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Taxonomic concept
In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of
Monophyly
Property of a group not united by common ancestry
polyphyletic group is called a polyphyly /ˈpɒlɪˌfaɪli/. It is contrasted with monophyly and paraphyly. For example, the biological characteristic of warm-bloodedness
Polyphyly
Taxonomic rank above species and below family
useful: Monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e. phylogenetic analysis should clearly demonstrate both monophyly and validity
Genus
Superorder of insects
Panorpida or Mecopterida is a Superorder of Holometabola. The conjectured monophyly of the Panorpida is historically based on morphological evidence, namely
Panorpida
Type of taxonomic group
all other descendants of a unique common ancestor. Conversely, the term monophyly, or monophyletic, builds on the Ancient Greek prefix μόνος (mónos), meaning
Paraphyly
Clade of rodents and lagomorphs
morphological studies, published in 2001 and 2003, strongly support the monophyly of Glires. In particular, the 2003 study reported the discovery of fossil
Glires
Clade of echinoderms
some sort. It includes all living echinoderms except for crinoids. The monophyly of Eleutherozoa has been proven sufficiently well to be considered "uncontroversial
Eleutherozoa
Phylum of animals having a dorsal nerve cord
tunicates and cephalochordates also provided strong evidence of the monophyly of Chordata. All of the earliest chordate fossils have been found in the
Chordate
Clade of flowering plants
ranks and under several different names. The APG IV system recognises its monophyly but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank, and instead uses the term
Monocotyledon
Taxonomic class of animals
Order Limnomedusae — monophyly requires verification; tentatively placed here Order Narcomedusae Order Trachymedusae — monophyly requires verification
Hydrozoa
Clade of insects
the adelphotaxa of the Neoptera after exclusion of the Plecoptera. The monophyly of these unities appears to be weakly justified. According to a phylogenetic
Eumetabola
Feature inherited from common ancestor
Symplesiomorphy Derived Apomorphy Synapomorphy Autapomorphy Group types Monophyly Paraphyly Polyphyly Nomenclature Phylogenetic nomenclature Crown group
Primitive_(phylogenetics)
Superphylum of protostomes
RNA genes. A large study in 2008 by Dunn et al. strongly supported the monophyly of Ecdysozoa. The group Ecdysozoa is supported by many morphological characters
Ecdysozoa
Terrestrial plants that lack vascular tissue
years, almost all of the most recent phylogenetic evidence supports the monophyly of this group, as originally classified by Wilhelm Schimper in 1879. The
Bryophyte
Extinct class of marine invertebrates
lineage, although some sources still consider the question of ophiocistioid monophyly unresolved. Ophiocistioidea is named from the Greek words ὄφις (ophis)
Ophiocistioidea
Group including fungi, animals and various protozoa
1358. PMC 2660946. PMID 19004754. Burki F, Pawlowski J (October 2006). "Monophyly of Rhizaria and multigene phylogeny of unicellular bikonts". Mol. Biol
Amorphea
Class of crustaceans
molecular and morphological data suggested monophyly in analyses with broadest taxon sampling, but this monophyly had no or very little support (Fig. 1 -
Ostracod
Magnorder of mammals
Cretaceous. Together with Boreoeutheria, they make up Placentalia. The monophyly of this grouping is supported by some genetic evidence. Alternative hypotheses
Atlantogenata
Class of animals with milk-producing glands
19, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2019. Gauthier JA (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". In Padian K (ed.). The Origin of Birds and the
Mammal
Clade of spiders
complex palpal bulbs. Molecular phylogenetic studies have supported the monophyly of Entelegynae (whereas the other traditional subgroup, the Haplogynae
Entelegynae
Clade of birds
(gannets and cormorants) and Pelecaniformes (pelicans and herons). The monophyly of this grouping is supported by several molecular phylogenetic studies
Aequornithes
Group of eukaryotes which includes animals and fungi, among other groups
Karpov, Sergey A.; Moreira, David (June 2023). "Phylogenomics Supports the Monophyly of Aphelids and Fungi and Identifies New Molecular Synapomorphies" (PDF)
Opisthokont
Extinct Cambrian group of animals
with the rank of phylum in 2001, with subsequent work supporting its monophyly. However, more recent research suggests that vetulicolians may be paraphyletic
Vetulicolia
Plume moth tribe in subfamily Pterophorinae
the subfamily Pterophorinae of the plume moths or Pterophoridae. The monophyly of this group was established in a 2011 phylogenetic study. A key to distinguish
Oxyptilini
Superorder of crustaceans
established. The phylogeny of the Malacostraca is debated. In particular, the monophyly of Eucarida is also under question: Monophyletic: many argue that the
Eucarida
Characteristic of a group of organisms with a common ancestor
horizontal gene transfer during early evolution has led to questions about the monophyly (single ancestry) of life. 6,331 groups of genes common to all living
Common_descent
Subphylum of chordates
Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Strongly Supports the Cyclostome Monophyly". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 22 (2): 184–192. Bibcode:2002MolPE
Vertebrate
Proposed eukaryotic kingdom
parasite Plasmodium. However, Cavalier-Smith's hypothesis of chromist monophyly has been rejected by many other researchers, who consider it more likely
Chromista
Class of molluscs
Solenogastres and termed Aplacophora, but some studies have cast doubt on the monophyly of this group. Caudofoveata are worm-like molluscs ranging 0.02–10 cm
Caudofoveata
Class of molluscs
Linnaean approach for all taxa below the rank of superfamily. Whenever monophyly has not been tested, or is known to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic, the
Gastropod
Animal taxon
appendages correlated with body segments. Not all studies support the monophyly of Panarthropoda, but most do, including neuroanatomical, phylogenomic
Panarthropoda
Order of arthropods
hexapods, although not all researchers consider them Hexapoda, rendering the monophyly of Hexapoda unsettled. Uniquely among hexapods, proturans show anamorphic
Protura
Clade of butterflies and moths
Lepidoptera that comprises over 99% of all butterflies and moths. Its monophyly has been strongly supported by molecular evidence. Heteroneura is the
Heteroneura
Clade of gastropods
Pabst, Emily A; Kocot, Kevin M (2018-08-01). "Phylogenomics confirms monophyly of Nudipleura (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia)". Journal of Molluscan Studies
Heterobranchia
Small eight-legged arthropod
(2025): However, a few phylogenomic studies have found strong support for monophyly of Acari and a sister relationship between Acariformes and Parasitiformes
Mite
Superphylum of animals
(May 2005). "Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia". Molecular Biology and
Lophotrochozoa
Extinct genus of ferns
leaflets connected to an arm, of which there were two per plant. The monophyly of the genus has been questioned, with a 2018 study suggested that the
Dictyophyllum
Extinct family of dinosaurs
Hypsilophodontidae (or Hypsilophodontia) is a traditionally used family of ornithopod dinosaurs, generally considered invalid today. It historically included
Hypsilophodontidae
Subclass of arachnids
in 1998 supported the monophyly of Dromopoda. However, subsequent molecular and combined analyses have not supported the monophyly of Dromopoda. Shultz
Dromopoda
Clade of eukaryotes containing land plants and some algae
appears unresolved, but a strong signal for Plantae (Archaeplastida) monophyly has been demonstrated in a recent study (with an enrichment of red algal
Archaeplastida
Science of classifying organisms
methodology in the 1970s led to classifications based on the sole criterion of monophyly, supported by the presence of synapomorphies. Since then, the evidentiary
Taxonomy_(biology)
Perching birds of the order Passeriformes
wren-babblers of the families Timaliidae, Pellorneidae, and Pnoepygidae. For the monophyly of the "true wrens", Troglodytidae, see Barker 2004. Specimen SMF Av 504
Passerine
Clade of molluscs
Caudofoveata and Solenogastres. It is a sister group to the Conchifera. Monophyly of Aculifera is supported by fossil, anatomical and molecular studies
Aculifera
Genus in the grass family Poaceae
DNA sequencing of plant mitochondrial DNA shows that the genus lacks monophyly. As a result, plant taxonomists have moved several species, including
Festuca
Superorder of mammals
tree: Comparing multi-gene analyses with phylogenomic results leaves monophyly of Euarchonta doubtful". Integrative Zoology. 10 (2): 186–198. doi:10
Euarchontoglires
Method of biological systematics in evolutionary biology
University Press, Ithaca nY Patterson 1982 Podani, János (1 August 2010). "Monophyly and paraphyly: A discourse without end?". Taxon. 59 (4): 1011–1015. Bibcode:2010Taxon
Cladistics
Family of flowering plants
The Actinidiaceae are a small family of flowering plants. The family has three genera and about 360 species and is a member of the order Ericales. They
Actinidiaceae
Taxonomic term for shell-bearing molluscs
retains its ancestral shape is the Tryblidiida. [clarification needed] The monophyly of Conchifera is supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis. The relationships
Conchifera
Genus of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae
Detzneria, Chionohebe, Heliohebe, Leonohebe and Parahebe now included. Monophyly of the genus is supported by nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer
Veronica_(plant)
Clade of mammals
Embrithopoda. Though there is strong anatomical and molecular support for the monophyly of Tethytheria, the interrelationships between the included taxa remain
Tethytheria
Extinct family of birds
which lived during the Late Cretaceous and possibly the Paleocene. The monophyly of the family has been questioned by subsequent studies, with the only
Vegaviidae
Largest class of crustaceans
lead to expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations. The monophyly of Malacostraca is widely accepted. This is supported by several common
Malacostraca
Bony structures in the dermis
anatomical analogues, not homologues, and do not necessarily indicate monophyly. The structures are, however, derived from scutes, which are common to
Osteoderm
Family of sea spiders
this internal taxonomic uncertainty, studies of 18S rRNA support the monophyly of the family, and its subdivision into two subfamilies, Achelinae and
Ammotheidae
Clade of ecdysozoan animals
rudimentary in Priapulus and is completely absent in Halicryptus. However, the monophyly of the Scalidophora was not supported by several molecular studies, where
Scalidophora
Class of flatworms
erected by Ulrich Ehlers in 1985 based on morphological analyses and its monophyly was later confirmed by molecular studies. Rhabditophorans are characterized
Rhabditophora
Eukaryotic supergroup that comprises stramenopiles, alveolates and rhizarians
Simpson AG, Roger AJ (March 2009). "Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups""
SAR_supergroup
Basic unit of taxonomic classification, below genus
studied. Versions of the phylogenetic species concept that emphasise monophyly or diagnosability may lead to splitting of existing species, for example
Species
Acceptance of dinosaurs as warm-blooded and birds as avian-dinosaurs
would also contain birds. Although initially this revival of dinosaur monophyly was controversial, the idea did gain acceptance, and since the rise of
Dinosaur_renaissance
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
Enantiornithes. Twenty-seven characters have been used to support enantiornithine monophyly, but Apsaravis brings the number down to only four. The discovery of further
Apsaravis
Group of diapsids broadly classified as reptiles
Ornithodira replaced Pseudosuchia and Ornithosuchia, respectively, as the monophyly of both of these clades were questioned. Sereno and Arcucci incorporated
Archosaur
Clade of birds
hummingbirds) to achieve monophyly. Reddy et al. (2017) included hummingbirds and swifts in Caprimulgiformes, preserving the monophyly of the order. The following
Strisores
Clade containing most theropod dinosaurs
journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences
Tetanurae
Family of flatworms
monopisthocotylean monogeneans, which includes about 200 species. The monophyly of the Capsalidae is supported by possession of accessory sclerites in
Capsalidae
Phylum of invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons
Cutler, B. (August 1980), "Arthropod cuticle features and arthropod monophyly", Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 36 (8): 953, doi:10.1007/BF01953812
Arthropod
Clade of reptiles
47pp. doi:10.1080/14772010903537732 Gauthier, J. (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". In Padian, K. (ed.). The Origin of Birds and
Pseudosuchia
Order of insects
D.; Ellis, T. M.; Ober, K. A.; Cannone, J. J.; Gutell, R. R. (2009). "Monophyly of terrestrial adephagan beetles as indicated by three nuclear genes (Coleoptera:
Beetle
Warm-blooded animals with wings and feathers
pp. 41–96. ISBN 0-12-226810-5. Gauthier, Jacques (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". In Padian, Kevin (ed.). The Origin of Birds
Bird
Order of monocotyledonous flowering plants
resolved most relationships within the order but found weak support for the monophyly of the cyperid clade. The relationship between Centrolepidaceae and Restoniaceae
Poales
Group of eukaryotic organisms
in these organisms are those that contain chlorophyll c. However, the monophyly of the Chromalveolata has been rejected. Thus, two papers published in
Chromalveolata
Division of cartilaginous fishes
evidence refutes the hypothesis that skates and rays are derived sharks. The monophyly of the skates, the stingrays, and the electric rays has long been generally
Batomorphi
syngnathiform fish. It contains the "long-snouted" members of the order, and its monophyly has been affirmed by phylogenetic studies. The order contains pipefish
Syngnathoidei
Suborder of birds
However, there were some osteological studies that have questioned the monophyly of Ciconiiformes, suggesting that the ardeids and threskiornithids originated
Ardei
Genus of flowering plants
China. Monophyly of the group is supported by genetic evidence and also evidence based on the cell biology of members of the genus. Monophyly of the genus
Clematoclethra
Plants that reproduce with seeds
(2000). "Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers". Proceedings
Seed_plant
Suborder of mammals
to an extinct group of pinnipeds, Enaliarctos. While support for the monophyly of pinnipeds is strong, the relationship of pinnipeds to terrestrial mammals
Caniformia
Family of flowering plants
families Misodendraceae and Loranthaceae, and to uphold the criteria of monophyly it must be excluded from Olacaceae. Further investigations have also shown
Schoepfiaceae
Suborder of true bugs
T., B. C. Campbell, R. J. Gill & J. D. Steffen-Campbell (1995): Non-monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha ("Homoptera"), based upon 18S rDNA phylogeny: eco-evolutionary
Heteroptera
Subdivision of fungi
among and within subphyla of Zygomycota are poorly understood, and their monophyly remains in question, so they are sometimes referred to by the informal
Zoopagomycotina
Family of insects
nuclear ribosomal DNA) was published in 2009 and called into question the monophyly of some current groups, such as the Emesinae. Reduviidae are monophyletic
Reduviidae
Order of amphibians
or stereospondyl amphibians, contradicting evidence for lissamphibian monophyly (common ancestry). Rare fossils of early gymnophionans, such as Eocaecilia
Caecilian
Group of a common ancestor and all of their descendants
Binomial nomenclature Biological classification Cladistics Crown group Grade Monophyly Paraphyly Phylogenetic network Phylogenetic nomenclature Phylogenetics
Clade
Family of plants
in each other genus. At the time, it was somewhat controversial. The monophyly of these genera was later supported in a 2003 phylogenetic study of the
Casuarinaceae
Family of birds
In 2023 Thiago Vernaschi Costa and collaborators proposed that the non-monophyly could be resolved by the introduction of three monotypic genera. They
Nightjar
Proposed branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages
Thomas Pellard (2021) argues that these languages do not constitute a monophyly based on phylogenetic studies and on a thorough investigation of shared
Rung_languages
Extinct genus of reptiles
Albers (2009) conducted a phylogenetic analysis, but did not test the monophyly of Nothosaurus, as other nothosaurids were not included in their analysis
Nothosaurus
Group of single-celled microbes
Roger, Andrew J. (10 March 2009). "Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups""
Discoba
Paraphyletic infraphylum of fish
Sullivan, J. (December 1998). "28S and 18S rDNA sequences support the monophyly of lampreys and hagfishes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 15 (12):
Agnatha
Clade of archaeplastids including green algae and the land plants
2008). Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne (ed.). "EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata". PLOS One. 3 (7) e2621. Bibcode:2008PLoSO
Viridiplantae
Clade of reptiles
Bold terminal taxa are collapsed. Gauthier, J. A. (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". In Padian, K. (ed.). The Origin of Birds and
Archosauriformes
Class of ray-finned bony fishes
Yoshida, Kohta; Uno, Yoshinobu (2024). "Genomic reconsideration of fish non-monophyly: why cannot we simply call them all 'fish'?". Ichthyological Research
Actinopterygii
Family of venomous snakes
analyses, immunological distance and DNA sequencing, suggests reciprocal monophyly of two groups: African, Asian, and New World Elapinae versus Australasian
Elapidae
Clade of reptiles
repeatedly recovered amphisbaenians as sister to lacertids, corroborating the monophyly of Lacertibaenia. A 2024 satellite-DNA study further supported Lacertibaenia
Lacertibaenia
Order of insects
ago. The phylogenetic position of Diptera has been controversial. The monophyly of holometabolous insects has long been accepted, with the main orders
Fly
Class of arthropods
comprising Eurypterida and Arachnida. Other recent analyses support the monophyly of this group. The Xiphosura are estimated to have diverged from the Arachnida
Merostomata
Clade comprising all crustaceans and hexapods
highlighted). In addition, there appeared some evidence against the Ostracoda monophyly: that Ostracoda subclass Podocopa may form a clade with Branchiura. A
Pancrustacea
Suborder of rodents
as rodents. Most molecular and genetic research, however, confirms the monophyly of rodents. Support for rodent polyphyly appears to be a product of long
Hystricomorpha
Extinct tribe of carnivores
all phylogenetic analyses support the former classification but the monophyly of the taxon itself might not be supported. Metailurini was first named
Metailurini
Extinct species of hominin of East Africa
difficult to gauge with accuracy. The jaws are the main argument for monophyly, but such anatomy is strongly influenced by diet and environment, and
Paranthropus_boisei
Species of flowering plant
varieties within the species with the assumption of a common origin (monophyly). The widespread C. comosum var. comosum has slender, near linear leaves
Chlorophytum_comosum
MONOPHYLY
MONOPHYLY
MONOPHYLY
MONOPHYLY
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Schofield.
Surname or Lastname
English (South Yorkshire)
English (South Yorkshire) : habitational name from Maxfield in Sussex, or Maxfield Plain in North Yorkshire.
Girl/Female
Christian, Indian, Latin, Spanish
Mary of the Light; Bringer of Light
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Pashtun
Lake of Paradise
Girl/Female
French
Feminine of Michael: gift from God.
Female
Greek
(Αλθαία) Greek name possibly ALTHAIA means "healing." In mythology, this is the name of the mother of Meleagros.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Blessings, One who listens, Exalted, Noble, Much praised
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Hope
Girl/Female
English
Little beloved one.
Female
English
Elaborated form of English Gail, GAILA means "father rejoices."
MONOPHYLY
MONOPHYLY
MONOPHYLY
MONOPHYLY
MONOPHYLY