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NASA concept to support the International Space Station
evolved into the Orbital Space Plane Program and the Next Generation Launch Technology Program. Future versions of the Orbital Space Plane would have been
Orbital_Space_Plane_Program
1972–2011 United States human spaceflight program
cancellation) Orbital Space Plane Program One effort in the direction of space transportation was the Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) program, initiated in
Space_Shuttle_program
Spacecraft capable of aerodynamic flight in atmosphere
assistance of boosters and an external tank. Orbital spaceflight takes place at high velocities, with orbital kinetic energies typically greater than suborbital
Spaceplane
Proposed Orbital Sciences Corporation spaceplane
design improvements to HL-20 by Orbital Sciences that were done some years ago as part of NASA's Orbital Space Plane program. Whereas the HL-20 was a pure
Prometheus_(spacecraft)
Launch vehicle study
Constellation, Orbital Space Plane Program, and Artemis program. The Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle was a study by NASA to turn the Space Shuttle launch stack
Studied_Space_Shuttle_designs
Reusable robotic spaceplane used by US military since 2010
2004. Until 2019, the program was managed by Air Force Space Command. An X-37 first flew during a drop test in 2006; its first orbital mission was launched
Boeing_X-37
US NASA & DOD program 2000-2002
exploration missions in space. This program was evolved into the Orbital Space Plane Program and the Next Generation Launch Technology program in November 2002
Space_Launch_Initiative
End of NASA Space Shuttle program in 2011
proposed to provide access to space after the shuttle were the Lockheed Martin X-33, VentureStar, the Orbital Space Plane Program, and Ares I launcher. For
Space_Shuttle_retirement
drawing board. Spaceflight portal Comparison of orbital launch systems Non-rocket spacelaunch List of orbital launch systems List of private spaceflight companies#Crew
List of canceled launch vehicle designs
List_of_canceled_launch_vehicle_designs
Pollution around Earth by defunct artificial objects
"Orbital Debris – Important Reference Documents." Archived 20 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. "Mitigating space
Space_debris
Aircraft configuration in which the fuselage produces significant lift
New Space Race, Orbital Sciences Unveils Mini-Shuttle Spaceplane Design, Popular Science, 2010-12-16, accessed 2010-12-18. "Orbital Sciences isn’t the
Lifting_body
Spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle orbiter was the spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle, a partially reusable orbital spacecraft system that was part of the discontinued
Space_Shuttle_orbiter
spacecraft called SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo, in conjunction with Scaled Composites to offer sub-orbital spaceflights and later orbital spaceflights to
Human_spaceflight_programs
SpaceX satellite Internet constellation
(340 mi) orbital altitude. These satellites would effectively operate in a third orbital shell, a 550 km (340 mi) orbit, while the higher and lower orbits at
Starlink
Partially reusable launch system and space plane
The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and
Space_Shuttle
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
proposed up to 30 flights to Earth orbit, using the space in the Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) to house a small orbital laboratory (workshop). Astronauts
Apollo_program
Modular space station in low Earth orbit
International Space Station (ISS) is a space station in low Earth orbit (LEO). It is the product of the International Space Station program and is operated
International_Space_Station
Proposed Russian space station
Orbital Service Station, is a proposed Russian orbital space station scheduled to begin construction in 2028. Initially an evolution of the Orbital Piloted
Russian_Orbital_Station
Manned Spacecraft sub-system
shown at the Zhuhai Airshow 2018. Fisher, Richard (2011). "China's Space Plane Program". www.strategycenter.net. Archived from the original on 12 September
China's_spaceplane_program
Concept of collecting solar power in outer space and distributing it to Earth
descriptions of redirect targets Orbital station-keeping – Maintenance of a particular orbit Project Earth (TV series) Solaris SBSP – Space based solar power projectPages
Space-based_solar_power
Reported codename of a secret U.S. orbital spaceplane system
States orbital spaceplane system. The possible existence of the Blackstar program was claimed in March 2006 by an article in Aviation Week & Space Technology
Blackstar_(spacecraft)
US NASA & DOD hypersonic project in 1986–1993
demonstrator project for the National Aero-Space Plane (NASP), part of a United States project to create a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) spacecraft and passenger
Rockwell_X-30
Chinese reusable spacecraft
embarked upon its initial orbital mission on 4 September 2020. According to media reports, the spacecraft is launched into Earth orbit in a vertical configuration
Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
Chinese_reusable_experimental_spacecraft
Hypersonic research plane
contract with designer Orbital Sciences, $16M from NASA and various government agencies for testing, and an additional $10M for Orbital Sciences to adapt its
Orbital_Sciences_X-34
Proposed momentum exchange tether
Earth orbit, which rotates in its orbital plane and whose ends brush the upper Earth atmosphere, with the rotational motion cancelling the orbital motion
Skyhook_(structure)
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours
Geosynchronous_orbit
Launch system that only uses one rocket stage
single-stage-to-orbit chemically fueled spacecraft from Earth. The principal complicating factors for SSTO from Earth are: high orbital velocity of over
Single-stage-to-orbit
NASA human spaceflight program for the International Space Station
in addition to its lunar exploration goals. Orion superseded the Orbital Space Plane, which was specifically designed for ISS crew rotation. In 2009,
Commercial_Crew_Program
Technology development overview
their primary body, their orbital motion, and their distinction from natural satellites, space probes, space stations, orbital debris, and other kinds of
Outline of artificial satellites
Outline_of_artificial_satellites
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
planets, moons, and comets. Orbital mechanics focuses on spacecraft trajectories, including orbital maneuvers, orbital plane changes, and interplanetary
Orbital_mechanics
American space and aeronautics agency
cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space, executing a full orbital flight. NASA's first orbital spaceflight was conducted by John Glenn on February
NASA
American aerospace, space technology company
Sierra Space received a $130 million contract to jointly develop the world's first commercially owned and operated space station, Orbital Reef. Orbital Reef
Sierra_Space
2025). "Private mission to save NASA space telescope will launch in 2026 on a rocket dropped from a plane". Space.com. Retrieved 14 March 2026. "Swift
List of spaceflight launches in July–September 2026
List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_July–September_2026
Cache of propellant used to refuel spacecraft
interplanetary orbital transfers where a three-burn orbital transfer is used, which includes a plane change at apogee in a highly-elliptical phasing orbit, in which
Orbital_propellant_depot
US reusable automated cargo lifting-body spaceplane
Chaser orbital test vehicle was under contract to be launched on an initial orbital test flight, using an Atlas V rocket, from Kennedy Space Center in
Dream_Chaser
Combat that takes place in outer space
criticism as the "Star Wars program". The Soviet Union developed Istrebitel Sputnikov co-orbital weapons, Almaz military space stations, and the Polyus laser
Space_warfare
The United States space programs include NASA for civil space, the United States Space Force for military space, and the National Reconnaissance Office
List of space programs of the United States
List_of_space_programs_of_the_United_States
Vehicles that can go to space and return
this configuration is the Orbital Sciences Pegasus. For suborbital flight the SpaceShipTwo uses for liftoff a carrier plane, its mothership the Scaled
Reusable_launch_vehicle
Type of high-latitude satellite orbit
It is a highly elliptical orbit with an inclination of 63.4 degrees, an argument of perigee of 270 degrees, and an orbital period of about half a sidereal
Molniya_orbit
Upcoming class of spaceplanes by Virgin Galactic
purpose originally proposed for SpaceShipThree in 2005 was for commercial orbital spaceflight, as part of a program called "Tier 2" by Burt Rutan founder
SpaceShip_III
Orbit of an object around the Moon
circular orbit after the LM had made its landing. A Sun-synchronous lunar orbit is a proposed type of lunar orbit in which the orbital plane remains at
Lunar_orbit
Angle between a reference plane and the plane of an orbit
Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a reference plane and the orbital
Orbital_inclination
Canceled U.S. Air Force human spaceflight program
to prepare a long-range plan for a USAF space program. One project identified in the plan was a "manned orbital laboratory". The USAF Air Research and
Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory
“space particle" while on its way to Geostationary orbit and suffered non-recoverable damage. On 12 January, the Spanish space capsule company Orbital
2026_in_spaceflight
Air-launched rocket
developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation and later built and launched by Northrop Grumman. Pegasus was the world's first privately developed orbital launch
Northrop_Grumman_Pegasus
Series of orbital maneuvers
orbital velocity. For orbital rendezvous to occur, both spacecraft must be in the same orbital plane, and the phase of the orbit (the position of the spacecraft
Space_rendezvous
Spaceflight where spacecraft orbits an astronomical body
An orbital spaceflight (or orbital flight) is a spaceflight in which a spacecraft is placed on a trajectory where it could remain in space for at least
Orbital_spaceflight
NASA/ESA/CSA space telescope launched in 2021
January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022. "Orbital Insertion Burn a Success, Webb Arrives at L2 – James Webb Space Telescope". Blogs.nasa.gov. 24 January
James_Webb_Space_Telescope
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
orbital bodies, there are five Lagrange points, L1 to L5, all in the orbital plane of the two large bodies. There are five Lagrange points for the Sun–Earth
Lagrange_point
Historical period started in 1957
this is why the orbital standard is commonly used to define when the space age began. The Space Race was the first era of the Space Age. It was a race
Space_Age
Initial American crewed spaceflight program (1958–1963)
spaceflight program of the United States, running from 1958 through 1963. An early highlight of the Space Race, its goal was to put a man into Earth orbit and
Project_Mercury
American astronaut
through July 2003 he served as the Chief of Flight Test for the Orbital Space Plane Program. Selected by the NASA Headquarters Executive Development Education
Christopher_Loria
Soviet spacecraft research project, 1976–1993
into orbit by the spacecraft. Smaller rocket engines on the craft's body provided propulsion in orbit and de-orbital burns, similar to the Space Shuttle's
Buran_programme
Application of mechanical dynamics to model the flight of space vehicles
orientation of the orbit in space is specified by three angles: The inclination i, of the orbital plane with the fundamental plane (this is usually a
Spacecraft_flight_dynamics
NASA Space Shuttle safety procedures
history of the Space Shuttle program. An abort to orbit (ATO) was available when the intended orbit could not be reached but a lower stable orbit above 120
Space_Shuttle_abort_modes
Soviet cancelled spaceplane project
Spiral program, was a crewed test vehicle to explore low-speed handling and landing. It was a visible result of a Soviet project to create an orbital spaceplane
Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105
1983 uncrewed Soviet spacecraft to Venus
1983. The spacecraft was inserted into Venus orbit a day apart from Venera 16, with its orbital plane shifted by an angle of approximately 4° relative
Venera_15
Group of artificial satellites working together as a system
sometimes referred to as orbital shells. In spaceflight, an orbital shell is a set of artificial satellites in circular orbits at a certain fixed altitude
Satellite_constellation
Series of experimental US aircraft and rockets
The X-planes are a series of experimental United States aircraft and rockets, used to test and evaluate new technologies and aerodynamic concepts. They
List_of_X-planes
Flight into or through outer space
large as those faced by orbital spaceflight. A minimal orbital spaceflight requires much higher velocities than a minimal sub-orbital flight, and so it is
Spaceflight
Orbit around Earth
to drag from the Earth's atmosphere, which decreases the orbital altitude. The rate of orbital decay depends on the satellite's cross-sectional area and
Geocentric_orbit
Proposed NASA space mission to Uranus
substantial amount of fuel or carefully planned gravity assists. This orbital plane change — from a nearly horizontal trajectory to a highly inclined one
Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe
Location used to launch and receive spacecraft
sites Office of Commercial Space Transportation (United States) Orbital spaceflight Range safety Spaceflight Sub-orbital spaceflight Spaceflight portal
Spaceport
NASA space telescope launched in 1999
highly elliptical orbit allows it to observe continuously for up to 55 hours of its 64-hour orbital period. At its furthest orbital point from Earth,
Chandra_X-ray_Observatory
NASA infrared space telescope (2003–2020)
operating Spitzer in its progressing orbital phase. As the spacecraft moved farther from Earth on the same orbital path from the Sun, its antenna had to
Spitzer_Space_Telescope
1961–1966 US human spaceflight program
human spaceflight program to fly. It was conducted after the first American crewed space program, Project Mercury, while the Apollo program was still in early
Project_Gemini
Hangars formerly used for Space Shuttle maintenance at NASA's Kennedy Space Center
Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF) is a class of hangars where U.S. Space Shuttle orbiters underwent maintenance between flights. They are located west
Orbiter_Processing_Facility
Research and development project of US Air Force
identify multiple objects orbiting in the same orbital plane was refined by Lawrence Cuthbert and published as an automated program by the Wolf Corporation
Project_Space_Track
Set of functions used to represent the electronic wave function
Slater-type orbital basis set, with n representing the number of Gaussian primitive functions used to represent each Slater-type orbital. Minimal basis
Basis_set_(chemistry)
NASA space telescope for exoplanetology (2009–2018)
The Kepler space telescope was a space telescope launched by NASA in 2009 to discover Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars. Named after astronomer
Kepler_space_telescope
Function describing an electron in an atom
{\displaystyle m_{s}} . The simple names s orbital, p orbital, d orbital, and f orbital refer to orbitals with angular momentum quantum number ℓ = 0, 1, 2
Atomic_orbital
Mother ship aircraft designed to launch spacecraft
working on the project. Virgin Orbit also planned to launch small satellites with the LauncherOne from a 747. Orbital ATK dropped its Thunderbolt rocket
Scaled Composites Stratolaunch
Scaled_Composites_Stratolaunch
Uncrewed re-usable spaceplane technology demonstrator for the VentureStar
one-half of orbital velocity. Had any successful tests occurred, extrapolation would have been necessary to apply the results to a proposed orbital vehicle
Lockheed_Martin_X-33
Human space travel for recreation
Space tourism is human space travel for recreational purposes. There are several different types of space tourism, including orbital, suborbital and lunar
Space_tourism
Rocketry and spacecraft propulsion research center
original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. "Beginning a New Era of Space Flight: The Orbital Space Plane" Archived 2011-03-19 at the Wayback Machine MSFC Fact Sheet
Marshall_Space_Flight_Center
air-launched sub-orbital spaceplane; three flights above the Kármán line occurred in 2004. United States eight person air-launched sub-orbital space plane operated
List_of_crewed_spacecraft
NASA infrared space telescope
launched to a Sun–Earth L2 orbit on 30 August 2026. It is named after former NASA chief of astronomy Nancy Grace Roman. The Roman Space Telescope is based on
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope
Experimental spaceplane/booster (2013–2020)
the XS-1 program "immediately" and effectively ending the program. The goals of the program as of September 2013[update] were: The space plane must carry
XS-1_(spacecraft)
Effort by SpaceX to make rockets that can fly multiple times
SpaceX has privately funded the development of orbital launch systems that can be reused many times, similar to the reusability of aircraft. SpaceX has
SpaceX reusable launch system development program
SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program
Research spaceplane by Boeing
(USAF) program to develop a spaceplane that could be used for a variety of military missions, including aerial reconnaissance, bombing, space rescue,
Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar
Italian Space Agency program
allowing for two months in-orbit operations. Vega will be used as a launch vehicle. The Space Rider will be used as an orbital test platform for re-usable
Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe
Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe
Angle between the orbital plane of a satellite and the vector to the sun
In orbital mechanics, the beta angle ( β {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}} ) is the angle between a satellite's orbital plane around Earth and the
Beta_angle
Space program of Japan
The Japanese space program (Japanese: 日本の宇宙開発) has cumulatively launched 384 spacecraft since 1970, the fifth most of any nation. It is currently operated
Japanese_space_program
Planned American defense system
including SDA's PWSA and SpaceX Starshield satellites, have not demonstrated reliable links between satellites in different orbital planes due to high relative
Golden Dome (missile defense system)
Golden_Dome_(missile_defense_system)
Physical presence of human activity in outer space
contemporary space policy and space program. Human presence in space is particularly being felt in orbit around Earth. The orbital space around Earth has seen increasing
Human_presence_in_space
2000 video game
ground movement and interplanetary travel is supported, including orbital and sub-orbital flight, although only vessel-ground collisions are supported. Docking
Orbiter_(simulator)
Indian orbiter mission to Mars (2013–2022)
orbit, after Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit. It also made ISRO
Mars_Orbiter_Mission
US–USSR spaceflight capability rivalry
of its Space Shuttle orbiter on a Boeing 747 carrier plane on August 12, 1977, and the first orbital test flight of a complete, crewed Space Shuttle
Space_Race
US DoD space access program
were placed on an orbit with an inclination of 24° to 28.5° [which?] with plans for them to move eventually to six separate orbital planes with 60° separation
Space_Test_Program
1983 uncrewed Soviet spacecraft to Venus
reached Venus's orbit on October 11, 1983. The spacecraft was inserted into Venus orbit a day apart from Venera 15, with its orbital plane shifted by an
Venera_16
Military rocket launch site in Florida
crewed space projects from the Integrate-Transfer-Launch Complex pads of LC-40 and 41. They were the Dyna-Soar, a crewed orbital rocket plane (canceled
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station
Defunct American aerospace company
rocket failed to reach orbit. In April 2021, the Brazilian Space Agency disclosed the company among those selected to operate orbital launches from the Alcantara
Virgin_Orbit
Type of American spy satellite
orbital plane. The constellation consists of two primary and two secondary satellites (one primary and one secondary per plane). The orbital planes of
KH-11_KENNEN
Group of American women who passed astronaut screening tests
the astronaut program. The Mercury 13 were not allowed into the astronaut program, never trained as a group, and did not fly into space until July 20
Mercury_13
Mixing (superposition) of atomic orbitals
In chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals (with different energies,
Orbital_hybridisation
Second flight of the first Boeing X-37B
X-37B Space Plane Shatters Orbital Endurance Record". Space.com. Retrieved 2 April 2014. Hoffman, Mike (1 April 2014). "Air Force's X-37B Breaks Orbit Record"
OTV-3
NASA administrator (1921–1992)
panel of experts to investigate and evaluate the future of the national space program. President Ronald Reagan appointed Paine to be the chairman of this
Thomas_O._Paine
Soviet dog, first animal to orbit Earth (c. 1954–1957)
long intended a canine orbit before attempting human spaceflight; since 1951, they had lofted 12 dogs into sub-orbital space on ballistic flights, working
Laika
data were received over 70% of the orbital path. By June 1969, data acquisition was limited to 10% of the orbital path. The spacecraft was placed in a
Orbiting Geophysical Observatory
Orbiting_Geophysical_Observatory
Skydiving from near space
successfully performed, though Orbital Outfitters, now defunct, was working to create a suit intended to enable space diving. Space diving from beyond the stratosphere
Space_diving
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