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1972 treaty that expands on the liability rules in the Outer Space Treaty
The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, also known as the Space Liability Convention, is a treaty from 1972 that
Space_Liability_Convention
Basis of international space law
legal framework for activities in space: Rescue Agreement (1968) Space Liability Convention (1972) Registration Convention (1976) Moon Treaty (1979) With
Outer_Space_Treaty
Instrument in space to study astronomical objects
A space telescope (also known as space observatory) is a telescope in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. Suggested by Lyman Spitzer in
Space_telescope
Agreement, Space Liability Convention, and the Registration Convention, but not the Moon Treaty. The five treaties and agreements of international space law
Space policy of the United States
Space_policy_of_the_United_States
Modular space station in low Earth orbit
The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station in low Earth orbit (LEO). It is the product of the International Space Station program and is
International_Space_Station
for and engage in activities relating to outer space, including the operation of space systems, and space exploration.[citation needed] Their objectives
List of government space agencies
List_of_government_space_agencies
Cognitive shift after seeing Earth from space
cognitive shift reported by some astronauts while viewing the Earth from space. Researchers have characterized the effect as "a state of awe with self-transcendent
Overview_effect
Satellite that covertly collects data for intelligence or military applications
$35 or $40 billion on the space program. And if nothing else had come out of it except the knowledge that we gained from space photography, it would be
Reconnaissance_satellite
United Nations committee
into Outer Space "Liability Convention" – The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects "Registration Convention" – The Convention
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space
Animals in space originally served to test the survivability of spaceflight, before human spaceflights were attempted. Later, many species were flown
Animals_in_space
Investigation of outer space
Space exploration is the physical investigation of outer space by uncrewed robotic space probes and through human spaceflight. While the observation of
Space_exploration
Activity done by an astronaut outside a spacecraft
Extravehicular activity (EVA) is any activity performed by an astronaut in outer space outside of a spacecraft. This includes spacewalks, lunar or planetary surface
Extravehicular_activity
NASA super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle used in the Artemis Program
The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American two-stage super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle used by NASA. The primary launch vehicle for the Artemis
Space_Launch_System
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
case of the geostationary Earth orbit in particular as useful orbits for space stations. The first appearance of a geosynchronous orbit in popular literature
Geosynchronous_orbit
Hypothetical travel between galaxies
escape velocity of the Milky Way, and are traveling out into intergalactic space. There are several theories for their existence. One of the mechanisms would
Intergalactic_travel
Partially reusable launch system and space plane
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was the Space Transportation System
Space_Shuttle
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
spaceflight capability and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center. Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology
Apollo_program
Space exploration concept
history of the galaxy, such probes should already be common throughout space and thus, we should have already encountered them. Because we have not,
Self-replicating_spacecraft
Objects intentionally placed into orbit
national or international regulation. Generally liability has been covered by the Liability Convention. The operation capabilities and use have very much
Satellite
Conspiracy theory about Soviet cosmonauts
which alleges that Soviet and Russian space authorities have concealed the deaths of some cosmonauts in outer space. Proponents of the Lost Cosmonauts theory
Lost_Cosmonauts
Garment worn to protect a human in space
A space suit (or spacesuit) is an environmental suit used for protection from the harsh environment of outer space. It mainly protects from outer space’s
Space_suit
Condition caused by weightlessness
Space adaptation syndrome (SAS) or space sickness is a condition experienced by as many as half of all space travelers during their adaptation to weightlessness
Space_adaptation_syndrome
Use of satellite signals for navigation or geo-spatial positioning
backup". SpaceNews.com. Retrieved 10 August 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) "EGNOS System". March 2016. "EU Space Programme
Satellite_navigation
Toilet used in weightless environments
A space toilet or zero-gravity toilet is a toilet that can be used in a weightless environment. In the absence of weight, the collection and retention
Space_toilet
Historical period started in 1957
The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced
Space_Age
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
by taking images and sending them back. The James Webb Space Telescope, a powerful infrared space observatory, is located at L2. This allows the satellite's
Lagrange_point
Psychology applied to spaceflight
Psychology to Inform the Design of Future Space Vehicles and Habitats". American Psychological Association Convention Presentation Miller, Matthew (June 2015)
Space_psychology
Proposed Russian space station
known as the Russian Orbital Service Station, is a proposed Russian orbital space station scheduled to begin construction in 2028. Initially an evolution
Russian_Orbital_Station
First hypervelocity spacecraft collision
– largest recorded space debris creation event Space Liability Convention McDowell, Jonathan (February 15, 2009). "Jonathan's Space Report No. 606". Archived
2009_satellite_collision
Branch of astronomy
space exploration is the branch of astronomy, astronautics, and space technology that is involved with exploring the distant regions of outer space.
Deep_space_exploration
serious injury. These include incidents during flight or training for crewed space missions and testing, assembly, preparation, or flight of crewed and robotic
List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents
List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents
Aspect of what countries can enforce in space
existence regarding space law include the following: The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 The Rescue Agreement of 1968. The Space Liability Convention of 1972. The
Space_jurisdiction
Spacecraft crew member
professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and space tourists
Astronaut
Billionaire space rivalry
The billionaire space race is the rivalry among entrepreneurs who have entered the space industry from other industries – particularly computing. This
Billionaire_space_race
Country in West Asia
Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement, the Space Liability Convention, the Registration Convention and the Moon Agreement. The agency plans to establish
Bahrain
Proposed momentum exchange tether
transferred to the payload. A skyhook differs from a geostationary orbit space elevator in that a skyhook would be much shorter and would not come in contact
Skyhook_(structure)
Spacecraft capable of aerodynamic flight in atmosphere
an aircraft in Earth's atmosphere and function as a spacecraft in outer space. To do so, spaceplanes must incorporate features of both aircraft and spacecraft
Spaceplane
First Earthlings launched into space
first living organisms to go to space, and on February 20, 1947, fruit flies safely returned from a suborbital space flight, which paved the way for human
Fruit_flies_in_space
1961–1966 US human spaceflight program
spaceflight program to fly. It was conducted after the first American crewed space program, Project Mercury, while the Apollo program was still in early development
Project_Gemini
Concept in celestial mechanics
rocket under continuous or intermittent thrust (or an object climbing a space elevator) can attain escape at any non-zero speed, but the minimum amount
Escape_velocity
Theoretical satellite collision cascade
Experimental space-based radio communication project Space Liability Convention – 1972 treaty that expands on the liability rules in the Outer Space Treaty
Kessler_syndrome
Hypothetical travel between stars or planetary systems
distant stars, comprehensive search for extraterrestrial intelligence and space colonization. Even though five uncrewed spacecraft have left the Solar System
Interstellar_travel
Location used to launch and receive spacecraft
companies such as SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic. A prominent example is Starbase, a private spaceport operated by SpaceX in Boca Chica, Texas
Spaceport
Scientific studies carried out using scientific equipment in outer space
Space research is scientific study carried out in outer space, and by studying outer space. From the use of space technology to the observable universe
Space_research
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
Orbital mechanics , astrodynamics or space dynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to rockets, satellites, and other spacecraft
Orbital_mechanics
Branch of engineering
continually calculating steering directions for flight control. For example, the Space Shuttle targets an altitude, velocity vector, and gamma to drive main engine
Guidance, navigation, and control
Guidance,_navigation,_and_control
Medical issues associated with spaceflight
cardiovascular system functions, decreased production of red blood cells (space anemia), balance disorders, eyesight disorders and changes in the immune
Effect of spaceflight on the human body
Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body
Vehicle or machine designed to fly in space
in outer space. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization
Spacecraft
Satellite that begins communicating again after an extended period of inactivity
operation when its solar panels are receiving sunlight. Space debris Skylab 4 Space Liability Convention List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents
Zombie_satellite
Renewed 21st-century competition in space exploration
The New Space Race or Second Space Race describes the renewed competition in space exploration and technological development in the 21st century, primarily
New_Space_Race
Initial American crewed spaceflight program (1958–1963)
United States, running from 1958 through 1963. An early highlight of the Space Race, its goal was to put a man into Earth orbit and return him safely,
Project_Mercury
Earliest phase of a flight that reaches space
A space launch is the phase of a spaceflight mission during which a launch vehicle reaches space. The launch may be sub-orbital or the launch may continue
Space_launch
Type of spacecraft
A space capsule is a spacecraft designed to transport cargo, scientific experiments, and/or astronauts to and from space. Reentry capsules are distinguished
Space_capsule
Preparing astronauts for space missions
complex process of preparing astronauts in regions around the world for their space missions before, during and after the flight, which includes medical tests
Astronaut_training
Physical presence of human activity in outer space
in space (also anthropogenic presence in space or humanity in space) is the direct and mediated presence or telepresence of humans in outer space, and
Human_presence_in_space
Use of advertisements in outer space
outer space. This treaty provides free access to space, so space advertising is not subject to global prohibition. The Space Liability Convention (1972)
Space_advertising
Technology development overview
Registration Convention – 1974 United Nations treaty Space launch – Earliest phase of a flight that reaches space Space Liability Convention – 1972 treaty
Outline of artificial satellites
Outline_of_artificial_satellites
Proposed method of Moon landing
States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Space warfare Space command Space force
Direct_ascent
Reconnaissance satellite of Soviet Union
few hours." Under the terms of the 1972 Space Liability Convention, a state which launches an object into space is liable for damages caused by that object
Kosmos_954
Spaceflight with a crew or passengers
had a continuous presence in space since 2 November 2000, on the International Space Station (ISS). The first human in space was Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin
Human_spaceflight
Agency in charge of the Algerian space program
namely the Atmospheric Space Treaty, the Space Liability Convention and the Registration Convention. As such, the Algerian space agency actively participates
Algerian_Space_Agency
Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth
Space colonization, or extraterrestrial colonization, is the establishment of human settlements or colonies in outer space and on astronomical bodies.
Space_colonization
Study of human-made items found in space
In archaeology, space archaeology is the research-based study of various human-made items found in space, their interpretation as clues to the adventures
Space_archaeology
Human space travel for recreation
insufficient to address the significant issues raised by space tourism. The concerns relate to commercial Liability, insurance, consumer protection, passenger safety
Space_tourism
Test in spaceflight
queried for operation and readiness status before a launch can proceed. For Space Shuttle missions, in the firing room at the Launch Control Center, the NASA
Launch_status_check
Type of space station, intended as a permanent settlement
A space settlement (also called a space habitat, spacestead, space city or space colony) is a settlement in outer space, sustaining more extensively habitation
Space_settlement
Office for China's human spaceflight program
China Manned Space Agency (abbreviated as CMSA) is a government agency of China responsible for the administration of China Manned Space Program, the
China_Manned_Space_Agency
Spaceflight where spacecraft orbits an astronomical body
in which a spacecraft is placed on a trajectory where it could remain in space for at least one orbit. To do this around the Earth, it must be on a free
Orbital_spaceflight
Branch of space physics and aeronomy
Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy, or heliophysics, concerned with the varying conditions within the Solar System and its heliosphere
Space_weather
Method used to accelerate spacecraft
artificial satellites. In-space propulsion is used in the vacuum of space after launch vehicle has lifted the spacecraft into outer space. Several methods of
Spacecraft_propulsion
Satellite designed to observe Earth from orbit
back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken from space. In 2008, more than 150 Earth observation satellites were in orbit, recording
Earth_observation_satellite
Spaceflight where the spacecraft does not go into orbit
sub-orbital spaceflight is a spaceflight in which the vehicle reaches outer space, but its trajectory intersects the surface of the gravitating body from
Sub-orbital_spaceflight
Spaceflight not by a government
During the early decades of the Space Age, the government space agencies of the Soviet Union and United States pioneered space technology in collaboration
Private_spaceflight
Flight into or through outer space
be re-entered after use. A wide range of issues such as space traffic management or liability have been issues of spaceflight regulation. Participation
Spaceflight
of Outer Space and a signatory to all United Nations treaties and conventions on space, with the exception of the 1979 Moon Treaty. The United States government
Chinese_space_program
Overview of Indian space sector
The space industry of India is predominantly driven by its national space agency ISRO. The industry includes over 500 private suppliers and other various
Space_industry_of_India
1974 United Nations treaty
Registration Convention and four other space law treaties, including the Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue Agreement, the Liability Convention, and the Moon
Registration_Convention
US–USSR spaceflight capability rivalry
The Space Race (Russian: космическая гонка, romanized: kosmicheskaya gonka, IPA: [kɐsˈmʲitɕɪskəjə ˈɡonkə]) was a 20th-century competition between the
Space_Race
Russian physicist
Physics Curriculum Vitae at the Friedmann Laboratory website TEDxBrussels 2009 Serguei Krasnikov on time travel Portals: Biography Physics Science Space
Serguei_Krasnikov
Artificial satellite that relays radio signals
1 was a major step in the exploration of space and rocket development, and marks the beginning of the Space Age. There are two major classes of communications
Communications_satellite
Chinese automated cargo spacecraft
spacecraft developed from China's first prototype space station Tiangong-1 to resupply its modular space station. It was first launched (Tianzhou 1) on the
Tianzhou_(spacecraft)
Vehicle propelled by ejection of gases
need for oxygen from air; consequently a rocket can fly in the vacuum of space, and indeed rocket engines operate more efficiently outside the atmosphere
Rocket
Spacecraft without people on board
spacecraft for scientific measurements is often called a space probe or space observatory. Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than crewed
Uncrewed_spacecraft
Orbit around Earth
satellite payloads orbiting Earth and 6,216 pieces of space debris as tracked by the Goddard Space Flight Center. More than 16,291 objects previously launched
Geocentric_orbit
Chinese reusable spacecraft
Corporation (CASC), the main contractor for China's space agency, said during a 2017 interview that China's space plane would be able to be re-used up to 20 times
Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
Chinese_reusable_experimental_spacecraft
Concepts for launch into space
Non-rocket spacelaunch refers to theoretical concepts for launch into space where much of the speed and altitude needed to achieve orbit is provided by
Non-rocket_spacelaunch
United States federal law
Representative Frank Wolf, that prohibits the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from using government funds to engage in direct, bilateral
Wolf_Amendment
Architecture of off-planet habitable structures
Space architecture is the theory and practice of designing and building inhabited environments in outer space. It borrows from multiple forms of niche
Space_architecture
Extreme benchmarks set off Earth by astronauts, launchers and probes
to outer space. The notion of "firsts" in spaceflight follows a long tradition of firsts in aviation, but is also closely tied to the Space Race. During
List_of_spaceflight_records
Crewed or uncrewed travel between stars or planets
escape velocity, eventually performing interstellar spaceflight. Uncrewed space probes have flown to all the observed planets in the Solar System as well
Interplanetary_spaceflight
Rocket used to carry a spacecraft into space
spacecraft or satellites) from Earth's surface or lower atmosphere to outer space. The most common form is the ballistic missile-shaped multistage rocket
Launch_vehicle
Event during which a spacecraft can be viewed from a specified ground location
topography and any occulting objects on the ground (such as buildings), or in space (for planetary probes, or for spacecraft using relay satellites). The longest
Orbital_pass
Space program of Japan
The Japanese space program (Japanese: 日本の宇宙開発) has cumulatively launched 384 spacecraft since 1970, the fifth most of any nation. It is currently operated
Japanese_space_program
Absence of the sensation of weight
mechanical, non-gravitational forces- such as in a centrifuge, a rotating space station, or within an accelerating vehicle. When the gravitational field
Weightlessness
Facility from which rockets are launched
pad is an above-ground facility from which a rocket-powered missile or space vehicle is vertically launched. The term launch pad can be used to describe
Launch_pad
Type of satellite designed to record the state of the Earth's atmosphere
NOAA, was launched in 2015 and became the first deep space satellite that can observe and predict space weather. It can detect potentially dangerous weather
Weather_satellite
Private spacecraft crew
awarding wings to people that flew into space. The program was ended in 2022 with the rise of commercial space tourism that involved spacecraft that are
Commercial_astronaut
The South Korean space program began in earnest in the 1980s when research on space development began. Korea Aerospace Research Institute was established
South_Korean_space_program
Use of outer space for military aims
militarisation of space involved the placement and development of weaponry and military technology in outer space. The early exploration of space in the mid-20th
Militarisation_of_space
Vehicles that can go to space and return
recovered and reflown, while carrying payloads from the surface to outer space. Rocket stages are the most common launch vehicle parts aimed for reuse
Reusable_launch_vehicle
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