypothesis Rocks on Mars Mars rover
Outline_of_Mars
Area of Mars
Cydonia (/sɪˈdoʊniə/, /saɪˈdoʊniə/) is a region on the planet Mars that has attracted both scientific and popular interest. The name originally referred
Cydonia_(Mars)
Smaller and outer moon of Mars
forces. The main alternative hypothesis is that the moons accreted in the present position. Another hypothesis is that Mars was once surrounded by many
Deimos_(moon)
Theories explaining the formation of Earth's Moon
bodies), and collision theories. The standard giant-impact hypothesis suggests that a Mars-sized body called Theia impacted the proto-Earth, creating
Origin_of_the_Moon
Geomorphological feature of Mars
needed. However, the lack of plate tectonics on Mars weakens this hypothesis. The multiple impact hypothesis is supported by correlation of segments of the
Martian_dichotomy
Assessments of possible life on Mars
"life on Mars" hypothesis. It has been proposed to develop the Mars Geyser Hopper lander to study the geysers up close. Planetary protection of Mars aims
Life_on_Mars
Argentine astronomer
of an ancient ocean on Mars, sensitive searches of primordial water in comets, and the search and possible discovery of organics on Mars. His work on high-resolution
Geronimo_Villanueva
Similarities and differences between planets
retrograde rotation of Venus. Giant impacts are also candidates for the Mars ocean hypothesis, and the high density of Mercury. Most giant planets (except Neptune)
Comparative_planetary_science
Solar day: unit of time on Mars
Sol (borrowed from the Latin word for sun) is a solar day on Mars; that is, a Mars-day. A sol is the apparent interval between two successive returns
Mars_sol
Scientific hypothesis about Earth
hypothesis, inspired by the Gaia hypothesis, proposes a feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystems and the Earth's climate. The hypothesis specifically
Gaia_hypothesis
Surface features on Mars
Marineris. Climate of Mars Evolution of water on Mars and Earth Geology of Mars Gullies on Mars Life on Mars Mars Ocean Hypothesis Outflow channels Planetary
Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes
Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes
Large basin in the northern hemisphere of Mars
evidence to the presence of an ocean during this period. Arctic Basin (Earth's "North Polar Basin") Mars ocean hypothesis (Oceanus Borealis) Planum Boreum
Borealis_Basin
Larger of the two moons of Mars
Images from Mars Global Surveyor indicate that Phobos is covered with a layer of fine-grained regolith at least 100 metres thick; it is hypothesised to have
Phobos_(moon)
Proposed human Mars program by SpaceX
SpaceX Mars colonization program (also referred to as Occupy Mars as a joking reference to the Occupy movement) is the stated long-term objective of the
SpaceX Mars colonization program
SpaceX_Mars_colonization_program
Proposed concepts
humans to Mars has been the subject of aerospace engineering and scientific studies since the late 1940s as part of the broader exploration of Mars. Long-term
Human_mission_to_Mars
spreading mid-ocean ridges. Other authors have argued that large-scale strike-slip fault zones can be identified on the surface of Mars (e.g., in the
Tectonics_of_Mars
The colonization of Mars is the proposed process of establishing permanent human settlements on the planet Mars. While most colonization concepts focus
Colonization_of_Mars
Geology of fourth planet from the Sun
information from InSight, reported that the planet Mars has a radioactive magma ocean under its crust. Mars has a number of distinct, large-scale surface features
Geology_of_Mars
Gas layer surrounding Mars
Kasting, James F. (15 September 2015). "Testing the early Mars H2–CO2 greenhouse hypothesis with a 1-D photochemical model". Icarus. 258: 337–349. arXiv:1507
Atmosphere_of_Mars
English scientist (1919–2022)
Gaia hypothesis in the 1960s resulting from his work for NASA concerned with detecting life on Mars and his work with Royal Dutch Shell. The hypothesis proposes
James_Lovelock
Hypothetical modification of Mars into an Earth-like habitable planet
terraforming of Mars is a hypothetical procedure that would consist of a planetary engineering project or concurrent projects aspiring to transform Mars from a
Terraforming_of_Mars
Depictions of the planet
hypothesis of Solar System formation held that the planets were formed sequentially starting at the outermost planets, some authors envisioned Mars as
Mars_in_fiction
CO2, could have made Mars more Earth-like in the past. Mars may have once had a much thicker and warmer atmosphere, and oceans or lakes may have been
Climate_of_Mars
Gravitational force exerted by the planet Mars
gravity of Mars is a natural phenomenon, due to the law of gravity, or gravitation, by which all things with mass around the planet Mars are brought
Gravity_of_Mars
Movement of Earth's lithosphere
magnetic striping and the construction of the mid-ocean ridge system, the seafloor spreading hypothesis (SFS) quickly gained converts and represented another
Plate_tectonics
Mars, such as orbiters, landers, and rovers. Mission time is often measured in Mars sols, solar days on Mars. Mission Type Legend Mission to Mars Gravity
List_of_missions_to_Mars
Claim of past rapid changes of the Earth's axis
The cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis is a pseudoscientific claim that there have been recent, geologically rapid shifts in the axis of rotation of Earth
Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis
Martian volcano, highest point on Mars
oʊ-/; Latin for 'Mount Olympus') is a large shield volcano on Mars. As measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), it is 21.287 kilometres (69
Olympus_Mons
Chinese rover on Mars
evidence to support the hypothesis of a former ancient ocean in Utopia Planitia. On 27 February 2023, Chinese scientists published a Mars weather report, including
Zhurong_(rover)
Extraterrestrial liquid water Geology of Mars § Hydrology Life on Mars (planet)#Liquid water Mars Ocean Hypothesis Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes
Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars
Chronology_of_discoveries_of_water_on_Mars
Largest ocean on Earth
Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It stretches from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean, or, depending
Pacific_Ocean
Life that does not originate on Earth
a more likely hypothesis. In February 2005 NASA scientists reported they may have found some evidence of extraterrestrial life on Mars. The two scientists
Extraterrestrial_life
Delineation and characterization of Martian regions
the zero elevation datum is based on sea level (the geoid). Since Mars has no oceans and hence no 'sea level', it is convenient to define an arbitrary
Areography
Rock on Phobos
The Phobos monolith is a large rock on the surface of Mars's moon Phobos. It is a boulder, about 85 m (279 ft) across and 90 m (300 ft) tall. A monolith
Phobos_monolith
Era of Mars' geologic history
The Hesperian is a geologic system and time period on the planet Mars characterized by widespread volcanic activity and catastrophic flooding that carved
Hesperian
Martian meteorite discovered in Antarctica in 1984
beginning, and much of the scientific community ultimately rejected the hypothesis once all the unusual features in the meteorite had been explained without
Allan_Hills_84001
Mars Colonization of Mars Human mission to Mars Life on Mars List of artificial objects on Mars List of missions to Mars Mars landing Mars race Mars rover
Exploration_of_Mars
Erroneous idea of canals on Mars
mountainous terrain, broken by ridges, rifts, and canyons. The hypothesis that there was life on Mars originated from seasonal changes observed in surface features
Martian_canals
Mars 2020 electrochemical experiment
The Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE) was a technology demonstration on the NASA Mars 2020 rover Perseverance investigating
Mars_Oxygen_ISRU_Experiment
Water ice deposits on the poles of Mars
stellar wind compared to its protium. Evidence that Mars once had enough water to create a global ocean at least 137 m deep has been obtained from measurement
Martian_polar_ice_caps
Red-colored seep of saltwater flowing from Taylor Glacier in Antarctica
when the Earth (according to the Snowball Earth hypothesis) was entirely frozen over. Ice-covered oceans might have been the only refugium for microbial
Blood_Falls
Habitability of the celestial bodies of the Solar System
atmosphere. Data from the Cassini–Huygens mission refuted the hypothesis of a global hydrocarbon ocean, but later demonstrated the existence of liquid hydrocarbon
Planetary habitability in the Solar System
Planetary_habitability_in_the_Solar_System
Distinctive area of broken or jumbled terrain
S2CID 4321529. Head III, J. W. (10 December 1999). "Possible Ancient Oceans on Mars: Evidence from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter Data" (PDF). Science. 286 (5447):
Chaos_terrain
Study of viruses in a planetary sciences framing
evolution; the arms race between viruses and their host, or the Red Queen hypothesis, causes strong evolutionary pressures in both the host and viruses. The
Astrovirology
The embedded computer systems onboard Mars rovers are designed to withstand high radiation levels and large temperature changes in space. For this reason
Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers
Comparison_of_embedded_computer_systems_on_board_the_Mars_rovers
Mars colonization architecture proposing no return vehicles
to colonize Mars before the year 2040. The Mars Underground, Mars Homestead Project / Mars Foundation, Mars One (defunct in 2019), and Mars Artists Community
Mars_to_Stay
Geological system and early time period of Mars
The Noachian is a geologic system and early time period on the planet Mars characterized by high rates of meteorite and asteroid impacts and the possible
Noachian
Extraterrestrial Plateau
is a plateau roughly 90 metres (300 ft) across within the Columbia Hills, Mars. It is informally named for its similarity in shape to a baseball home plate
Home_Plate_(Mars)
Past Geological Phenomenon on Mars
or volcanism, has played a significant role in the geologic evolution of Mars. Scientists have known since the Mariner 9 mission in 1972 that volcanic
Volcanism_on_Mars
Ore deposits on Mars that may be useful to future colonists
Mars may contain ores that would be very useful to potential colonists. The abundance of volcanic features together with widespread cratering are strong
Ore_resources_on_Mars
Historical theory in geology
mountains rose, the ocean floor subsided, explaining the formation of coral reefs. In 1889 and 1909 Roberto Mantovani published a hypothesis of Earth expansion
Expanding_Earth
Proposed approaches to tracking date and time on the planet Mars
and falls rapidly at sunrise and sunset because Mars does not have Earth's thick atmosphere and oceans that soften such fluctuations. Consensus has recently
Timekeeping_on_Mars
Flag or flag design that represents the planet Mars
A flag of Mars is a concept of a possible flag design, meant to symbolize the planet Mars or to represent a fictional Martian government, in works of
Flag_of_Mars
Rock outcrop on Mars
the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region of the planet Mars, discovered by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity in March 2004. The rock lies within
Last_Chance_(Mars)
Planitia on Mars
may have once been covered by a large Martian ocean. Craters on Acidalia Planitia are asymmetrical. Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data revealed that
Acidalia_Planitia
Branch of the geology of Mars
The composition of Mars covers the branch of the geology of Mars that describes the make-up of the planet Mars. Mars is differentiated, which—for a terrestrial
Composition_of_Mars
existence of liquid water on Mars's surface. This hypothesis establishes that the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft
Carbonates_on_Mars
Rock outcrop on Mars
quadrangle (MC-19) region of the planet Mars, this geological outcrop was first discovered and observed by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity in February
El_Capitan_(Mars)
Paradox concerning water on early Earth
also strong and weak versions of the Gaia hypothesis, which has caused some tension in this research area. Mars has its own version of the faint young Sun
Faint_young_Sun_paradox
Location on Mars
Glenelg (or Glenelg Intrigue) is a location on Mars near the Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover) landing site (Bradbury Landing) in Gale Crater marked
Glenelg,_Mars
Martian orbit around the Sun
Mars has an orbit with a semimajor axis of 1.524 astronomical units (228 million km) (12.673 light minutes), and an eccentricity of 0.0934. The planet
Orbit_of_Mars
Celestial bodies that share the orbit of Mars
Lagrangian points 60° ahead of and behind Mars. The origin of the Mars trojans is not well understood. One hypothesis suggests that they were primordial objects
Mars_trojan
Water held in permeable ground
enough water in the crust to fill oceans up to a depth of 1 mile (1.6 km) on the planet’s surface. Some locations on Mars show groups of layered rocks. Rock
Groundwater_on_Mars
Third planet from the Sun
significantly younger. The leading hypothesis is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars-sized object with about 10% of
Earth
Liquid water naturally occurring outside Earth
The Mars ocean theory suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, though the water on Mars is no longer oceanic. Water
Extraterrestrial_liquid_water
Global climate cycles
more definitive and quantitative analysis than James Croll's earlier hypothesis that variations in eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession combined to
Milankovitch_cycles
South African geologist (1878–1948)
Wayback Machine, Atlas of Mars Archived 22 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine, NASA, retrieved 9 July 2007 Du Toit crater, Google Mars, retrieved 10 July 2007
Alexander_du_Toit
Astronomical phenomena viewed from the planet Mars
Many astronomical phenomena viewed from the planet Mars are the same as or similar to those seen from Earth; but some (e.g. the view of Earth as an evening/morning
Astronomy_on_Mars
Large, round non-stellar astronomical object
and Mars, and the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The best available theory of planet formation is the nebular hypothesis, which
Planet
Sandpatch
Peace Vallis and Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp), in Gale crater on the planet Mars. The patch was encountered by the Curiosity rover on the way from Bradbury
Rocknest_(Mars)
Deep, elongated, steep-sided depression on a planetary surface
the IAU has named 122 such features in the Solar System, on Venus (63), Mars (25), Saturn's satellites Mimas (6), Tethys (2), Dione (8) and Rhea (5),
Chasma
Geochemical transformation of silicate rocks
Reverse weathering Daisyworld Gaia hypothesis Runaway greenhouse effect Major ice ages Snowball Earth Lake Nyos Ocean acidification Faint young Sun paradox
Carbonate–silicate_cycle
Hypotheses for the possible sources of the water on Earth
Earth is unique among known planets in having oceans of liquid water on its surface. It was long thought that Earth's water did not originate from the
Origin_of_water_on_Earth
Branching networks of valleys on Mars
Valley networks are branching networks of valleys on Mars that superficially resemble terrestrial river drainage basins. They are found mainly incised
Valley_network_(Mars)
rover (Mars 2020, 2020–present): Cheyava Falls Geology portal Solar System portal Composition of Mars Geology of Mars List of craters on Mars List of
List_of_rocks_on_Mars
Small iron oxide spherules found on Mars
part of the Mars Exploration Rover program, landed at Meridiani Planum. They are grey but look bluish next to the ubiquitous rusty reds on Mars, and since
Martian_spherules
A Mars-crossing asteroid (MCA, also Mars-crosser, MC) is an asteroid whose orbit crosses that of Mars. Some Mars-crossers numbered below 100000 are listed
List of Mars-crossing minor planets
List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets
Camera used by extraterrestrial rover missions to avoid hazards
rover missions to Mars and on the lower front portion of the Chinese Yutu rover mission to the Moon and the Zhurong rover to Mars. The Curiosity rover's
Hazcam
Space travel concept
Mars orbit rendezvous (MOR) is a space travel concept where two spacecraft meet up and/or dock in Mars orbit. For example, one vehicle takes off from Mars
Mars_orbit_rendezvous
Mountain range on Mars
Tanaica Montes is a mountain range on the planet Mars. It has a diameter of 177 kilometres (110 mi). The name Tanaica Montes is a classical albedo name
Tanaica_Montes
Science concerned with life in the universe
evidence of current or past life on Mars. One of the key goals of the Icebreaker Life mission is to test the hypothesis that the ice-rich ground in the polar
Astrobiology
Physical evolution of the planet Mars
The geological history of Mars follows the physical evolution of Mars as substantiated by observations, indirect and direct measurements, and various
Geological_history_of_Mars
Locations on Earth sharing environmental conditions with Mars
Mars habitability analogue environments on Earth are environments that share potentially relevant astrobiological conditions with Mars. These include sites
Mars habitability analogue environments on Earth
Mars_habitability_analogue_environments_on_Earth
Seismic event occurring on Mars
like an earthquake, is a shaking of the surface or interior of the planet Mars. Such quakes may occur with a shift in the planet's interior, such as the
Marsquake
Past event on the planet Mars
The Mars carbonate catastrophe was an event that happened on Mars in its early history. Evidence shows Mars was once warmer and wet about 4 billion years
Mars_carbonate_catastrophe
Discrepancy of the lack of evidence for alien life despite its apparent likelihood
protect its independent cultural development, which resembles the zoo hypothesis proposed by John Ball. The Fermi question first appeared in print in a
Fermi_paradox
NASA's 2003 Mars Exploration Rover Mission has amassed an enormous amount of scientific information related to the Martian geology and atmosphere, as well
Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission
Scientific_information_from_the_Mars_Exploration_Rover_mission
Cultural depictions of the planet Mars
— P. Smith, University of Arizona, on Mars Pathfinder, 1997 The planet Mars is named after the Roman god of war Mars. In Babylonian astronomy, the planet
Mars_in_culture
MARS OCEAN-HYPOTHESIS
MARS OCEAN-HYPOTHESIS
MARS OCEAN-HYPOTHESIS
MARS OCEAN-HYPOTHESIS
MARS OCEAN-HYPOTHESIS
MARS OCEAN-HYPOTHESIS
MARS OCEAN-HYPOTHESIS
MARS OCEAN-HYPOTHESIS
MARS OCEAN-HYPOTHESIS