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Structural support for biological cells
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM), also called the intercellular matrix, is a network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals
Extracellular_matrix
New tissue that forms on a wound's surface
tissue matrix supporting a variety of cell types, most of which can be associated with one of the following functions: formation of extracellular matrix; operation
Granulation_tissue
Type of tissue that connects muscle to bone
called tendon cells (tenocytes). Tendon cells synthesize the tendon's extracellular matrix, which abounds with densely-packed collagen fibers. The collagen
Tendon
Medical field involved in regenerating tissues
design, which engineers bioactive scaffolds to mimic the native extracellular matrix; and the delivery of localized biochemical cues, such as growth factors
Regenerative_medicine
Gluey polymers secreted by microorganisms to form biofilms
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment. EPS establish
Extracellular polymeric substance
Extracellular_polymeric_substance
Muscular tissue of heart in vertebrates
and encased by collagen fibers and other substances that form the extracellular matrix. Cardiac muscle contracts in a similar manner to skeletal muscle
Cardiac_muscle
Folds of throat tissues that help to create n through vocalization
in cell content or extracellular matrix (extracellular matrix) content. The most common way being to look at the extracellular matrix content. The SLP has
Vocal_cords
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Basigin (BSG) also known as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) or cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) is a protein that in humans
Basigin
Surroundings of tumors including nearby cells and blood vessels
vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts and signaling molecules) and the extracellular matrix. Mutual interaction between cancer cells and the different components
Tumor_microenvironment
Extracellular matrix glycoprotein family
Tenascins are extracellular matrix glycoproteins. They are abundant in the extracellular matrix of developing vertebrate embryos and they reappear around
Tenascin
Resilient and smooth elastic tissue present in animals
cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of collagenous extracellular matrix, abundant ground substance that is rich in proteoglycan and elastin
Cartilage
Multiprotein complex that forms a point of contact or adhesion in animal cells
or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix in animals. They also maintain the paracellular barrier of epithelia
Cell_junction
Protein in the extracellular matrix
Laminins are a family of glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix of all animals. They are major constituents of the basement membrane, namely the basal
Laminin
Medical condition
amputation. A key feature of wound healing is stepwise repair of lost extracellular matrix (ECM), the largest component of the dermal skin layer. However, in
Diabetic_foot_ulcer
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
the CCN family (CCN intercellular signaling protein) of secreted, extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated signaling matricellular proteins. The CCN acronym
Cellular communication network factor 6
Cellular_communication_network_factor_6
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Extracellular matrix protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ECM2 gene. ECM2 encodes extracellular matrix protein 2, so named because
Extracellular matrix protein 2
Extracellular_matrix_protein_2
Film of microorganisms on a surface
which cells that are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) adhere to each other and/or to a surface
Biofilm
Direct extension and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues
individual cell migration, by which tumor cells overcome barriers of the extracellular matrix and spread into surrounding tissues. Either pattern of cell migration
Invasion_(cancer)
Region(s) of a multicellular organism outside its cells
(see extracellular matrix). The term is used in contrast to intracellular (inside the cell). According to the Gene Ontology, the extracellular space
Extracellular_space
Physiological molecule and therapeutic drug
and synthesized) per day. As one of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, it contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration
Hyaluronic_acid
Protein found in humans
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), also known as thrombospondin-5, is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein primarily present in cartilage. In
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
Cartilage_oligomeric_matrix_protein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
zinc-metalloproteinases family involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. In humans the MMP9 gene encodes for a signal peptide, a propeptide
MMP9
Histological staining method
hematoxylin stains cell nuclei a purplish blue, and eosin stains the extracellular matrix and cytoplasm pink, with other structures taking on different shades
H&E_stain
Regenerative medical device platform
Ovine forestomach matrix (OFM), marketed as AROA ECM, is a layer of decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) biomaterial isolated from the propria submucosa
Ovine_forestomach_matrix
Animal connective tissue cell
biological cell typically with a spindle shape that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal
Fibroblast
Conversion of mechanical stimulus of a cell into electrochemical activity
pressures. Extracellular matrix linked proteins - integrins and focal adhesions can transmit forces from the linked extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton
Mechanotransduction
Materials inspired by natural structures
responses mediated by interactions with scaffold-tethered peptides from extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins; essentially, the incorporation of cell-binding peptides
Biomimetic_material
Protein found in humans
Raugi GJ, Bornstein P (1984). "Interactions of thrombospondin with extracellular matrix proteins: selective binding to type V collagen". J. Cell Biol. 98
Collagen,_type_V,_alpha_1
Series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue after an injury
granulation tissue formation, fibroblasts grow and form a new, provisional extracellular matrix (ECM) by excreting collagen and fibronectin. Concurrently, re-epithelialization
Wound_healing
Process of formation of blood clots
of platelets' membrane receptors (e.g. glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) to extracellular matrix proteins (e.g. von Willebrand factor) on cell membranes of damaged
Coagulation
Protein found in humans
type II collagen). Implications for anchoring function between matrix vesicles and matrix proteins". FEBS Letters. 310 (2): 143–147. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)81316-E
Collagen,_type_X,_alpha_1
Chemical compound
the most common peptide motif responsible for cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM), found in species ranging from Drosophila to humans. Cell adhesion
Arginylglycylaspartic_acid
Material or tissue between a eukaryotic organism's cells
a eukayotic organism. The structure of connective tissues is an extracellular matrix. Fingernails and toenails grow from matrices. It is found in various
Matrix_(biology)
Mexican cell biologist (born 1940)
1940) is a Mexican cell biologist specializing in the study of the extracellular matrix. She is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores and received
Annie_Pardo_Cemo
Protein found in humans
Extracellular matrix protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ECM1 gene. This gene encodes an extracellular protein containing motifs with
Extracellular matrix protein 1
Extracellular_matrix_protein_1
Contact-based cell-cell signalling
(or contact-dependent signalling) is a type of cell–cell or cell–extracellular matrix signalling in multicellular organisms that requires close contact
Juxtacrine_signalling
Inflammatory disease involving a buildup of lesions in the walls of arteries
in extracellular matrix and smooth muscle cells. On the other hand, unstable plaques are rich in macrophages and foam cells, and the extracellular matrix
Atherosclerosis
Biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape
cells usually express other cadherin types such as N-cadherin. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is involved in keeping tissues separated, providing structural
Morphogenesis
Serine protease enzyme
inflammation by stimulating cytokine release and is also involved in extracellular matrix remodelling. Elevated levels of granzyme B are also implicated in
Granzyme_B
Tissue lining the surfaces of organs in animals
tissue is a thin, continuous, protective layer of cells with little extracellular matrix. An example is the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epithelial
Epithelium
Protein found in humans
in humans. CTGF is a matricellular protein of the CCN family of extracellular matrix-associated heparin-binding proteins (see also CCN intercellular signaling
CCN_family_member_2
Genetic disorder involving connective tissue
glycoprotein component of the extracellular matrix. Fibrillin-1 is essential for the proper formation of the extracellular matrix, including the biogenesis
Marfan_syndrome
repolarization of neurons tends to increase potassium concentration in the extracellular matrix. If a significant rise occurs, it will reduce the concentration gradient
Potassium_spatial_buffering
Fluid-filled space in organs
interstitial compartment is composed of connective tissues comprising an extracellular matrix, which is situated outside the blood, lymphatic vessels, and the
Interstitium
Excess connective tissue in healing
susceptible to fibrosis, where an accidental excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagen, is produced by fibroblasts, leading
Fibrosis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
biological functions. The protein comprises an extracellular catalytic domain responsible for matrix degradation, a short 20-amino acid cytoplasmic tail
MMP14
Lumican, also known as LUM, is an extracellular matrix protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LUM gene on chromosome 12. Lumican is a proteoglycan
Lumican
Membrane protein Integral membrane protein Peripheral membrane protein Extracellular matrix proteins Blood protein Mammalian proteins Vertebrate proteins Plant
List_of_proteins
Group of similar cells performing a specific function
In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function
Tissue_(biology)
Most abundant structural protein in animals
Collagen (/ˈkɒlədʒən/) is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of the connective tissues of many animals. It is the most abundant protein
Collagen
Chemical compound
class of emergency response molecules which are released from the extracellular matrix at the site of an injury. GHK-Cu also increased synthesis of decorin
Copper_peptide_GHK-Cu
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cell proliferation, cell migration and cell-matrix interactions via its receptor for extracellular matrix proteins. Altered syndecan-2 expression has
Syndecan-2
Model of cell membranes
migration. Some proteins embedded in the bilipid layer interact with the extracellular matrix outside the cell, cytoskeleton filaments inside the cell, and septin
Fluid_mosaic_model
Thin fibrous layer between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue in animals
membrane, also known as the basal lamina, is a specialized form of extracellular matrix (ECM) common to all multicellular animals. It is a very thin, flexible
Basement_membrane
Soft outer covering organ of vertebrates
keratin proteins and lipids which contribute to the formation of an extracellular matrix and provide mechanical strength to the skin. Keratinocytes from the
Skin
Softening of bones due to impaired bone metabolism
as pyrophosphate), can occur in the extracellular matrix of bones and teeth, contributing locally to cause matrix hypomineralization (osteomalacia/odontomalacia)
Osteomalacia
Body fluid outside the cells of a multicellular organism
form the extracellular matrix, or the "filler" substance, between the cells throughout the body. These substances occur in the extracellular space, and
Extracellular_fluid
Protein found in humans
encoded by the FBN1 gene, located on chromosome 15. It is a large, extracellular matrix glycoprotein that serves as a structural component of 10–12 nm calcium-binding
Fibrillin-1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(2003). "An extracellular matrix-specific microarray allowed the identification of target genes downstream of discoidin domain receptors". Matrix Biol. 22
Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2
Discoidin_domain-containing_receptor_2
Basic unit of life forms
type of specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds most animal tissues, and are essential in their formation. Extracellular matrix components of laminin
Cell_(biology)
Chemical compound
intermolecular and intramolecular cross-links in the collagen of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and crystallin of the eyes. Covalent protein cross-links irreversibly
Glucosepane
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
extracellular matrix. The pathway of collagen signal transduction through the integrin α2β1 controls collagen production and other aspects of matrix organization
Integrin_alpha_2
Type of biological tissue in animals
underlying layer of loose connective tissue. Fiber types found in the extracellular matrix are collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers. Ground
Connective_tissue
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
In the extracellular space, tTG binds to proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM), binding particularly tightly to fibronectin. Extracellular tTG has
Tissue_transglutaminase
Protein domain
domain is found in some extracellular proteins in vertebrates such as the hyalectans. It appears to be involved in extracellular matrix assembly and stability
Link_domain
Biological term for the interstitial fluid of multicellular organisms
(1899–1982) who defined the connections between the ground substance or extracellular matrix and both the hormonal and autonomic nervous systems and saw therein
Internal_environment
Process of cell attachment
junctions or indirect interaction, where cells attach to surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), a gel-like structure containing molecules released by cells
Cell_adhesion
Family of zinc-dependent metalloendopeptidases
Collectively, these enzymes are capable of degrading all kinds of extracellular matrix proteins, but also can process a number of bioactive molecules. They
Matrix_metalloproteinase
gene product have now been demonstrated in vitro including membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, cathepsin L inhibition, and low-affinity calcium
Testican
Molecule that carries genetic information
buffer to recruit or titrate ions or antibiotics. Extracellular DNA acts as a functional extracellular matrix component in the biofilms of several bacterial
DNA
Biomedical engineering discipline
extracts cells from tissues, leaving just the extracellular matrix. This has the benefit of a fully formed matrix specific to the desired tissue type. However
Tissue_engineering
Mixture of peptides and proteins derived from animals
engineering applications. Its collagen-like structure makes it a useful extracellular matrix in 3D cell culture. Gelatin is also used as a saturating agent in
Gelatin
Substance found in cnidarians
Mesoglea refers to the extracellular matrix found in cnidarians like coral or jellyfish as well as ctenophores that functions as a hydrostatic skeleton
Mesoglea
Brazilian biologist
responsible for the development of polylaminin, a polymerized form of the extracellular matrix protein laminin that is being investigated as a therapeutic agent
Tatiana_Sampaio
Form of hardened dental plaque
is composed of both inorganic (mineral) and organic (cellular and extracellular matrix) components. The mineral proportion of supragingival calculus ranges
Calculus_(dental)
Structures connecting keratinocyte cells to the extracellular matrix
found in keratinocytes of the epidermis of skin that attach to the extracellular matrix. They are similar in form to desmosomes when visualized by electron
Hemidesmosome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
gene. It is the best characterized member of the EMILIN family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000138080 – Ensembl
EMILIN1
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
into its aldehyde derivative allysine. Allysine form cross-links in extracellular matrix proteins. Inhibition of lysyl oxidase can cause osteolathyrism, but
Lysyl_oxidase
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
integrin heterodimer, which is a cell-surface receptor also involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion and signal transduction. The α1β1 integrin receptor
Integrin_alpha-1
Biological kingdom
from all other living things, such as cells being surrounded by an extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins, motility to spontaneously
Animal
Study of the structure of organisms
and made up of cells scattered among inorganic material called the extracellular matrix. Often called fascia (from the Latin "fascia", meaning "band" or
Anatomy
Family of proteins involved in anatomical development
heparin and to heparan sulfate. Thus, some are sequestered in the extracellular matrix of tissues that contains heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and released
Fibroblast_growth_factor
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by a membrane
plants, protists, fungi, bacteria and archaea cells, as well as the extracellular matrix of animal cells. Bacteria, archaea, fungi and parasites release membrane
Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)
Outermost layer of some cells
particularly as it was used for plants, with the more precise term "extracellular matrix", as used for animal cells, but others preferred the older term.
Cell_wall
Protein involved in cell adhesion, cell growth, cell migration and differentiation
the extracellular matrix that binds to membrane-spanning receptor proteins called integrins. Fibronectin also binds to other extracellular matrix proteins
Fibronectin
X-linked dominant disorder that causes rickets
mineralization/calcification-inhibiting protein osteopontin in the extracellular matrix of bones and teeth. These local elevations of osteopontin, along
X-linked_hypophosphatemia
Thin layer of extracellular matrix upon which epithelial cells reside
The basal lamina is a layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, on which the epithelium sits. It is one of two layers of the basement
Basal_lamina
Protein allowing tissue in the body to resume shape after stretching
humans and several other animals. Elastin is a key component in the extracellular matrix of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). It is highly elastic and present
Elastin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Underhill GH, et al. (2012). "A combinatorial extracellular matrix platform identifies cell-extracellular matrix interactions that correlate with metastasis"
Galectin-3
Cartilaginous bone development that forms the long bones
Collagen type X, which causes stiffness and compression of the extracellular matrix. Matrix metalloproteinases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Endochondral_ossification
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (Osteoblast/osteocyte factor 45) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEPE gene. A conserved RGD motif
MEPE
Natural or synthetic fibers with diameters in the nanometer range
into nanofibers. An electrospun nanofiber network resembles the extracellular matrix (ECM) well. This resemblance is a major advantage of electrospinning
Nanofiber
Rare recessive genetic disorder
caused by loss-of-function mutations to chromosome 1 at 1q21, the extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) gene. The dermatological symptoms are caused by
Urbach–Wiethe_disease
channels. Sodium is the most prominent cation in extracellular fluid: in the 15 L of extracellular fluid in a 70 kg human there is around 50 grams of
Sodium_in_biology
Human protein-coding gene
discovered that the application of appropriate growth factors and extracellular matrix can induce branching in tissue, but the mechanisms of branching appear
Cadherin-1
Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is member of a family of vitamin K2 dependent, Gla-containing proteins. MGP has a high affinity binding to calcium ions, similar
Matrix_Gla_protein
Medical process used to regrow tissue and bone
medicine market. Most human cells within tissues anchor to the solid extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM components vary between various types of body tissues
Nano-scaffold
Type of molecules within cells
originated from different sources, such as mitochondria, granules, the extracellular matrix, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the plasma membrane. DAMPs and their
Damage-associated molecular pattern
Damage-associated_molecular_pattern
Mesenchymal progenitor cell that forms a chondrocyte
into the cartilage matrix, they grow the cartilage matrix by growing more cartilage extracellular matrix rather than by dividing further.[citation needed]
Chondroblast
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
dystrophies that often involve eye abnormalities. Pikachurin is an extracellular matrix-like retinal protein first discovered in 2008 in Japan by Shigeru
Pikachurin
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