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Basis of international space law
The Outer Space Treaty, formally called the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including
Outer_Space_Treaty
Void between celestial bodies
(62 mi) above sea level, is conventionally used as the start of outer space in space treaties and for aerospace records keeping. Certain portions of the upper
Outer_space
Use of outer space for military aims
militarisation of space involved the placement and development of weaponry and military technology in outer space. The early exploration of space in the mid-20th
Militarisation_of_space
Law governing activities in outer space
of Outer Space" were passed unanimously. These basic principles formed the foundation of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Six international treaties have
Space_law
1979 international treaty on celestial bodies
May 2024[update], 17 states are parties to the treaty. It was noted that since the 1967 Outer Space Treaty was signed, technologies and society evolved
Moon_Treaty
Political considerations of space policy
The politics of outer space refers to the political implications and effects of efforts to expand our human awareness and presence beyond the Earth’s
Politics_of_outer_space
1967 treaty on rescuing persons in space
the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Despite containing more specificity and detail than the rescue provision in Article V of the Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue
Rescue_Agreement
1972 treaty that expands on the liability rules in the Outer Space Treaty
by Space Objects, also known as the Space Liability Convention, is a treaty from 1972 that expands on the liability rules created in the Outer Space Treaty
Space_Liability_Convention
Space agency
for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) is an office of the U.N. Secretariat that promotes and facilitates peaceful international cooperation in outer space. It
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs
Exploitation of raw materials from asteroids
international treaty is the Outer Space Treaty of 1967; it is generally viewed as the "Constitution" for outer space. By ratifying the Outer Space Treaty of 1967
Asteroid_mining
Multilateral agreement on human moon exploration
constituting space law. Critics have argued the Accords violate the Outer Space Treaty's prohibition of national appropriation of outer space by allowing
Artemis_Accords
Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth
Space colonization, or extraterrestrial colonization, is the establishment of human settlements or colonies in outer space and on astronomical bodies.
Space_colonization
Physical presence of human activity in outer space
in space (also anthropogenic presence in space or humanity in space) is the direct and mediated presence or telepresence of humans in outer space, and
Human_presence_in_space
Weapons used in space warfare
force of the Outer Space Treaty and the SALT II treaty. These agreements prohibit weapons of mass destruction from being placed in space. As other weapons
Space_weapon
United Nations committee
implementation of five UN treaties and agreements relating to activities in outer space: "Outer Space Treaty" – The Treaty on Principles Governing the
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space
Aspect of what countries can enforce in space
space tourism. Under the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, while space and celestial bodies cannot be appropriated by nations, objects launched into space and
Space_jurisdiction
Activity aimed at minimising space environmental impact
international space law to sustainability in space can be found in the Outer Space Treaty, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1963. The Outer Space Treaty
Space_sustainability
Study of human-made items found in space
the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 based upon guidelines from experience in the Antarctic. Another source of ideas is the Law of the Sea. The Outer Space Treaty
Space_archaeology
Nuclear weapons delivery system
II agreement (see Outer Space Treaty and SALT II). Article IV of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 stated that: Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place
Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System
Topics referred to by the same term
film by Peter Tscherkassky Outer Space Treaty, a 1967 treaty on international space law United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, a part of the UN
Outer_space_(disambiguation)
Allows US industries to exploit space resources
States recognizing ownership of space resources is an act of sovereignty, and that the act violates the Outer Space Treaty. This has created a controversy
Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015
Commercial_Space_Launch_Competitiveness_Act_of_2015
Investigation of outer space
Space exploration is the physical investigation of outer space by uncrewed robotic space probes and through human spaceflight. While the observation of
Space_exploration
an Arms Race in Outer Space document is a 1981 UN resolution that reaffirms the fundamental principles of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and advocates for
Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
Prevention_of_an_Arms_Race_in_Outer_Space
Use of advertisements in outer space
categories: obtrusive and non-obtrusive. Obtrusive space advertising is advertising in outer space that is visible to individuals on the Earth's surface
Space_advertising
1947–1991 geopolitical rivalry between US and USSR
the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, commonly known as the Outer Space Treaty. Signed on January 27, 1967
Cold_War
NASA-led lunar exploration program
constituting space law. Critics have argued the Accords violate the Outer Space Treaty's prohibition of national appropriation of outer space by allowing
Artemis_program
1963 international agreement
The Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), formally known as the 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, prohibited
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty
Nuclear detonations in the upper layers of Earth's atmosphere
The Partial Test Ban Treaty was passed in October 1963, ending atmospheric and exoatmospheric nuclear tests. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 banned the stationing
High-altitude nuclear explosion
High-altitude_nuclear_explosion
Type of extraterritorial zone
International Law Journal (21 ed.): 409. Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article VIII – via Wikisource. s:Outer Space Treaty of 1967#Article VII Bourbonniere, M.;
International_zone
Area in the South Pacific Ocean where spacecraft have been routinely deposited
Currently two treaties outline certain laws that can be applied to the spacecraft cemetery.[citation needed] The Outer Space Treaty produced by the
Spacecraft_cemetery
Public policy concerning the exploration of outer space
of outer space, both for civilian (scientific and commercial) and military purposes. International treaties, such as the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, attempt
Space_policy
International aspects of US space policy may involve diplomatic negotiation with other countries, such as the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. In these cases, the president
Space policy of the United States
Space_policy_of_the_United_States
Organization
of the Outer Space Treaty. States Parties to the Outer Space Treaty are responsible for national space activities under Article VI of this Treaty, including
Committee_on_Space_Research
Term for international restriction of weapons
Outer Space Treaty, signed and entered into force 1967 Seabed Arms Control Treaty, signed 1971, entered into force 1972 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Arms_control
Instrument in space to study astronomical objects
A space telescope (also known as space observatory) is a telescope in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. Suggested by Lyman Spitzer in
Space_telescope
Water outside of national jurisdiction
ratified. Transboundary Groundwater Treaty, Bellagio Draft – proposed, but not signed. Other global conventions and treaties with implications for International
International_waters
access into outer space, operations in outer space and return from outer space to Earth free from physical or radio-frequency interference." Space traffic
Space_traffic_management
Ownership claims of property on other planets, moons, or parts of outer space
from him as well. The United Nations-sponsored 1967 Outer Space Treaty established all of outer space as an international commons by describing it as the
Extraterrestrial_real_estate
Outer space treaty
Outer Space Treaty, but they did not receive wider international support or recognition. Subsequently, they were largely abandoned. The Outer Space Treaty
Bogota_Declaration
advocate for and engage in activities relating to outer space, including the operation of space systems, and space exploration.[citation needed] Their objectives
List of government space agencies
List_of_government_space_agencies
State of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law
waters International zone Law of the Sea Moon Treaty Neutral territory Outer Space Treaty Prerogative Rasul v. Bush Status of forces agreement Terra nullius
Extraterritoriality
Act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons, usually on a national scale
Weapons Convention (BWC) 1997: Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) 1967: Outer Space Treaty In his definition of "disarmament", David Carlton writes in the Oxford
Disarmament
Activities related to manufacturing components that go into Earth's orbit or beyond
Space industry refers to economic activities related to manufacturing components that go into outer space (Earth's orbit or beyond), delivering them to
Space_industry
Planned American defense system
"multi-trillion-dollar gap between rhetoric and reality." Article I of the Outer Space Treaty states that space is "the province of all mankind" and forbids placing weapons
Golden Dome (missile defense system)
Golden_Dome_(missile_defense_system)
Science diplomacy related to space exploration
regulations to protect space as a global common and for space travel have been set by the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which governs that space exploration and
Space_diplomacy
US surveillance project from 1947 to 1949
Treaties Moscow Declarations Potsdam Agreement Wanfried agreement McCloy–Zorin Accords Outer Space Treaty Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space Four
Project_Mogul
Modular space station in low Earth orbit
raised. An unmaintained station would pose a space debris and re-entry hazard. According to the Outer Space Treaty, the parties are legally responsible for
International_Space_Station
2000 film by Clint Eastwood
nuclear missiles, relics from the Cold War and a violation of the Outer Space Treaty. Frank discovers that the satellite control system was stolen from
Space_Cowboys
American socialite and political hostess; mistress of President Lyndon B. Johnson
Order 11246 Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Foreign policy Vietnam War Gulf of
Alice_Marsh
1974 United Nations treaty
1962. The Registration Convention and four other space law treaties, including the Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention,
Registration_Convention
Human space travel for recreation
methods to extract the resources. Article II of the Outer Space Treaty dictates that "outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not
Space_tourism
Weapon that can kill many people or cause great damage
in an international treaty is in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, but the treaty provides no definition of the phrase, and the treaty also categorically
Weapon_of_mass_destruction
Model organism for space research
legal. The Outer Space Treaty only explicitly bans weapons and experiments or tools that could interfere with other missions. Large space agencies typically
Tardigrades_in_space
Russian intercontinental ballistic missile
infobrics. "Bombs in orbit? Verification and violation under the Outer Space Treaty". The Space Review. В обойме – «Сармат», «Кинжал», «Авангард»... [In the
RS-28_Sarmat
Two conferences between the United States and Soviet Union involving arms control
were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union. The Cold War superpowers
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks
nuclear-armed ballistic missile force. Article I of the Outer Space Treaty states that space is "the province of all mankind" and forbids placing weapons
Space policy of the second Trump administration
Space_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration
Prevention of interplanetary biological contamination
along with all current aspiring space-faring nation-states, have both signed and ratified the treaty. The Outer Space Treaty has consistent and widespread
Planetary_protection
Combat that takes place in outer space
1967 Outer Space Treaty forms the basis of space law; it prohibits permanent basing of weapons of mass destruction, such as nuclear weapons, in space and
Space_warfare
1990 German reunification agreement
The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (German: Vertrag über die abschließende Regelung in Bezug auf Deutschland), more commonly referred
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany
Satellite that covertly collects data for intelligence or military applications
$35 or $40 billion on the space program. And if nothing else had come out of it except the knowledge that we gained from space photography, it would be
Reconnaissance_satellite
Economic activity in space
Space-based economy is economic activity in outer space, including asteroid mining, space manufacturing, space trade, space burial, space advertising
Space-based_economy
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
case of the geostationary Earth orbit in particular as useful orbits for space stations. The first appearance of a geosynchronous orbit in popular literature
Geosynchronous_orbit
Space exploration concept
history of the galaxy, such probes should already be common throughout space and thus, we should have already encountered them. Because we have not,
Self-replicating_spacecraft
Explosive device not necessarily for military use
Partial Test Ban Treaty and the Outer Space Treaty, has led to the termination of most of these programs. "Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT)". The Nuclear
Nuclear_explosive
Earth. It operates within the context of existing space governance mechanisms like the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and more recent initiatives like the UN
Proposed Sustainable Development Goal 18
Proposed_Sustainable_Development_Goal_18
1991 Soviet Union–United States arms control treaty
START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the reduction and the limitation of
START_I
Relaxation of strained international relations by verbal communication
arms-limitation treaties in the early to middle 1960s. These included the August 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the January 1967 Outer Space Treaty, and the
Détente
Soviet strategic bomber aircraft, copy of B-29
Treaties Moscow Declarations Potsdam Agreement Wanfried agreement McCloy–Zorin Accords Outer Space Treaty Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space Four
Tupolev_Tu-4
ISSN 0265-9646. Retrieved 4 May 2023. Richmond, Ben (15 April 2013). "The Outer Space Country That the United Nations Ignored". Vice. Retrieved 4 May 2023
List_of_micronations
NASA super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle used in the Artemis Program
The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American two-stage super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle used by NASA. The primary launch vehicle for the Artemis
Space_Launch_System
Conspiracy theory about Soviet cosmonauts
which alleges that Soviet and Russian space authorities have concealed the deaths of some cosmonauts in outer space. Proponents of the Lost Cosmonauts theory
Lost_Cosmonauts
Nylon banner and aluminum staff used on the Apollo Moon landings
territorial claims, was "taking possession of the moon" in violation of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. The committee was to decide on three things: items to be
Lunar_Flag_Assembly
National space program of North Korea
legitimize its space program from 2009 by joining the Outer Space Treaty and Registration Convention. From 2023, it has cooperated on space industry with
North_Korean_space_program
Incident which nearly precipitated nuclear warfare
'Sunday Punch': The Pershing II and the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty". Army History. 73 (73). US Army Center of Military History: 12. JSTOR 26296770
1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident
1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident
Proposed national space programs
international space law treaties, ratifying the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty on March 24, 1964, and acceding to the Outer Space Treaty on April 24,
Ugandan_space_initiatives
US–USSR spaceflight capability rivalry
This treaty followed the US test of a nuclear bomb detonated in outer space the year earlier called Starfish Prime. The UN ultimately created a Treaty on
Space_Race
Topics referred to by the same term
Socialist Workers Organisation of Senegal Outer Space Treaty, a treaty regulating international law in outer space. Ostend–Bruges International Airport, Belgium
OST
2002 nuclear disarmament treaty between the U.S. and Russia
The Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Strategic Offensive Reductions (SORT), also known as the Treaty of Moscow
Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty
Office for China's human spaceflight program
Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and CMSA agreed to increased space cooperation via opportunities on-board China's future space station. In 2018
China_Manned_Space_Agency
Nickname for a clear variant of Coca-Cola from the 1940s
Treaties Moscow Declarations Potsdam Agreement Wanfried agreement McCloy–Zorin Accords Outer Space Treaty Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space Four
White_Coke
bombardment system but was abandoned following the 27 January 1967 Outer Space Treaty signed between the USSR and the United States, prohibiting "plac[ing]
Alleged CIA involvement in the Whitlam dismissal
Alleged_CIA_involvement_in_the_Whitlam_dismissal
Historical period started in 1957
Aeronautics and Space Administration, commonly known as NASA. Prior to the first attempted human spaceflight, various animals were flown into outer space to identify
Space_Age
1956 quote by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev
Khrushchev on QuotationsPage.com Beichman, Arnold. The Long Pretense: Soviet Treaty Diplomacy from Lenin to Gorbachev. Transaction Publishers. p. 96. ISBN 1412837685
We_will_bury_you
Discipline of applied ethics
principle is anchored in the UN Outer Space Treaty, which was established in 1967 and has since been signed and ratified by all space-faring nations. The precautionary
Space_ethics
Partially reusable launch system and space plane
orbit once in space. Its double-delta wings were 18 m (60 ft) long, and were swept 81° at the inner leading edge and 45° at the outer leading edge. Each
Space_Shuttle
Objects intentionally placed into orbit
mapping, monitoring the weather, ocean, forest, etc. Space telescopes take advantage of outer space's near perfect vacuum to observe objects with the entire
Satellite
United States federal law
Representative Frank Wolf, that prohibits the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from using government funds to engage in direct, bilateral
Wolf_Amendment
FBI investigation concerning Russian espionage
Treaties Moscow Declarations Potsdam Agreement Wanfried agreement McCloy–Zorin Accords Outer Space Treaty Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space Four
Hollow_Nickel_Case
Plants in space – Growth of plants in outer space Soviet space dogs – Soviet-era program that sent dogs to space Space Dogs, 2010 film Tardigrades on the
Animals_in_space
International treaty
Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone Outer Space Treaty Seabed Arms Control Treaty Nuclear terrorism Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) Proliferation Security
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons
Hypothetical travel between galaxies
escape velocity of the Milky Way, and are traveling out into intergalactic space. There are several theories for their existence. One of the mechanisms would
Intergalactic_travel
1972 arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union
The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, also known as the ABM Treaty or ABMT, was a 1972 arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union
Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty
Reconnaissance satellite of Soviet Union
Canadian dollars under the terms of the Outer Space Treaty, which obligates states for damages caused by their space objects. The USSR eventually paid 3 million
Kosmos_954
Activity done by an astronaut outside a spacecraft
Extravehicular activity (EVA) is any activity performed by an astronaut in outer space outside of a spacecraft. This includes spacewalks, lunar or planetary
Extravehicular_activity
International treaties concerning Antarctica
The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to
Antarctic_Treaty_System
Garment worn to protect a human in space
A space suit (or spacesuit) is an environmental suit used for protection from the harsh environment of outer space. It mainly protects from outer space’s
Space_suit
US-Soviet/Russian treaty (1987–2019)
The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union (and its successor
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty
1959 series of exchanges between Nikita Khrushchev and Richard Nixon
Treaties Moscow Declarations Potsdam Agreement Wanfried agreement McCloy–Zorin Accords Outer Space Treaty Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space Four
Kitchen_Debate
1971 international agreement limiting nuclear weapons on the sea floor
compliance. Like the Antarctic Treaty, the Outer Space Treaty, and the Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone treaties, the Seabed Arms Control Treaty sought to prevent the
Seabed_Arms_Control_Treaty
Representatives of one state in another
States), Jakarta (ASEAN) and Brussels (European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization). In some cases, an embassy or consulate is divided between
Diplomatic_mission
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