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Third epoch of the Paleogene Period
The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period that extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (33.9±0.1 to 23
Oligocene
Mass extinction event 33.9 million years ago
(H) K–Pg Tr–J P–Tr Cap Late D O–S The Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, also called the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT), is the transition between the
Eocene–Oligocene extinction event
Eocene–Oligocene_extinction_event
Third and current era of the Phanerozoic Eon
was marked by the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, the European face of which is known as the Grande Coupure. The Oligocene spans from 33.9 million to
Cenozoic
First period of the Cenozoic Era
period of the Phanerozoic and is divided into the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene epochs. The earlier term Tertiary Period was used to define the time now
Paleogene
Perching birds of the order Passeriformes
the Oligocene onward, belonging to several lineages: Wieslochia (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany) – suboscine Resoviaornis (Early Oligocene of
Passerine
First epoch of the Neogene Period
Pliocene has. The Miocene followed the Oligocene and preceded the Pliocene. As Earth went from the Oligocene through the Miocene and into the Pliocene
Miocene
First Age of the Oligocene Epoch
geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between 33.9 and 27.3 Ma. It is preceded
Rupelian
Second epoch of the Paleogene Period
in the modern Cenozoic Era. The end point of the Eocene is the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT), between 33.9 and 33.4 Ma. Precise boundaries between
Eocene
Prehistoric ocean between Gondwana and Laurasia
Neotethys formed during the Late Triassic and lasted in some form up to the Oligocene–Miocene boundary (about 24–21 million years ago) when it completely closed
Tethys_Ocean
Second age of the Oligocene Epoch
geologic timescale, the younger of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between 27.3 and 23.04 Ma. The Chattian
Chattian
Geologic formation in Brazil
The Tremembé Formation is a major Oligocene geological formation within the Taubaté Basin of Brazil. It is notable for its fossils. The Tremembé Formation
Tremembé_Formation
Suborder of birds
World likely via a trans-Atlantic route during the Oligocene. Their presence in the early Oligocene of Europe is well documented by several fossil specimens
Tyranni
Extinct genus of hornless rhinocerotoids from Eurasia
terrestrial mammals that has ever existed and lived from the Early to Late Oligocene epoch (34–23 million years ago). The first fossils were discovered in
Paraceratherium
Fossil animals found in the western US
the Eocene and Oligocene epochs. The fauna is representative of four North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs): Arikareean (late Oligocene [Chattian] - early
White_River_Fauna
insects, birds, frogs and the tuatara. In the Duntroonian stage of the Oligocene, the land area of Zealandia was at a minimum. It has been suggested that
Natural history of New Zealand
Natural_history_of_New_Zealand
Family of rodents
1967 - Oligocene Butseloglis Vianey-Liaud, 2003 - Oligocene Glamys Vianey-Liaud, 1989 - Oligocene Moissenetia Hugueney & Adrover, 1995 - Oligocene Oligodyromys
Dormouse
Extinct genus of entelodonts
Paraentelodon is an extinct entelodont from the Late Oligocene of Asia. The fossils of the type species P. intermedium were found in Georgia, Kazakhstan
Paraentelodon
Biological family of water birds
Loxornis (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina) Paracygnopterus (Early Oligocene of Belgium and England) Teleornis (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina) Guguschia
Anatidae
Extinct species of mackerel shark
shark that lived between thirty and one million years ago during the late Oligocene to the Early Pleistocene epochs. The maximum adult length is estimated
Carcharodon_hastalis
Family (Echeneidae) of ray-finned fish
remora-like fish in the fossil record is Opisthomyzon from the Early Oligocene of Switzerland. This taxon appears to be closely related to modern remoras
Remora
Birds from the order Strigiformes
Eocene/Early Oligocene) includes "Bubo" incertus Selenornis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) – includes "Asio" henrici Necrobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Late
Owl
Extinct genus of fishes
Xiphiorhynchus is an extinct genus of prehistoric swordfish that lived from the Eocene until the Miocene. Unlike the modern swordfish, both the upper and
Xiphiorhynchus
Extinct genus of mammals
Epiaceratherium is an extinct genus of rhinocerotid from the mid-late Eocene, Oligocene and Early Miocene of Europe, Asia, and North America. Epiaceratherium
Epiaceratherium
Family of mammals
Kekenodontidae is an extinct family of non-neocete pelagicetes from the Late Oligocene (Chattian) epoch of New Zealand. Although at times classified as basal
Kekenodontidae
Extinct genus of mammals
tapir known from the Oligocene and Miocene of North America and Eurasia. The type species is Protapirus priscus from the Late Oligocene of Quercy, France
Protapirus
Extinct genus of mammals
Cainotherium is an extinct genus of rabbit-sized prehistoric even-toed ungulates. These herbivores lived in Europe from the Eocene until the early Miocene
Cainotherium
by Chen et al. (2026). Taxonomic revision of coniferous woods from the Oligocene strata of the Petroșani Basin (Romania) is published by Călin, Popa &
2026_in_paleobotany
Mass extinction event about 66 million years ago
Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian Eocene–Oligocene Middle Miocene Pliocene–Pleistocene Quaternary Extinct species Lists of
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Cretaceous–Paleogene_extinction_event
Extinct genus of bovid
from Oligocene with unclear systematic position. It was originally described from a jaw fragment for P. asiaticus, from Mongolia, Middle Oligocene. The
Palaeohypsodontus
Eocene/Early Oligocene) Selenornis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene) Necrobyas (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene – Early Miocene) Prosybris (Early Oligocene? – Early
List_of_fossil_bird_genera
Method used by several animal species to determine location using sound
frequencies. With the extinction of archaeocetes at the onset of the Oligocene (33.9–23 million years ago), two new lineages evolved in a second radiation
Animal_echolocation
be indicative of presence of seagrass habitats, is described from the Oligocene strata of the Maniyara Fort Formation (India) by Joshi et al. (2026).
2026_in_paleomammalogy
Extinct infraorder of rodents
decline by the Oligocene. Despite this, theridomyids remained a diverse group in the early Oligocene, surviving until the late Oligocene. Monique, Vianey-Liaud;
Theridomorpha
Fossil deposit in Egypt
formation period ranges from the Middle to the Upper Eocene to the Lower Oligocene, which corresponds to an age of around 41 to 28 million years ago. The
Fayum_(fossil_deposit)
Extinct family of birds
large birds of prey that lived in North and South America from the Late Oligocene to Late Pleistocene. They include some of the largest known flying birds
Teratornithidae
Extinct genus of mammals
solitary predators. The genus saw a decline during the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene, with only a few species being present in the Miocene. Initially, experts
Hyaenodon
Family of ray-finned fishes
Eocene. A distinct upscaling in otolith size is observed in the early Oligocene, which also marks their earliest occurrence in bathyal sediments. This
Lanternfish
Genus of plants
bulbosa (Tasmania, Early Oligocene) †Nothofagus cethanica (Tasmania, Early Oligocene) †Nothofagus cooksoniae (Tasmania, Early Oligocene) †Nothofagus crenulata
Nothofagus
Sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch
05 Ma to 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago). It was preceded by the Oligocene epoch. As the climate started to get cooler, the landscape started to
Early_Miocene
Prehistoric shallow inland sea in Eurasia
Paratethys formed about 34 Mya (million years ago) at the beginning of the Oligocene epoch, when the northern region of the Tethys Ocean (Peri-Tethys) was
Paratethys
Subfamily of carnivores
and Hesperocyoninae. They first appeared in North America, during the Oligocene around 35 million years ago, subsequently spreading to Asia and elsewhere
Caninae
Extinct genus of mammals
Paleogene ruminants that lived in Europe from the late Eocene to the late Oligocene. The genus was erected in 1882 by Henri Filhol based on fossil remains
Bachitherium
Ice age of the last 34 million years, in particular in Antarctica
Antarctic Glaciation, began around 33.9 million years ago at the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary and is ongoing. It is Earth's current ice age or icehouse period
Late_Cenozoic_Ice_Age
Family of fishes
1960 - Oligocene of North Caucasus, Russia †Fistularia licatae Sauvage, 1880 - Miocene of Italy †Fistularia koenigii Agassiz, 1839 - Oligocene of Switzerland
Cornetfish
Extinct order of mammals
terminal decline from the Eocene to Oligocene, with Hyaenodon being the only genus present in North America during the Oligocene before going extinct. In Afro-Arabia
Hyaenodonta
Extinct genus of fishes
inhabited southern Asia during the Oligocene. It contains a single species, E. thibetana from the Late Oligocene of Tibet. Fossils were found at 4,000
Eoanabas
Extinct genus of mammals
the Houldjinian (37.2–33.9 mya) until the Rupelian epoch of the early Oligocene (33.9–28.4 mya). It is one of four entelodont genera native to Eurasia
Entelodon
Extinct genus of mammals
African Oligocene mammals: Introduction, history of study, and faunal succession. Part II. The African Oligocene Rodentia. Part II. The African Oligocene Rodentia"
Moeritherium
Extinct genus of mammals
Europe and possibly the Middle East from the Middle Eocene to the Early Oligocene. It is the type genus of the Palaeotheriidae, a group exclusive to the
Palaeotherium
Prehistoric monument in England
was also added. During the next major phase of activity, 30 enormous Oligocene–Miocene sarsen stones (shown grey on the plan) were brought to the site
Stonehenge
Genus of plants
genus being seeds from the Early Oligocene (Rupelian) of Oregon, USA. Fossil species are also known from the Late Oligocene (Chattian) of Europe, but they
Catalpa
Genus of mammals
in Europe where the earliest musk deer are known to have existed from Oligocene deposits. Musk deer resemble small deer, with a stocky build and hind
Musk_deer
Family of carnivores
divergence between the herpestids and the euplerids dates back to the Oligocene. At that time, feliforms shared many similarities, particularly between
Eupleridae
Family of birds
(Late Eocene -? Late Oligocene of France) Genus Belgirallus (Early Oligocene of WC Europe) Genus Rallicrex (Corbula Middle/Late Oligocene of Kolzsvár, Romania)
Rail_(bird)
Genus of sharks
of the genus in the fossil record may have been as early as the Late Oligocene[citation needed], but certainly by the Early Miocene. The fossil ancestry
Carcharodon
Tropical marine fish of the family Chaetodontidae
from Italy; all date to the Early Oligocene. The occurrence of the first confirmed butterflyfish in the Early Oligocene is supported by molecular phylogenies
Butterflyfish
Infraorder of primates
origin) and sometimes in Amphipithecidae, thought to originate in the Early Oligocene. Additionally, Phileosimias is sometimes placed in the Eosimiidae and
Simian
Family of rodents
Sciuridae. There are fossils from the Oligocene until Miocene in Asia, from Oligocene in Europe and from the Oligocene until the present in North America
Aplodontiidae
Fossil species of crab
Late Oligocene to Early Miocene. Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Feldmann, Rodney M. (18 November 1999). "Fossil decapod crustaceans from the Late Oligocene to the
Macrocheira_longirostra
Extinct giant shark species
While the earliest megalodon remains have been reported from the Late Oligocene, around 28 million years ago (Mya), there is disagreement as to when it
Megalodon
Order of mammals
PMID 22665790. Marivaux, L.; et al. (2005-06-14). "Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography"
Primate
Eocene-Early Oligocene) Llanocetus Mystacodon (jr synonym Janjucetidae) (Late Oligocene) Janjucetus Mammalodon Borealodon Coronodon (Oligocene) Aetiocetus
List_of_extinct_cetaceans
Extinct genus of birds
wing") is an extinct genus of phorusrhacid ("terror bird") from the Middle Oligocene to possibly the Late Pleistocene of Argentina and Uruguay. Compared to
Psilopterus
Disappearance of a species from a specific area
Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian Eocene–Oligocene Middle Miocene Pliocene–Pleistocene Quaternary Extinct species Lists of
Local_extinction
the northward-moving African landmass. Most of this occurred during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs. The pressure formed great recumbent folds, or nappes
Geology_of_the_Alps
Extinct subfamily of mammals
Europe from the early Eocene to early Oligocene. Epoicotheriins were fossorial mammals. Late Eocene/early Oligocene genera were highly specialized animals
Epoicotheriinae
Extinct genus of bats
of large bat known from the Oligocene of Europe. It contains a single species, A. transiens, known from the Early Oligocene of Italy. It is the only member
Archaeopteropus
Family of mammals
the other 34 species in 12 genera. The first cats emerged during the Oligocene about 25 million years ago, with the appearance of Proailurus and Pseudaelurus
Felidae
Extinct genus of birds
genus of giant flightless terror birds that inhabited Brazil during Late Oligocene or Early Miocene epochs. The holotype (DGM-1418-R) and only known fossil
Paraphysornis
Extinct family of mammals in the order Carnivora
continued in the Oligocene, and nimravids evidently flourished in this environment, with 13 contemporary species being present in the early Oligocene. Their diversification
Nimravidae
Late Oligocene geologic formation in Mendoza Province, Argentina
Piedra and Complejo Volcano-sedimentario del Terciario inferior) is a Late Oligocene (Deseadan in the SALMA classification) geologic formation of the Malargüe
Agua_de_la_Piedra_Formation
Order of mammals
as over 1,300 kg (2,900 lb). Megalohyrax from the upper Eocene-lower Oligocene was as huge as a tapir. During the Miocene, however, competition from
Hyracoidea
Order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds
of Forbidden City, USA) – phasianid? †"Palaeorallus" alienus (middle Oligocene of Tatal-Gol, Mongolia) †Anisolornis (Santa Cruz Middle Miocene of Karaihen
Galliformes
Extinct family of mammals
Aetiocetidae is an extinct family of toothed baleen whales known from the Oligocene and latest Eocene, so far only from rocks deposited in the North Pacific
Aetiocetidae
Genus of birds
[citation needed] Still older fossils document the genus since the Late Oligocene onwards. The genus seems to have originated in the Southern Hemisphere
Moorhen
Extinct genus of Plotopteridae
cormorants and gannets. It lived during the Late Eocene or the Early Oligocene, in what is today the State of Washington and Japan. The first specimen
Olympidytes
Family of birds
from six genera and four fossil species have been described from the Oligocene of Egypt and from the Pliocene of Florida. A fossil from Miocene strata
Jacanidae
extinct genus of diomedeid that lived during the Rupelian stage of the Oligocene epoch. Tydea septentrionalis is known from Belgium. Mayr, Gerald; Smith
Tydea
Fourth and last Age of the Eocene Epoch
the Bartonian and is followed by the Rupelian, the lowest stage of the Oligocene. Priabona, an extinct dipteran in the family Pipunculidae, is named after
Priabonian
Extinct family of mammals
Waipatiidae is an extinct family of odontocetes currently known from the Oligocene of the Pacific Ocean and possibly Europe and the Caucasus. Waipatiidae
Waipatiidae
Superfamily of carnivoran mammals
appeared in the Chadronian[citation needed] of the late Eocene, and in early-Oligocene Europe, immediately following the Grande Coupure extinction event. The
Musteloidea
Species of extinct bivalve
Chione bainbridgensis is a species of extinct bivalve from the Oligocene of Florida, Louisiana, Georgia, and Mississippi. It is found in the Suwannee
Chione_bainbridgensis
Large rainforest in South America
years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded
Amazon_rainforest
Geological formation in central Mongolia
Tsagan Nor Basin of central Mongolia that dates to the Rupelian age of the Oligocene epoch. It formed in continental desert-like conditions and is notable
Hsanda_Gol_Formation
List of extinct species
Toarcian End-Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian-Turonian Eocene–Oligocene Middle Miocene Pliocene–Pleistocene Quaternary Extinct species Lists of
Lists_of_extinct_species
Genus of fishes
aralensis Sytchevskaya, 1974 - Middle Oligocene of Kazakhstan †Esox borealis Sytchevskaya, 1976 - Late Oligocene of Omsk Oblast, Russia †Esox columbianus
Esox
Extinct genus of mammals
entelodont artiodactyl endemic to North America during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs (35–28 mya). Archaeotherium fossils are most common in the White
Archaeotherium
Family of crinoids
species, Maorimetra ardlogiensis, a fossil taxon dating from the Late Oligocene. Members of the family have a truncated-conical centrodorsal profile,
Maorimetridae
extinct genus of bythitid that lived during the Chattian stage of the Oligocene epoch. Aotearichthys vestalis is known from the Chatton Formation of New
Aotearichthys
Extinct family of mammals
endemic to North America, Europe, and Asia during the Eocene through early Oligocene, living from 48.6 to 26.3 million years ago (Mya), existing about 22.3
Hyracodontidae
Extinct genus of carnivorans
aeluroid carnivoran restricted to western Europe that lived during the Oligocene epoch. It was named by Henri Filhol in 1880 and contains the type species
Stenoplesictis
Extinct species of shark
extinct species of Hemipristis that lived during the Rupelian stage of the Oligocene epoch. Hemipristis tanakai is known from the Yamaga Formation of northern
Hemipristis_tanakai
Genus of sharks
scant. The earliest appearance of Isurus proper seems to be during the Oligocene with Isurus desori. There has been much debate and speculation about the
Mako_shark
Genus of flowering plants
between species and hybridisation. The genus arose some time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian Peninsula and adjacent areas of
Narcissus_(plant)
External territory of Australia
a succession of Tertiary limestones ranging in age from the Eocene or Oligocene up to recent reef deposits, with intercalations of volcanic rock in the
Christmas_Island
Preserved burrow of an animal
freshwater deposits from the Ediacaran (550 million years ago) to the Upper Oligocene (24 mya). Treptichnus represents the oldest known example of a complex
Treptichnus
Genus of deciduous trees
genus is known in the fossil record from the Late Eocene to the Latest Oligocene. Roth-Nebelsick, Anita; Grein, Michaela; Utescher, Torsten; Konrad, Wilfried
Eotrigonobalanus
Superfamily of mammals
represented by several taxa in the Oligocene of both North America and Europe. Tapiroid diversity sharply declined after the Oligocene. Tapiridae first appeared
Tapiroidea
Extinct family of mammals
abundant remains also known from Asia, from the mid-Eocene to the early Oligocene. They are classified in Equoidea, along with the living family Equidae
Palaeotheriidae
Sub-set of rodents in South America
also in the Santa Rosa fauna from the late Eocene or early Oligocene. By the late Oligocene, all superfamilies and most families of caviomorphs are present
Caviomorpha
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