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Biological substance that guides development by non-uniform distribution
A morphogen is a signaling molecule that contributes to morphogenesis and pattern formation, which are key processes in developmental biology. Morphogens
Morphogen
Biological model
flag model is a conceptual definition of a morphogen, described by Lewis Wolpert in the 1960s. A morphogen is defined as a signaling molecule that acts
French_flag_model
Key morphogen in fruit fly development
(Dpp) is a key morphogen involved in the development of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and is the first validated secreted morphogen. It is known
Decapentaplegic
Protein-coding gene in the species Drosophila melanogaster
embryogenesis. Bicoid was the first protein demonstrated to act as a morphogen. Although bicoid is important for the development of Drosophila and other
Homeotic_protein_bicoid
Critical protein in embryonic development
limbs, digits and many other parts of the body. Sonic hedgehog is a morphogen that patterns the developing embryo using a concentration gradient characterized
Sonic_hedgehog_protein
for the first time the presence and behavior of filopodia with a known morphogen signaling protein - decapentaplegic. Decapentaplegic is expressed in the
Cytoneme
Plant hormone
are a class of plant hormones (or plant-growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics. Auxins play a cardinal role in coordination of many
Auxin
Developmental precursor to the central nervous system
the neural tube), and later from the floor plate cells. Shh acts as a morphogen, meaning that it acts in a concentration-dependent manner to specify cell
Neural_tube
Eye-like marking used for mimicry or distraction
which the focus creates the morphogen, or by the sink model, in which the focus generates a gradient by removing a morphogen which was created elsewhere
Eyespot_(mimicry)
Visible regularity of form found in the natural world
chemical signal, a morphogen, resulting in the growth of a certain type of structure, say a darkly pigmented patch of skin. If the morphogen is present everywhere
Patterns_in_nature
Dependence of the state of a system on its history
signaling molecules called morphogens that pattern uniform pools of cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh)
Hysteresis
Concept from evolutionary biology
developing organisms without the classical requirement of diffusible morphogens. Studies in chick and mouse embryonic development suggest that the patterns
Turing_pattern
Specialised epithelial tissue in the nasal cavity that detects odours
mesenchymal compartment. Continued signaling by BMP, FGF, and RA, the morphogens that initially induced placode formation, collectively coordinate the
Olfactory_epithelium
Processes which grow and shape an organism's nervous tissue over its lifetime(s)
into the brain and spinal cord through regionalization and patterning by morphogen gradients. Subsequent stages include neurogenesis (the birth of neurons)
Development of the nervous system
Development_of_the_nervous_system
Group of autoimmune diseases resulting in abnormal growth of connective tissue
original on 2014-03-06. Beyer C, Dees C, Distler JH (January 2013). "Morphogen pathways as molecular targets for the treatment of fibrosis in systemic
Scleroderma
Part of the vertebral column in animals
the alar plate to develop sensory neurons. Opposing gradients of such morphogens as BMP and SHH form different domains of dividing cells along the dorsal
Spinal_cord
Restrained ability of human process reversal
in early embryo development, exhibit a ratchet effect in response to morphogen concentrations. The low receptor occupancy permits increases in receptor
Ratchet_effect
Biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape
morphogenesis. Morphogens are soluble molecules that can diffuse and carry signals that control cell differentiation via concentration gradients. Morphogens typically
Morphogenesis
Persistence of a biological trait under uncertain conditions
at many levels (production and stochasticity of the diffusion of the morphogen, production of the receptor, stochastic of the signaling cascade, etc)
Robustness_(evolution)
Study of DNA modifications that do not change its sequence
environment and intercellular signaling. Thus, as individuals develop, morphogens activate or silence genes in an epigenetically heritable fashion, giving
Epigenetics
Collection of molecular regulators
fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal
Gene_regulatory_network
DC Comics supervillain
Regime. His arcade ending shows him taking the Red and Grey forces of the Morphogen Field under his command to turn Earth into a graveyard. Solomon Grundy
Solomon_Grundy_(character)
Malformation of the central digit(s) of the hand or foot
(SHFM) locus, the large number of morphogens involved in limb development, the complex interactions between these morphogens, the involvement of modifier genes
Ectrodactyly
Scientific journal published by the Royal Society
of the Royal Society's journals. In his paper, Turing coins the term morphogen, which is now used in the sciences of developmental biology and epigenetics
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society
Maternal effect gene and gap gene
embryo before the embryo can express its own zygotic genes. Hunchback is a morphogen, meaning the concentration gradient of Hunchback at a specific region
Hunchback_(gene)
Set of morphological features common to members of a phylum of animals
structural features through a cascade of processes in which key genes produce morphogens, chemicals that diffuse through the body to produce a gradient that acts
Body_plan
Study of how organisms develop and grow
200–204. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(87)90094-6. Rogers KW, Schier AF (2011). "Morphogen gradients: from generation to interpretation". Annual Review of Cell and
Developmental_biology
encodings are based upon biological principles of development such as morphogen gradients, cell division and cellular differentiation (e.g. Doursat 2008)
Artificial_development
American geneticist
the identification of the first known secreted morphogen, Sonic hedgehog. He clarified how morphogens like Shh orchestrate formation of the embryo, elucidating
Clifford_Tabin
One of the five major groups of lipoprotein
long-range transport of hydrophobic intercellular messengers, like the morphogen Indian hedgehog (protein). Nascent VLDL released from the liver contains
Very_low-density_lipoprotein
Type of cell within the eye
Netrin-1, a morphogen that will interact with the Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) receptor on growth cones of the RGC axon. This morphogen initially
Retinal_ganglion_cell
Process involved in cell fate commitment
involves the action of morphogen gradients within the syncytium. As there are no cell boundaries in the syncytium, these morphogens can influence nuclei
Cell_fate_determination
Metabolite of vitamin A
eliminated by glucuronidation in the liver. All-trans-retinoic acid is a morphogen signaling molecule, which means it is concentration dependent; malformations
Retinoic_acid
Flexible rod-shaped structure in all chordates
The notochord secretes a protein called sonic hedgehog (SHH), a key morphogen regulating organogenesis and having a critical role in signaling the development
Notochord
Anterior part of the gastrointestinal tract
tissue differentiation in vertebrates rely on several hox genes, the morphogen sonic hedgehog, and transcription factors such as sox2 and sox9. Recent
Foregut
Study of developmental anomalies
excess RA was present. This then concludes that RA plays the role of a morphogen to identify proximal distal patterning of limb development in mice embryos
Teratology
hedgehog (Shh). One hypothesis is that at high concentrations, this unknown morphogen causes mesenchyme to form on the posterior side, while low concentrations
Zone_of_polarizing_activity
Transformation of a stem cell to a more specialized cell
candidates of epigenetic regulators of cellular differentiation. These morphogens are crucial for development, and include bone morphogenetic proteins,
Cellular_differentiation
Topics referred to by the same term
Democratic Party for the People, a Japanese political party Decapentaplegic, a morphogen involved in development Diketopyrrolopyrrole dye, a class of organic dyes
DPP
American biologist
work to spatial patterning, Elowitz's team reconstituted and re-wired morphogen signaling pathways in spatial systems to understand what features of signaling
Michael_Elowitz
Type of cell in the human eye
retinal ganglion cell fate. An example of an environmental factor is the morphogen sonic hedge hog (Shh). Shh has been shown to repress the differentiation
Retinal_precursor_cells
Cellular process in embryonic development
cellbio.19.041603.094522. PMID 14570583. Schier AF (November 2009). "Nodal morphogens". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 1 (5) a003459. doi:10.1101/cshperspect
Nodal_signaling_pathway
Protein-coding gene in humans
WQ, Dixit VM (2000). "Two-amino acid molecular switch in an epithelial morphogen that regulates binding to two distinct receptors". Science. 290 (5491):
Ectodysplasin_A
Type of group of cells
signaling center is defined as a group of cells that release various morphogens which can determine the fates, or destined cell types, of adjacent cells
Developmental signaling center
Developmental_signaling_center
Type of cell found in muscle tissue
on gene regulatory networks to look at how the hierarchy of genes and morphogens and another mechanism of tissue specification diverge and are similar
Muscle_cell
Protein that stimulates cell division and differentiation
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor, EGFR. Human EGF is 6-kDa and has
Epidermal_growth_factor
Unspecialized biological cell that can become specialized
engineered to produce morphogens (signaling molecules) that direct cellular development based on their concentration. Delivered morphogens disperse, leaving
Stem_cell
Branch of biology, studying prenatal biology
("evo-devo"), which studies the genetic control of the development process (e.g. morphogens), its link to cell signalling, its roles in certain diseases and mutations
Embryology
Surgically moving tissue to a different part of the same body
infection, hematoma) affects 15–30% of patients, leading to increased use of morphogen-enhanced bone graft substitutes with comparable regeneration but higher
Autotransplantation
Class of enzymes which transfer functional groups between molecules
"Dorsoventral axis formation in the Drosophila embryo--shaping and transducing a morphogen gradient". Current Biology. 15 (21): R887–99. Bibcode:2005CBio...15.R887M
Transferase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
surface (by some nonclassical secretion pathway) it acts as a versatile morphogen and is called epimorphin. This membrane protein enjoys the double choice
STX2
American artist
combined forms of the first five series (Fabri, Orthofract, Verahedra, Morphogen, and Spherical) coalesce into sixth series, Singularity, whose theme reflects
John_Brevard
Comparison of organism developmental processes
receptor proteins and signalling ligands that bind to them, and secreted morphogens that diffuse through the embryo. All of these help to define the fate
Evolutionary developmental biology
Evolutionary_developmental_biology
3D in vitro tissue culture system
generated using specific exogenous factors (such as small molecules or morphogens) to direct differentiation toward highly specific cell identities (e.g
Neural_organoid
Embryonic signaling pathway for proper cell differentiation
1968 on the development of the chick limb bud formed the basis of the morphogen concept. They showed that identity of the digits in the chick limb was
Hedgehog_signaling_pathway
Type of brain cell
provide positional information to developing macroglial cells through morphogen gradients along the dorsal–ventral, anterior–posterior and medial–lateral
Astrocyte
British zoologist
theory that cells in a gradient of a morphogen each develop according to the local concentration of that morphogen and that this mechanism thereby patterns
Peter_Anthony_Lawrence
American professor (born 1942)
Professor Reddi led to the conceptual advance in tissue engineering that morphogens in the form of metabologens bound to an insoluble extracellular matrix
A._Hari_Reddi
transcripts are present throughout the embryo. Bicoid and Nanos both encode morphogens that have the opposite effect on Hunchback mRNA translation – Bicoid activates
Krüppel
Swiss biologist
Schier, A.F. (2001). The zebrafish nodal signal squint functions as a morphogen. Nature 411, 607-610. Ciruna, B., Jenny, A., Lee, D., Mlodzik, M. and
Alexander_F._Schier
French biologist
work focuses on developmental genetics, that is, the way genes called morphogens orchestrate the identity of cells at a distance. In 1998, Thomas Lecuit
Thomas_Lecuit
Polysaccharides found in animal tissue
structure of Heparan Sulfate and interactions with growth factors and morphogens". In Iozzo, M, V. (ed.). Proteoglycans: structure, biology and molecular
Glycosaminoglycan
Structural support for biological cells
structure of Heparan Sulfate and interactions with growth factors and morphogens". In Iozzo RV (ed.). Proteoglycans: structure, biology and molecular interactions
Extracellular_matrix
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
et al. (October 2000). "Two-amino acid molecular switch in an epithelial morphogen that regulates binding to two distinct receptors". Science. 290 (5491):
Ectodysplasin_A_receptor
Serbian neuroscientist
morphogen slope dependency on growth, highlighting importantly that her model could account for normal growth despite local variations in morphogen concentration
Dragana_Rogulja
Embryogenesis of the fruit fly Drosophila, a popular model system
segmentation phase. Nanos protein creates a posterior-to-anterior slope and is a morphogen that helps in abdomen formation. Nanos protein, in complex with Pumilio
Drosophila_embryogenesis
case, the quorum sensing molecule, N-acyl homoserine lactone acts as a morphogen initiating organelle development. This is advantageous to the organism
Gas_vesicle
Group of growth factor proteins
morphogenesis. On the basis of the above work, it seemed likely that morphogens were present in the bone matrix. Using a battery of bioassays for bone
Bone_morphogenetic_protein
Cleavage of DNA into tiny pieces during apoptosis
transduction Clone (cell biology) Developmental biology Ageing Embryology Morphogens Gastrulation Growth factors Neurulation Teratogens Genetics Applied genetics
Apoptotic_DNA_fragmentation
American research scientist
spread of morphogen and the capacity of ecdysone, a steroid hormone, to gate the ability of these wing cells to grow as a response to morphogen. Struhl
Gary_Struhl
; Eaton, S. (2001). "Argosomes: A potential vehicle for the spread of morphogens through epithelia". Cell. 106 (5): 633–645. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00484-6
Paracytophagy
Identification of different areas of development in an early embryo
will develop into a specific fate based upon other surrounding cells or morphogen gradients. Another type of specification is syncytial specification, characteristic
Regional_differentiation
Protein family
the glypican dally assists diffusion of the BMP-family growth-promoting morphogen Decapentaplegic in the developing wing, while the developing haltere lacks
Glypican
Protein-coding gene in humans
Dixit VM (Oct 2000). "Two-amino acid molecular switch in an epithelial morphogen that regulates binding to two distinct receptors". Science. 290 (5491):
Ectodysplasin_A2_receptor
Romanian-American scientist
regions of the human nervous system, including using unbiased, multiplexed morphogen screens. His laboratory demonstrated that these organoids undergo prolonged
Sergiu_P._Pașca
Developmental Biologist
University of Freiburg, Germany and the University of Lausanne, that the morphogen Dpp and the feedback regulator Pentagone have key functions in proportional
Markus_Affolter
InterPro Family
Moriyama Y, De Robertis EM (December 2013). "Chordin forms a self-organizing morphogen gradient in the extracellular space between ectoderm and mesoderm in the
Chordin
Protein found in humans
"The angiopoietin-like factor cornea-derived transcript 6 is a putative morphogen for human cornea". J Biol Chem. 277 (1): 686–93. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105746200
Angiopoietin-related protein 7
Angiopoietin-related_protein_7
Type of cell structure in several groups of organisms
the relative exposure of different amounts of Bicoid, Nanos, and other morphogens. Those nuclei with more Bicoid will activate genes that promote differentiation
Coenocyte
Macromolecule
coagulation factors, and most growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and morphogens The laboratory of Mitchell Ho at the NCI isolated the HS20 human monoclonal
Heparan_sulfate
American medical researcher
Maximilian; Kaplan, Frederick S. (1996). "Overexpression of an Osteogenic Morphogen in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva". New England Journal of Medicine
Eileen_Shore
Part of the brain where the optic nerves cross
primarily by cues such as netrin, slit, semaphorin and ephrin; and by morphogens such as sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt. This navigation is mediated by the
Optic_chiasm
of morphogens, which functions to differentiate patterns within sections. The development of a pattern depends on the gradients of these morphogens. In
Segment_polarity_gene
Order of plants
Ginkgophytes are known as Ginkgoites. There are similar, now extinct, morphogens, such as Sphenobaiera, which describes fan-shaped, deeply divided leaves
Ginkgoales
Professor at University of Oslo, Norway
micorphysiological systems. He is known for the discovery of the key vertebrate morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh). His current research includes preclinical work on
Stefan_Krauss_Deiml
Protein domain
possess the ability to bind RNA. Smaug, a protein that helps to establish a morphogen gradient in Drosophila embryos by repressing the translation of nanos
Sterile_alpha_motif
Development
restricting them to their compartment. Subdivisions are established by morphogen gradients and maintained by local cell-cell interactions, providing functional
Compartment_(development)
Protein-coding gene in animals
development and adult tissue homeostasis, primarily through its function as a morphogen and signaling molecule. As a canonical Wnt ligand, WNT1 activates the
WNT1
Bone transplant
recombinant DNA technology. They consist of either Human Growth Factors or Morphogens (Bone Morphogenic Proteins in conjunction with a carrier medium, such
Bone_grafting
Embryonic structure
overall cell fate mapping is typically directed by the sonic hedgehog (Shh) morphogen signaling pathway. In the spinal cord, Shh is directed by both the notochord
Floor_plate_(biology)
Overview of animal and human brain evolution
is highly conserved amongst vertebrates, as is sonic hedgehog (SHH), a morphogen that inhibits BMP to allow neural crest development. Tracking these growth
Evolution_of_the_brain
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family of proteins that in humans is encoded by the HBEGF gene. HB-EGF-like growth
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
Heparin-binding_EGF-like_growth_factor
Protein family
matrix, where it acts as a co-receptor for a number of growth factors, morphogens, and adhesion proteins. HS-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2st) occupies a critical
Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase
Heparan_sulfate_2-O-sulfotransferase
Effector molecule that inhibits cell growth and promotes cellular differentiation
Inhibits PDE1(DIF-1) Kubohara, Yuzuru (1997-07-18). "DIF-1, Putative Morphogen ofD. discoideum,Suppresses Cell Growth and Promotes Retinoic Acid-Induced
Differentiation-inducing factor
Differentiation-inducing_factor
DNA sequence that binds activators to increase the likelihood of gene transcription
(April 2010). "Generation of a novel wing colour pattern by the Wingless morphogen". Nature. 464 (7292): 1143–1148. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1143W. doi:10.1038/nature08896
Enhancer_(genetics)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
more than 20% in the DS brain. Given its identity as a potential neural morphogen and its expression in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices from the earliest
DSCAM
Study of how patterns form by self-organization in nature
involves each cell in a field sensing and responding to its position along a morphogen gradient, followed by short-distance cell-to-cell communication through
Pattern_formation
Development of limbs in vertebrates
idea, efforts have been made to identify diffusive signaling molecules (morphogens) that traverse orthogonal axes of developing limbs and determine locations
Limb_development
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
development, the region of neural cell proliferation was injected with the morphogen Wnt8. In response, Snail2 was expressed, which led to transcription factor
GBX2
Proteins that mediate movement of auxin across membranes
Those gradients have development significances akin to the gradients of morphogens in animal bodies. They are necessary for development, growth and response
Polar_auxin_transport
MORPHOGEN
MORPHOGEN
MORPHOGEN
MORPHOGEN
Girl/Female
Australian, Italian, Latin, Portuguese
Purple
Girl/Female
Biblical
Possession, seizing, collecting.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
An Entry Point into a Dispute
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
The Light of the Lamp
Female
Hebrew
(×ï‹×¨Ö¸×”-לִי) Hebrew name ORALEE means "my light." Compare with another form of Oralee.
Girl/Female
Indian
Boy/Male
Biblical
As night.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Sweet Girl; Nectar; Honey; Sweetness; Charming
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Moon Light
Boy/Male
German American English
Powerful.
MORPHOGEN
MORPHOGEN
MORPHOGEN
MORPHOGEN
MORPHOGEN
n.
The germ history of the organs and systems of organs, -- a branch of morphogeny.
n.
History of the evolution of forms; that part of ontogeny that deals with the germ history of forms; -- distinguished from physiogeny.
n.
The germ history of the functions, or the history of the development of vital activities, in the individual, being one of the branches of ontogeny. See Morphogeny.