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Online directory of philosophy papers
PhilPapers is an interactive academic database of journal articles in philosophy. It is maintained by the Centre for Digital Philosophy at the University
PhilPapers
Study of general and fundamental questions
an online encyclopedia of philosophy maintained by Stanford University PhilPapers – a comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books
Philosophy
Greek philosopher
Philosophy Other resources: Plato at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Plato at PhilPapers "Plato and Platonism" . Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913.
Plato
Set of statements constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies causes
Explanations. Media related to Explanation at Wikimedia Commons Explanation at PhilPapers Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Scientific Explanation". Stanford Encyclopedia
Explanation
Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)
books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Aristotle at PhilPapers 2553 Aristotle at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project At the Internet
Aristotle
Absence of belief in the existence of deities; the opposite of theism
April 14, 2021. Bourget, David; Chalmers, David. "The PhilPapers Surveys". PhilPapers. The PhilPapers Foundation. Archived from the original on July 23,
Atheism
Religion of the Jewish people
ProQuest. Eilon Schwartz,"Bal Tashchit: A Jewish Environmental Precept". Philpapers. Retrieved 15 May 2025. Tirosh-Samuelson, Hava. "Nature in the Sources
Judaism
American filmmaker (born 1987)
Sociality" (PDF). PhiloSOPHIA: A Journal of Transcontinental Feminism. – via PhilPapers. Roberts, Andrew (2024-12-01). "The Trans-Terminator: Glitch Feminism
Jane_Schoenbrun
at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Philosophy of language at PhilPapers Fieser, James; Dowden, Bradley (eds.). "Philosophy of Language". Internet
Philosophy_of_language
Philosophical study of morality
Resources in other libraries Meta-Ethics at PhilPapers Normative Ethics at PhilPapers Applied Ethics at PhilPapers Ethics at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology
Ethics
Greek mathematician and physicist (c. 287 – 212 BC)
Archive Archimedes at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Archimedes at PhilPapers The Archimedes Palimpsest project at The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore
Archimedes
German philosopher (1724–1804)
domain audiobooks) KantPapers, authors and papers database powered by PhilPapers, focused on Kant, and located at Cornell University At the Internet Encyclopedia
Immanuel_Kant
Process of generalization
Abstraction at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Abstraction at PhilPapers Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gottlob Frege Discussion at The Well
Abstraction
Awareness of internal and external existence
wnl.0000252376.43779.96. PMID 17242341. S2CID 32561349. "PhilPapers Survey 2020". PhilPapers. Retrieved 2023-12-15. Justin Sytsma, Edouard Machery (2010)
Consciousness
Allegory by Plato
Commons has media related to Allegory of the cave. Allegory of the cave at PhilPapers Animated interpretation of Plato's Allegory of the Cave at YouTube TED-Ed:
Allegory_of_the_cave
European cultural movement
of Philosophy. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 429049174. Age of Enlightenment at PhilPapers Age of Enlightenment at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Collection:
Age_of_Enlightenment
1985 novel by Margaret Atwood
Island. Lamey, Andy. "Platonic Corruption in the Handmaid's Tale". PhilPapers. The Philpapers Foundation. Retrieved 23 November 2023. "The Handmaid's Tale:
The_Handmaid's_Tale
Analysis of facts to form a judgment
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 429049174. Critical thinking at PhilPapers Critical thinking at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
Critical_thinking
Study of fundamental reality
Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Metaphysics at PhilPapers Metaphysics at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Fieser, James;
Metaphysics
Political philosophy based on liberty
Very Brief Explanation" Archived 6 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. PhilPapers. Retrieved 26 June 2019. Teles, Steven; Kenney, Daniel A. (2008). "Spreading
Libertarianism
Philosophical system
library Resources in other libraries Philosophy portal Epicureans on PhilPapers Complete text of Hermann Usener's Epicurea (1887) (Greek and Latin) at
Epicureanism
2005 post-apocalyptic horror film by George A. Romero
world, unite: Class struggle and alienation in land of the dead - PhilPapers". philpapers.org. Retrieved November 11, 2016. Westhoff, Jeffrey (June 24, 2005)
Land_of_the_Dead
Philosophical concept
Novella has dismissed it as "the hard non-problem". According to a 2020 PhilPapers survey, a majority (62.4%) of the philosophers surveyed said they believed
Hard_problem_of_consciousness
Ability to think about and use concepts to deal adequately with a subject
up understanding in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Understanding at PhilPapers Fieser, James; Dowden, Bradley (eds.). "Understanding in Epistemology"
Understanding
American academic and autism activist (born 1947)
Environmental Ethics, Vol. 32 Issue 1, 2019. Open access version at https://philpapers.org/rec/LAMTAE-2 Archived August 8, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Grandin
Temple_Grandin
Type of trolling or harassment
the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019 – via The PhilPapers Foundation. Johnson, Amy (2017). Gasser, Urs (ed.). "The Multiple Harms
Sealioning
Attacking the person rather than their argument
S2CID 171674012. Look up ad hominem in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Ad hominem at PhilPapers Argumentum Ad Hominem Ad hominem at Fallacy Check, with examples
Ad_hominem
Training dataset for large language models
logs* 5.93 BookCorpus2* 6.76 EuroParl 4.93 Hacker News* 4.19 YouTube Subtitles* 4.01 PhilPapers* 2.56 NIH ExPorter* 2.03 Enron Emails 0.95 Total 886.03
The_Pile_(dataset)
Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument
the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project A priori and a posteriori at PhilPapers Fieser, James; Dowden, Bradley (eds.). "A priori and a posteriori". Internet
A_priori_and_a_posteriori
Thought experiment in philosophy
Believe?∗". PhilPapers. Retrieved 21 March 2019. Weinberg, Justin (November 1, 2021). "What Philosophers Believe: Results from the 2020 PhilPapers Survey"
Philosophical_zombie
Australian philosopher
philpapers.org. Retrieved 5 August 2023. Johnston, Mark; Leslie, Sarah-Jane (2012). "Concepts, analysis, generics and the canberra plan". philpapers.org
Mark_Johnston_(philosopher)
Christian ethical consideration
Wikiquote has quotations related to Principle of double effect. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry PhilPapers Bibliography: 'Doctrine of Double Effect'
Principle_of_double_effect
Countries with an originally European shared culture
Rémi (2009). "Eccentric Culture: A Theory of Western Civilization". philpapers.org. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December
Western_world
Study of correct reasoning
September 2022. Schechter, Joshua. "Epistemology of Logic – Bibliography". PhilPapers. Retrieved 11 September 2022. Schlesinger, I. M.; Keren-Portnoy, Tamar;
Logic
Hypothetical event
intelligence (pp. 555–572). Berlin, Germany: Springer Berlin. http://philpapers.org/rec/MLLFPI Archived 2019-03-02 at the Wayback Machine. Orf, Darren
Technological_singularity
Greek philosopher (c. 570 – c. 495 BC)
(2001), p. 1. "Numbers, Ontologically Speaking: Plato on Numerosity". philpapers.org. Retrieved 21 January 2025. Tusc. Disput. 1.17.39. Kahn (2001), p
Pythagoras
Personality construct
Cleckley's book, 1988 Without Conscience Official web site of Robert Hare Philpapers Psychopathy Understanding The Psychopath: Key Definitions & Research Psychopathy
Psychopathy
Metaphysical thesis
things, as described by physics and other sciences. According to the PhilPapers Survey 2020, physicalism is the majority view among philosophers, at 51
Physicalism
Philosophical traditions from mainland Europe
Philosophy of Science - Daily Nous". Retrieved 2025-10-03. "The PhilPapers Surveys". philpapers.org. Retrieved 2025-10-04. Bourget, David; Chalmers, David
Continental_philosophy
Statement that is taken to be true
dictionary. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Axiom". Axiom at PhilPapers Axiom at PlanetMath. Metamath axioms page
Axiom
Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
Again: A Sceptic's Handbook. Icon. ISBN 978-1848310520. Skepticism at PhilPapers Skepticism at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Klein, Peter. "Skepticism"
Skepticism
Thought experiment used to demonstrate the impossibility of proving any truth
1985, chap. I, sect. 2. For Hans Albert's scientific articles see List of Publications in Hans Albert at opensociety.de Epistemic regress at PhilPapers
Münchhausen_trilemma
Positive emotional state
"Happiness and Ethical Inquiry: An Essay in the Psychology of Well-Being". Philpapers.org. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. "Landes Xavier | Stockholm
Happiness
Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist (born 1966)
philosophical zombie thought experiment. Chalmers and David Bourget co-founded PhilPapers; a database of journal articles for philosophers. David Chalmers was born
David_Chalmers
Figure of speech
Detroit News, p.55. Holton, Richard. "The Exception Proves the Rule". Philpapers. Retrieved 2 July 2019. Acocella, Joan. "The English Wars". The New Yorker
Exception that proves the rule
Exception_that_proves_the_rule
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. OCLC 37741658. Fallacy at PhilPapers Humbug! The skeptic's field guide to spotting fallacies in thinking –
Fallacy
Philosophical position
Available via PhilPapers Tonetto, Bruno (2025). "Return to Consciousness: A Philosophical Journey from Materialism to Meaning". Available via PhilPapers. "Physics
Idealism
Concern for the well-being of others
retrieved 5 May 2024 May, Joshua. "Altruism and Psychological Egoism". PhilPapers.org. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024. "ENVS203:
Altruism
Ethnic group
Stanford University. "Arabic and Islamic Philosophy – Bibliography – PhilPapers". philpapers.org. Falagas, Matthew E.; Zarkadoulia, Effie A.; Samonis, George
Arabs
Philosophical question
exists, is the dominant view among philosophers of religion. In a 2020 PhilPapers survey, 69.50% of philosophers of religion stated that they accept or
Existence_of_God
Rule of logical inference
ISBN 0-486-28462-X (pbk). "Modus ponens", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994] Modus ponens at PhilPapers Modus ponens at Wolfram MathWorld
Modus_ponens
Method of logical reasoning
of Philosophy. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 429049174. Inductive reasoning at PhilPapers Inductive reasoning at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Four Varieties
Inductive_reasoning
the category structure for the table of contents of the PhilPapers academic directory. PhilPapers – comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles
Outline_of_philosophy
Documentation Center". Pdcnet.org. Retrieved 2014-08-05. "Philosophy Online". PhilPapers. Retrieved 2014-08-05. "POPLINE.org". POPLINE.org. 2014-07-21. Retrieved
List of academic databases and search engines
List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines
Philosophical work by Plato around 375 BC
George (2012). "Plato's Psychology of Action and the Origin of Agency". philpapers.org. Retrieved 15 January 2024. Brown, Eric (2017), "Plato's Ethics and
Republic_(Plato)
Philosophical position
in Ethics), by Matthew H. Kramer "The PhilPapers Surveys". philpapers.org. Retrieved 21 December 2016. PhilPapers survey, 2009, under the heading 'Meta-ethics'
Moral_realism
Ancient Greek philosopher (fl. c. 500 BC)
Conversation Between Human and Artificial Intelligence. PhilArchive – via PhilPapers. Aristotle, Physics Book 8 Early Greek Philosophy. (2013). United States:
Heraclitus
Conversion of Slavic state to Christianity
Russian primary chronicle and the Vlachs of Eastern Europe". Byzantion. 49. philpapers.org: 175–187. Retrieved 2023-11-28. "The Rusian Primary Chronicle". Swarthmore
Christianization of Kievan Rus'
Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus'
Philosophical tradition
Commons has media related to Pragmatism. General sources Pragmatism at PhilPapers Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Pragmatism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Pragmatism
Academic journal focusing on the philosophy of Hegel
List of ethics journals List of philosophy journals Related The Philosopher's Index Philosophy Documentation Center PhilPapers Philosophy Research Index
Hegel-Studien
Psychology of false perceptions and their impact on human behavior
by Brian P. McLaughlin. PhilPapers: MCLETP "The Deceptive Self: Liars, Layers, and Lairs" by Amélie Oksenberg Rorty. PhilPapers: RORTDS-2 Johnston, Mark
Self-deception
Metaphysics concept covering the divide between two types of entities
Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-277-1474-9. Abstract and concrete at PhilPapers Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism, from The Catholic Encyclopedia Abstract
Abstract_and_concrete
Ancient Greek philosopher (341–270 BC
Works by Epicurus at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) . Epicurus on PhilPapers O'Keefe, Tim. "Epicurus". In Fieser, James; Dowden, Bradley (eds.). Internet
Epicurus
Awareness of facts, or competency
2022. Knowledge at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Knowledge at PhilPapers Portal: Philosophy Knowledge at Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions
Knowledge
Strategies for composition and decomposition
PMID 4704195. Cohen, Stephen. (2004). Nature of Moral Reasoning. https://philpapers.org/rec/COHTNO Corpeño, E (2021). "The Top-Down Approach to Problem Solving:
Bottom-up and top-down approaches
Bottom-up_and_top-down_approaches
Argument that leads to a logical absurdity
17, 1975). "The Actor and the Spectator". Yale University Press – via PhilPapers. Midgley, Mary (1977). "The Philosophical Quarterly (1950-), Vol. 27,
Reductio_ad_absurdum
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. OCLC 37741658. Scientific method at PhilPapers Scientific method at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project An Introduction
Scientific_method
Epistemological view centered on reason
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 429049174. Rationalism at PhilPapers Rationalism at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Homan, Matthew
Rationalism
Sociological theory regarding shared understandings
ISBN 978-1-4532-1546-3. Boghossian, Paul. "What Is Social Construction?" (PDF). Philpapers, NYU Arts & Science, 2001. Brown, Sydney (17 September 2013), "Social
Social_constructionism
Faculty that selects among a being's desires
Will". International Journal of Philosophical Studies. 2 (2): 267 – via Philpapers. Thompson, Michael J. "Autonomy and Common Good: Interpreting Rousseau's
Will_(philosophy)
Ancient Greek philosopher (c. 626 – c. 545 BC)
Doctoral Dissertation, Newport, RI: Salve Regina University, 2020 https://philpapers.org/rec/MOLCWA-2 Diogenes Laërtius. "Lives of Eminent Philosophers". The
Thales_of_Miletus
20th-century tradition of Western philosophy
criticism. Searle famously debated continental philosopher Derrida. In a 2020 PhilPapers survey, 33% of respondents were accepting or leaning towards it. While
Analytic_philosophy
Branch of philosophy
Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Philosophy of mind at PhilPapers Philosophy of mind at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Fieser,
Philosophy_of_mind
American philosopher
Taylor's publications on Philpapers.org Virtue Ethics: An Introduction. Taylor Richard. Prometheus Books, 2002 Abstract on Philpapers.org Philosophical Review
Richard_Clyde_Taylor
Combination of wit and virtue
A Skill Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Wisdom at PhilPapers Metis portal for intercultural wisdom literature and wisdom practices
Wisdom
Belief that only natural laws and forces operate in the universe
Mousavirad, Seyyed Jaaber (2025). "The Plausibility of Theistic Science". philpapers.org. Retrieved 23 July 2025. Turbayne, Colin Murray (1962). The Myth of
Naturalism_(philosophy)
Hypothetical situation
Chalmers, David J. (25 July 2023). "Philosophers on Philosophy: The 2020 PhilPapers Survey". Philosophers' Imprint. 23 (1). doi:10.3998/phimp.2109. ISSN 1533-628X
Thought_experiment
Mathematical description of spacetime used in relativity
spacetime in the context of special relativity. The Geometry of Special Relativity: The Minkowski Space – Time Light Cone Minkowski space at PhilPapers
Minkowski_spacetime
Political ideology advocating traditional morals and social order
JSTOR 20831777. Nicholas, Davidson (2017). "On Divorce Louis de Bonald". philpapers.org. Retrieved January 24, 2024. "The Moral Imperative of Edmund Burke"
Traditionalist_conservatism
Describing visual art in words
"Reading Aeneas' Shield". Iris. 18: 37–47. Retrieved 31 December 2020 – via Philpapers. Penwill, John. "Reading Aeneas' Shield" (PDF). Harrison, S. J. (November
Ekphrasis
Unpredictable phenomenon in complex systems
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 429049174. Emergence at PhilPapers Emergence at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project The Emergent Universe:
Emergence
Philosophical theory
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. OCLC 37741658. Dualism at PhilPapers Dualism at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Mind and body, Rene
Mind–body_dualism
Philosophy A preprint archive for philosophy affiliated with PhilPapers >10,000 2009 PhilPapers Foundation PhilSci-Archive Philosophy of science An archive
List_of_preprint_repositories
Semantic distinction in philosophy
ISSN 2161-0002. OCLC 37741658. Analytic–synthetic distinction at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Analytic–synthetic distinction at PhilPapers
Analytic–synthetic distinction
Analytic–synthetic_distinction
Lack of knowledge and understanding
theory of deliberate ignorance. A summary discussion of the paper on the website of the American Psychological Association (APA). Ignorance at PhilPapers
Ignorance
Capacity for consciously making sense of things
free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to Reason. Reason at PhilPapers Beer, Francis A., "Words of Reason", Political Communication 11 (Summer
Reason
Epic poem by Ferdowsi
Dimensions of Iranian Identity within the History of Human Civilization (PDF). PhilPapers. p. 16. Retrieved April 29, 2026. Zand, Afshin (1997). The Continuity
Shahnameh
Global philosophical journal
List of ethics journals List of philosophy journals Related The Philosopher's Index Philosophy Documentation Center PhilPapers Philosophy Research Index
Philosophia_(journal)
Irish-born British writer and philosopher (1919–1999)
Murdoch". UK National Archives. Search results for "Iris Murdoch" at PhilPapers "Virtue Ethics", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 18 July 2003; revised
Iris_Murdoch
Thought experiment
"What do philosophers believe?" Philosophical Studies, 170(3), 465–500. "PhilPapers Survey 2020". Mackie, J. L. (1977). "Newcomb's Paradox and the Direction
Newcomb's_problem
Cultural identity
The Journal of Philosophical Research, Online First, July 24, https://philpapers.org/rec/LAMRTH-2 "Inside the online world of people who think they can
Transracial_(identity)
Political philosophy
Very Brief Explanation" Archived 6 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. PhilPapers. Retrieved 26 June 2019. Conway, David (2008). "Freedom of Speech". In
Right-libertarianism
Steps in reasoning
up inference or infer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Inference at PhilPapers Inference example and definition Inference at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology
Inference
Process of understanding a complex topic or substance
free dictionary. Analysis at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project "Analysis" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Analysis at PhilPapers
Analysis
Ability to make choices voluntarily
doi:10.1037/h0032060. "What Philosophers Believe: Results from the 2020 PhilPapers Survey". November 2021. Archived from the original on 2023-10-29. Retrieved
Free_will
Varying application boundaries
Lotfi A. Zadeh dblp computer science bibliography for Lotfi A. Zadeh PhilPapers catalogue for Lotfi Zadeh's contributions to Fuzzy logic theory and applications
Fuzzy_concept
American philosopher and animal rights scholar (1938–2017)
Regan, Animal Others: On Ethics, Ontology, and Animal Life". philpapers.org. Philpapers. Retrieved February 23, 2026. Wikiquote has quotations related
Tom_Regan
Study of the foundations of politics
Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Political philosophy at PhilPapers Political philosophy at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
Political_philosophy
French phenomenological philosopher (1908–1961)
Postmodernism: A Reply to O'Loughlin" Merleau-Ponty: Reckoning with the Possibility of an 'Other' Online Merleau-Ponty Bibliography at PhilPapers.org
Maurice_Merleau-Ponty
Hypothetical consciousness in artificial systems
identity theory, panpsychism, eliminativism, dualism, or functionalism?". PhilPapers. 2020. Butlin, Patrick; Long, Robert; Elmoznino, Eric; Bengio, Yoshua;
Artificial_consciousness
PHILPAPERS
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Biblical
or Timnath-serah, image of the sun; numbering of the rest
Girl/Female
English American
Male
Finnish
Finnish myth name of a smith god, SEPPO means "smith."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Assistant of the Guru
Boy/Male
Sikh
Pretty, Eye catching
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Name of an Islamic month
Boy/Male
Tamil
Isaiarasu | இஸைஅராஸà¯
King of music
Girl/Female
Hebrew American
Jewess. Praised.
Girl/Female
Indian
Happy
Girl/Female
Hindu
Name of a Raga
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