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Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, often used in reference to blood
pCO2, pCO2, or P CO 2 {\displaystyle P_{{\ce {CO2}}}} is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2), often used in reference to blood but also used in
PCO2
Chemical compound
air, PCO2 is around 3.5×10−4 atm (or equivalently 35 Pa). The last equation above fixes the concentration of dissolved CO2 as a function of PCO2, independent
Calcium_carbonate
Respiratory compensation formula
blood pH, plasma PCO2, blood base excess, and plasma bicarbonate concentrations. He focused on the relationship between plasma PCO2 and plasma bicarbonate
Winters's_formula
Reactions of carbon dioxide, including process of dissolving carbon dioxide in a liquid
water: [NH4]+[NH2COO]− ⇌ CO(NH2)2 + H2O Henry's law states that PCO2=KBxCO2 where PCO2 is the partial pressure of CO2 gas above the solution. KB is Henry's
Carbonation
Blood test that measures amounts of dissolved gas
direction. Assess relation of pCO2 with pH: If pCO2 & pH are moving in opposite directions i.e., pCO2 ↑ when pH is <7.4 or pCO2 ↓ when pH > 7.4, it is a primary
Arterial_blood_gas_test
Process by which the human body regulates pH
fluid. [HCO− 3] is the molar concentration of bicarbonate in the plasma. PCO2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood plasma. The pH of
Acid–base_homeostasis
Chemical compound
ranges or averages for partial pressures of carbon dioxide (abbreviated pCO2) Blood compartment (kPa) (mm Hg) Venous blood carbon dioxide 5.5–6.8 41–51
Carbon_dioxide
Tool in acid-base physiology
instead of placing the sample in a chamber with a PCO2 of 40 mmHg, the chamber is reset to a PCO2 of 60 mmHg. After equilibration, a new point is reached
Davenport_diagram
Process of moving air in and out of the lungs
which regulates the arterial PO2 and PCO2. This homeostatic mechanism prioritizes the regulation of the arterial PCO2 over that of oxygen at sea level. That
Breathing
Third and last period of the Mesozoic Era
73 °F). Atmospheric CO2 and temperature relations indicate a doubling of pCO2 was accompanied by a ~0.6 °C increase in temperature. The latter warming
Cretaceous
Body fluid in the circulatory system
pH, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), and bicarbonate (HCO3−) are carefully regulated by a number of homeostatic
Blood
Mass extinction event about 66 million years ago
Xiaoqiao; Wang, Qian; Gao, Yuan (1 March 2018). "Deccan volcanism caused coupled pCO2 and terrestrial temperature rises, and pre-impact extinctions in northern
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Cretaceous–Paleogene_extinction_event
Cell cluster within carotid arteries which monitors blood content
changes in pH and PCO2 (a decrease in pH and an increase in PCO2). The carotid body chemoreceptors are also sensitive to pH and PCO2, but only secondarily
Carotid_body
Biological process which decreases blood pH
vessel pH of less than 7.20 and an umbilical artery PCO2 of 66 or higher or umbilical vein PCO2 of 50 or higher. Acid–base homeostasis Acid–base imbalance
Acidosis
Decrease in blood pH due to insufficient breathing
hypoventilation thus leads to an increased pCO2 (a condition called hypercapnia). The increase in pCO2 in turn decreases the HCO−3/pCO2 ratio and decreases pH. Respiratory
Respiratory_acidosis
Third epoch of the Paleogene Period
evidence, is a drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (pCO2) during the transition. The pCO2 is estimated to have dropped just before the transition
Oligocene
Medical condition due to rapid exposure to low oxygen at high altitude
Those individuals with the lowest initial partial pressure of end-tidal pCO2 (the lowest concentration of carbon dioxide at the end of the respiratory
Altitude_sickness
Breathing control
dioxide levels. Under most conditions, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), or concentration of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, controls the respiratory
Control_of_ventilation
Fifth period of the Paleozoic Era
(2018-05-01). "Strontium and carbon isotopic evidence for decoupling of pCO2 from continental weathering at the apex of the late Paleozoic glaciation"
Carboniferous
Component of respiratory physiology
The factors that determine the values for alveolar pO2 and pCO2 are: The pressure of outside air The partial pressures of inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide
Pulmonary_gas_pressures
Hypothetical future supercontinent
biological evolution as new niches emerge. It has been suggested that the rise in pCO2 and the increased continentality that would accompany the assembly of Pangaea
Pangaea_Proxima
Equation used to estimate pH of a weak acid or base solution
[HCO− 3] is the molar concentration of bicarbonate in the blood plasma and PCO2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the supernatant gas. The concentration
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
Henderson–Hasselbalch_equation
Phylum of photosynthesising prokaryotes
Zemla M, Mahoney L, Chen L, Holman E, Holman HY, et al. (May 2018). "High pCO2-induced exopolysaccharide-rich ballasted aggregates of planktonic cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Earth's most severe extinction event
Huyue; Du, Yong; Cui, Ying (9 April 2021). "Six-fold increase of atmospheric pCO2 during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction". Nature Communications. 12 (1):
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Medical condition of lack of oxygen in the tissues
central chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus, increasing PO2 despite a falling PCO2 In most tissues of the body, the response to hypoxia is vasodilation. By
Hypoxia_(medicine)
Giant tube worm (species of annelid)
solubility of CO2, yet the pCO2 of the blood of R. pachyptila may be as much as two orders of magnitude greater than the pCO2 of deep-sea water. CO2 partial
Riftia
Chemical compound
partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). It is stable for months in dry air, but decomposes slowly into CuO and CO2 if pCO2 is less than 0.11 atm (11 kPa)
Copper(II)_carbonate
Second epoch of the Paleogene Period
Climatic Optimum "Carbon Cycle Conundrum" With New Estimates of Atmospheric pCO2 From Boron Isotopes". Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. 35 (6) e2019PA003713
Eocene
First epoch of the Neogene Period
Charlotte; Hull, Pincelli M. (26 April 2018). "North Atlantic temperature and pCO2 coupling in the early-middle Miocene". Geology. 46 (6): 519–522. Bibcode:2018Geo
Miocene
Atmospheric constituent and greenhouse gas
(28 November 2018). "Molecular fossils from phytoplankton reveal secular pCO2 trend over the Phanerozoic". Science Advances. 2 (11) eaat4556. Bibcode:2018SciA
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Earth
Carbon_dioxide_in_the_atmosphere_of_Earth
Visual tool used to understand how human blood carries and releases oxygen
Control factors Change Shift of curve Temperature ↑ → ↓ ← 2,3-BPG ↑ → ↓ ← pCO2 ↑ → ↓ ← Acidity [H+] ↑ → ↓ ←
Oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
Oxygen–hemoglobin_dissociation_curve
Transfer of ions into red blood cells
(HCO−3) and a hydrogen ion (H+). In response to the decrease in intracellular pCO2, more CO2 passively diffuses into the cell. Cell membranes are generally
Chloride_shift
Buffer system that maintains pH balance in humans
blood gas, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation is usually quoted in terms of pCO2, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, rather than H2CO3 concentration
Bicarbonate_buffer_system
Inhaled air volume not involved in gas exchange
Forhandl., 44:191-218, 1938). In effect, the single arterial pCO2 value averages out the different pCO2 values in the different alveoli, and so makes the Bohr
Dead_space_(physiology)
Medical device for artificially stimulating heart contractions
rate-responsive pacemaker using parameters such as the QT interval, pO2 – pCO2 (dissolved oxygen or carbon dioxide levels) in the arterial-venous system
Pacemaker
Tubular device placed in a vein to administer medicines
content (pH, pO2, pCO2 respectively) (l.e.: blood-gas analysis) can show the characteristics of an artery (higher pH/pO2, lower pCO2) or vein (lower pH/pO2
Central_venous_catheter
Third and final epoch of the Triassic Period
Pierre; Dastidar, Apratim G.; Opazo, L. Felipe (1 September 2013). "Elevated pCO2 leading to Late Triassic extinction, persistent photic zone euxinia, and
Late_Triassic
Decrease of pH levels in the ocean
calcification and photosynthesis both increasing under elevated atmospheric pCO2, and an equal decline in primary production and calcification in response
Ocean_acidification
Medical condition
metabolic alkalosis is hypoventilation resulting in an elevated arterial pCO2. Diagnosis is via a careful history and physical examination, often supplemented
Pyloric_stenosis
Porous variety of limestone rock
with calcite. On emergence, waters degas CO2 due to the lower atmospheric pCO2 (see partial pressure), resulting in an increase in pH. Since carbonate solubility
Tufa
Circa 24,000–16,000 BCE; most recent era when ice sheets were at their greatest extent
particular was an enormous carbon sink, partially explaining the very low pCO2 of the LGM. The intermediate waters of the southeastern Arabian Sea were
Last_Glacial_Maximum
Form of limestone deposited by mineral springs
lower concentration of carbon dioxide (as measured by its partial pressure, pCO2), some of the carbon dioxide will escape into the environment, disturbing
Travertine
plasma RBCs n/a 0 / negative cells/μL or cells/mm3 WBCs 0 3 cells/μL cells/mm3 pH 7.28 7.32 (-log M) PCO2 44 50 mmHg 5.9 6.7 kPa PO2 40 44 mmHg 5.3 5.9 kPa
List of reference ranges for cerebrospinal fluid
List_of_reference_ranges_for_cerebrospinal_fluid
Sensory receptor that detects chemicals
changes primarily in pCO2 and H+ ion concentration. They also sense decrease in partial pressure of O2, but to a lesser degree than for pCO2 and H+ ion concentration
Chemoreceptor
Geologic eon, 4031–2500 million years ago
January 2023. Dauphas, Nicolas; Kasting, James Fraser (1 June 2011). "Low pCO2 in the pore water, not in the Archean air". Nature. 474 (7349): E2-3, discussion
Archean
Class of Australian passenger cars
former Southern Aurpra fleets (e.g. PHN2362 or PHN2369) may be substituted. PCO2 remained in storage with Australian National until was purchased by West
V & SAR The Overland carriages
V_&_SAR_The_Overland_carriages
Sedimentary carbonate rock containing a high percentage of the mineral dolomite
greenhouse Earth, and it is possible that greenhouse conditions (elevated pCO2 and temperature) are the trigger for dolomite formation. Many dolomites show
Dolomite_(rock)
Major climatic change and biotic turnover during the Triassic
the continental weathering. Moreover, if rapid enough, a sudden rise of pCO2 levels could have resulted in acidification of seawater with the consequent
Carnian_pluvial_episode
Srirampura S. Bhagat Raj Praveen R Harinakshi Bala Rajwadi Rohith Nagesh PCO2 Film Factory Thayavva Sathvik Pavan Geetha Priya Jayashankar Talkies J U
List_of_Kannada_films_of_2025
Species of invasive crab
increased pCO2. While this may be due to the already-high extracellular chloride levels in this species, it may instead be because moderately higher pCO2 increases
Carcinus_maenas
Mass extinction ending the Triassic period
Morgan F.; Wright, James D.; Kent, Dennis V. (18 March 2011). "Atmospheric Pco2 Perturbations Associated with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province". Science
Triassic–Jurassic_extinction
Fifth age of the Early Cretaceous
pCO2 occurred from about 1,000 ppm to 800 ppm from the start of the Aptian to the C10 positive carbon isotope excursion. During the late Aptian, pCO2
Aptian
Area of clinical pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids
protein Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) Uric acid Arterial blood gases ([H+], PCO2, PO2) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Toxicological screening and forensic
Clinical_chemistry
Archaeobotanical method to reconstruct past environments
research based on their susceptibility to environmental factors such as pCO2 levels and stresses such as water deficit and sodium chloride exposure. Such
Cuticle_analysis
Hard shell of some spherical marine animals
function due to their incorporation of calcium and carbonate. Increase in pCO2 has decreased structural integrity resulting in skeletal failure. Alteration
Test_(biology)
English scientist (1919–2022)
researchers claimed that "this scheme would bring water with high natural pCO2 levels (associated with the nutrients) back to the surface, potentially causing
James_Lovelock
musculature. The set point of ventilation is different in wakefulness and sleep. pCO2 is higher and ventilation is lower in sleep. Sleep onset in normal subjects
Sleep_and_breathing
CO2 at Mauna Loa (in parts per million volume, ppmv; red), surface ocean pCO2 (μatm; green) and surface ocean pH (blue) at Ocean Station ALOHA in the subtropical
Effects_of_climate_change
Catalysts used in industry
Kp=(pH2 x pCO2) / (pCO x pH2O) 2
Industrial_catalysts
al. (2025) reconstruct mean Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous atmospheric pCO2 on the basis of the study of oxygen isotope composition of dinosaur tooth
2025_in_paleontology
Partial pressure of blood gases
Schütz N, Stotz M, Gerard I, Suter PM, Romand JA (2005). "Transcutaneous PCO2 monitoring in critically ill adults: clinical evaluation of a new sensor"
Blood_gas_tension
Unit of measure used in oceanography
[CO2] / Δ[DIC]/[DIC] where Δ[CO2] / [CO2] is the instantaneous change in pCO2 and Δ[DIC] / [DIC] is the instantaneous change in dissolved inorganic carbon
Revelle_factor
ocean partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) observations collected as part of the NOAA Surface water pCO2 measurements from ships program". This contract
NOAA in the second Trump administration
NOAA_in_the_second_Trump_administration
Period of climatic warming that reached its peak approximately 90 million years ago
Turonian equatorial SSTs are conservatively estimated based on δ18O and high pCO2 estimates to have been ~32 °C, but may have been as high as 36 °C. TEX86L
Cretaceous_Thermal_Maximum
Abnormally high tissue pH due to metabolic dysfunction
calculate the expected pCO2 in the setting of metabolic alkalosis, the following equations are used: pCO2 = 0.7 [HCO−3] + 20 mmHg ± 5 pCO2 = 0.7 [HCO−3] + 21
Metabolic_alkalosis
Natural processes of carbon exchange
Yukihiro (2002). "Global sea–air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects". Deep Sea Research Part
Carbon_cycle
Mass extinction event 33.9 million years ago
Antarctica in response to falling carbon dioxide levels. The cause of the drop in pCO2 was the drift of the Indian Subcontinent into equatorial latitudes, supercharging
Eocene–Oligocene extinction event
Eocene–Oligocene_extinction_event
Species of bivalve
V.; Beniash, E.; Sokolova, I.M. (2011). "Proteomic response to elevated PCO2 level in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica: evidence for oxidative stress"
Eastern_oyster
intramucosal pH: pHi = 6.1 + log [HCO3−/0.03 x PCO2]. Thus, only gastric luminal PCO2 is directly measured. Mucosal PCO2 is presumed to be proportional at equilibrium
Gastric_tonometry
Chemoreceptive and support cells
blood's pH, a decrease in oxygen (pO2), or an increase in carbon dioxide (pCO2), the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies signal the dorsal respiratory
Glomus_cell
Fungal disease of bats
Infected bats suffered respiratory acidosis with an almost 40% higher mean pCO2 than healthy bats, and potassium concentration was significantly higher.
White-nose_syndrome
Common human medical data ranges for blood test results
94, 95, 96 100 % Venous Approximately 75 Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) Arterial PaCO2 4.4, 4.7 5.9, 6.0 kPa 33, 35 44, 45 mmHg or torr Venous 5
Reference ranges for blood tests
Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests
Structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water
CaCO3 + H2CO3 → Ca2+ + 2 HCO3− When the solution reaches a cave, the lower pCO2 in the cave drives the precipitation of CaCO3 via the reaction: Ca2+ + 2
Speleothem
First age of the Eocene Epoch
interval is characterized by low oxygen-18 isotopes, high levels of atmospheric pCO2, and low meridional thermal gradients. Biodiversity has been reported to
Ypresian
Areas of seawater, freshwater, or groundwater that are depleted of dissolved oxygen
Sarmiento, J. A. et al. (1988b). "Ocean Carbon-Cycle Dynamics and Atmospheric pCO2". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Mathematical
Anoxic_waters
Pao2 arterial oxygen partial pressure PAS periodic acid-Schiff Pco2 carbon dioxide partial pressure or tension PCR polymerase chain reaction
List_of_medical_abbreviations
Measure of an acid's strength in solution
equilibria with solid carbonates such as limestone and dolomite. Law of dilution pCO2 pH Predominance diagram: relates to equilibria involving polyoxyanions. pKa
Acid_dissociation_constant
When the ratio of reactants to products of a chemical reaction is constant with time
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation Mass-action ratio Michaelis–Menten kinetics pCO2 pH pKa Redox equilibria Steady state (chemistry) Thermodynamic databases
Chemical_equilibrium
Mass extinction event c. 444 million years ago
August 1999). "A weathering hypothesis for glaciation at high atmospheric pCO2 during the Late Ordovician". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Late Ordovician mass extinction
Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction
Study of past and present water on Mars
water-to-rock ratios. However, the pH-pCO2 between smectite and carbonate show that the precipitation of smectite would constrain pCO2 to a value not more than 1×10−2 atm
Water_on_Mars
Aspect of climate change
bivalves, decrease with increasing pCO2, even in seawater supersaturated with respect to CaCO3. Additionally, increased pCO2 has been found to have complex
Ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean
Ocean_acidification_in_the_Arctic_Ocean
Last period of the Mesoproterozoic Era
Ria L.; Dzombak, Rebecca M. (February 2021). Reconstructing Precambrian pCO2 and pO2 Using Paleosols. Bibcode:2021rppp.book.....S. doi:10.1017/9781108870962
Stenian
American medical researcher (1917–2011)
components of cerebral blood flow response to step decreases in end-tidal PCO2 in humans"". J. Appl. Physiol. 85 (2): 386–7. doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.2
Christian_J._Lambertsen
Global warming about 55 million years ago
2018). "Towards determination of the source and magnitude of atmospheric pCO2 change across the early Paleogene hyperthermals". Global and Planetary Change
Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum
Paleocene–Eocene_thermal_maximum
Increase in blood pH due to rapid breathing
Chemical equilibrium Hypocalcemia Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis pCO2 pH pKa Respiratory acidosis "Respiratory alkalosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
Respiratory_alkalosis
Any large system of circulating ocean surface currents
(2002-01-01). "Global sea–air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects". Deep Sea Research Part
Ocean_gyre
Compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide
regulatory factors are listed below: Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (pCO2): The measure of carbon dioxide within arterial or venous blood. The amount
Carbaminohemoglobin
Bay in Oregon
rate of calcification and limited energetic budget. Experiments decoupling PCO2, pH demonstrated that aragonite saturation has the greatest impact on shell
Netarts_Bay
Large mass of glacial ice
Jansen, Eystein (12 November 2018). "Dynamic Greenland ice sheet driven by pCO2 variations across the Pliocene Pleistocene transition". Nature Communications
Ice_sheet
Increased blood pH
homeostasis Milk-alkali syndrome Arterial blood gas Chemical equilibrium pCO2 pH pKa Mosby's Paramedic Textbook – Mick J. Sanders Yee AH, Rabinstein AA
Alkalosis
Cardiorespiratory property
impaired, but a rise in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) is very uncommon because this leads to respiratory stimulation and the resultant
Ventilation/perfusion_ratio
water due to changes occurring in the physico-chemical conditions (such as pCO2, pH, and Eh). It is applied when poorly soluble ions present in water might
Purified_water
Imbalance in the body's acid-base equilibrium
the standard base will be more negative than -2 (base deficit) and the pCO2 will be reduced as a result of hyperventilation in an attempt to restore
Metabolic_acidosis
Island north of Sumbawa in Dompu Regency, Indonesia
is marked by a sharp decrease of the pH, which indicates an increase in pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide): from 340 ppmv (part per million by
Satonda_Island
Brain blood supply
'metabolic autoregulation') Pressure autoregulation Chemical control (by arterial pCO2 and pO2) Neural control Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) causes decreased
Cerebral_circulation
Extinct genus of mammals
the first major expansion of the Antarctic ice sheets that caused drastic pCO2 decreases and an estimated drop of ~70 m (230 ft) in sea level. During the
Hyaenodon
Severinghaus, John W.; Bradley, A. Freeman (1958). "Electrodes for Blood pO2 and pCO2 Determination". Journal of Applied Physiology. 13 (3). American Physiological
Severinghaus_electrode
Scientific observatory in the United States
as being an instrumental source of partial pressure carbon dioxide data (pCO2), which can, in turn, detail the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the
Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
Lamont–Doherty_Earth_Observatory
Control of blood flow within tissues, organs, or organ systems
entire body. Cerebral (brain) circulation is highly sensitive to changes in pCO2, meaning the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) present in the blood
Local_blood_flow_regulation
Potentially fatal complication of pregnancy
the acid-base status. The ABG should demonstrate a low PH and increased PCO2 levels consistent with a respiratory acidosis. Continuous pulse oximetry
Amniotic_fluid_embolism
PCO2
PCO2
PCO2
PCO2
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone living by a dark lake, from Old English blæc ‘black’, ‘dark’ + mere ‘mere’, ‘lake’, or a habitational name for someone from a place named with these words, such as Blakemere in Herefordshire. See also Blackmore.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Assamese, Bengali, Celebrity, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Oriya, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Musk; A Fragrant Material; Earth; Scented with Musk; Scented; Fragrant
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Happy; Joyful
Boy/Male
Australian, Parsi
Unpopulated; Uninhabited
Boy/Male
Arabic
Male Serpent
Girl/Female
Tamil
River Ganga (Married to Shantanu; Mother of Bhishma; Goddess of the sacred river, Ganga.)
Girl/Female
Muslim
Beauty, Gracefulness, Cultured, A pretty face, Beautiful
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Gives joy.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Eyes
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lord Rama
PCO2
PCO2
PCO2
PCO2
PCO2