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Method of biological systematics in evolutionary biology
and nomenclature of cladistics have been applied to disciplines other than biology. (See phylogenetic nomenclature.) Cladistics findings are posing a
Cladistics
More distantly related group of organisms
In cladistics or phylogenetics, an outgroup is a more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary
Outgroup_(cladistics)
Transformed cladistics, also known as pattern cladistics is an epistemological approach to the cladistic method of phylogenetic inference and classification
Transformed_cladistics
Clade of lobe-finned fish
as a result tetrapods are nested within Sarcopterygii. This abides to cladistics in that in order for a group to be valid, it must have an ancestral species
Sarcopterygii
Type of taxonomic group
currency during the debates of the 1960s and 1970s accompanying the rise of cladistics, having been coined by zoologist Willi Hennig to apply to well-known taxa
Paraphyly
Basic unit of taxonomic classification, below genus
Q. D. (1990). "An amplification of the phylogenetic species concept". Cladistics. 6 (3): 211–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00541.x. S2CID 84095773
Species
Group of a common ancestor and all of their descendants
ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach to taxonomy adopted by most biological fields. The
Clade
Peer-reviewed scientific journal
Cladistics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which has published research in cladistics since 1985. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on
Cladistics_(journal)
Grouping of organisms
Classification and Phylogeny of the Polemoniaceae, with Comments on Molecular Cladistics". American Journal of Botany. 85 (6): 741–752. doi:10.2307/2446408. JSTOR 2446408
Evolutionary_grade
Diagram used to show relations among groups of organisms with common origins
κλάδος klados "branch" and γραμμα gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show evolutionary relations (common descent) between groups of organisms
Cladogram
Biological process by which a taxon appears
Phylogenetics; Phylogenesis ≠ Cladistics; Phylogenetics ≠ Cladistics; Taxonomy ≠ Cladistics. Phylogeny Phylogenetics Taxonomy Cladistics Ontogeny Evolution Mayr
Phylogenesis
Shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa
Pinna, M. C. C. (1991). "Concepts and Tests of homology in the cladistic paradigm". Cladistics. 7 (4): 367–394. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.487.2259. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031
Homology_(biology)
Science of classifying organisms
typified by those of Eichler (1883) and Engler (1886–1892). The advent of cladistic methodology in the 1970s led to classifications based on the sole criterion
Taxonomy_(biology)
Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
1985 First cladistic analysis of eukaryotes based on combined phenotypic and genotypic evidence Diana Lipscomb. First issue of Cladistics. First phylogenetic
Phylogenetics
Optimality criterion in phylogeny
Cladistics. Vol. 2. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 7–36. Farris JS (October 2008). "Parsimony and explanatory power". Cladistics.
Maximum_parsimony
Study of the evolution of life
and Evolution and its sister journal Genome Biology and Evolution, and Cladistics. Other journals combine aspects of evolutionary biology with other related
Evolutionary_biology
Informal group of Triassic archosaurs with pillar-erect posture
archosaur evolution have upended this idea based on phylogenetic analyses and cladistics, a modern approach to taxonomy based on clades (nested monophyletic groups
Rauisuchia
Taxonomic concept
In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of
Monophyly
Informal classification of marine mammals, closely related to whales and porpoises
included Delphinidae Iniidae †Lipotidae Platanistidae Pontoporiidae Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Monodontidae Phocoenidae Physeteroidea
Dolphin
Order of mammals
Milinkovitch, Michel; Waddell, Victor; Stanhope, Michael (1999). "Stability of Cladistic Relationships between Cetacea and Higher-Level Artiodactyl Taxa". Systematic
Artiodactyla
Side of the head behind the eyes
The temporal muscle covers this area and is used during mastication. Cladistics classifies land vertebrates based on the presence of an upper hole, a
Temple_(anatomy)
Phylogenetic method in taxonomy
century. It spread together with the methods for discovering clades (cladistics) and is an integral part of phylogenetic systematics (see above). At the
Phylogenetic_nomenclature
Attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity
be subjected to cladistic analysis, to determine their evolutionary relationships. Phenetic methods can also be superior to cladistics when only the distinctness
Phenetics
Birth-Death (FBD) model: The example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions". Cladistics. 40 (3): 282–306. doi:10.1111/cla.12577. PMID 38651531. Laurin, M.; Didier
2026_in_paleontology
Two concepts on heritable traits
evolved in their most recent common ancestor.[excessive citations] In cladistics, synapomorphy implies homology. Examples of apomorphy are the presence
Apomorphy_and_synapomorphy
Clade of scaled reptiles
Toxicofera (Latin for "toxin-bearers") is a clade of scaled reptiles (squamates) that includes the Serpentes (snakes), Anguimorpha (monitor lizards, beaded
Toxicofera
German biologist and zoologist (1913–1976)
systematics, otherwise known as cladistics. In 1945 as a prisoner of war, Hennig began work on his theory of cladistics, which he published in German in
Willi_Hennig
Theory in linguistics
all its offspring units were a clade and the discovery of clades was cladistics.[citation needed] Greenberg began writing during a time when phylogenetic
Tree_model
Classification of the plant genus Banksia
related genus Dryandra as separate but closely related. Recent molecular cladistic analyses have provided an alternative view in which Dryandra is shown
Taxonomy_of_Banksia
Branch of biology that studies living organisms
to sample and perform research on. Neontology's research method uses cladistics to examine morphologies and genetics. Neontology data has more emphasis
Neontology
Various classifications of Dinosauria
entomologist Willi Hennig's work in the 1950s, which evolved into modern cladistics. For specimens known only from fossils, the rigorous analysis of characters
Dinosaur_classification
Independent evolution of similar features
presently identified with at least primates, corvids, and cetaceans. In cladistics, a homoplasy is a trait shared by two or more taxa for any reason other
Convergent_evolution
Taxonomic rank between class and family
taxonomic rank of realm. Virus orders are indicated by the suffix -virales. Cladistics Phylogenetics Systematics Taxonomic rank Taxonomy Virus classification
Order_(taxonomy)
Species of large cat
a possible tiger ancestor when it was discovered in 1924, but modern cladistics places it as basal to modern Panthera. Panthera zdanskyi lived around
Tiger
Common name for a group of ferns
Eusporangiate ferns are vascular spore plants, whose sporangia arise from several epidermal cells and not from a single cell as in leptosporangiate ferns
Eusporangiate_fern
Subfamily of birds
Lophophorus and Meleagris, as well as members of the genus Perdix, are cladistically more closely related to grouse and true pheasants, whereas other genera
Phasianinae
Type of fossilized remains
inside and outside the newly branched clade. With the establishment of cladistics in the 1990s, relationships commonly came to be expressed in cladograms
Transitional_fossil
Property of a group not united by common ancestry
(December 1988). "Phylogenetic Systematics and the Species Problem". Cladistics. 4 (4): 317–338. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00518.x. PMID 34949064
Polyphyly
Group of insects
Diadocidiidae Ditomyiidae Keroplatidae Bolitophilidae Mycetophilidae Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Mosquitoes (gall midges)
Fungus_gnat
Common name for wading birds
Suborder: Scolopaci Family: Scolopacidae Groups included Lymnocryptes Gallinago Coenocorypha Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Scolopax
Snipe
Extinct genus of saber-toothed cat
of the sabertoothed felids ( Carnivora: Felidae: Machairodontinae)". Cladistics. 29 (5): 543–559. doi:10.1111/cla.12008. ISSN 0748-3007. PMID 34814379
Smilodon
Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms
evolutionary history of the organisms sampled. Evolutionary biology portal Clade Cladistics Computational phylogenetics Evolutionary biology Evolutionary taxonomy
Phylogenetic_tree
Extinct species of reptile
Alligator prenasalis is an extinct species of alligator from the Late Eocene period. It is well known, with many fossils having been collected from the
Alligator_prenasalis
Group of large game birds
Phasianidae Subfamily: Phasianinae Tribe: Pavonini Groups included Pavo Afropavo Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Rheinardia Argusianus
Peafowl
Diverse clade of vertebrate animals
bone tissue, encompassing both the conventional bony fishes and, in a cladistic sense, all tetrapods. They can be contrasted with the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous
Osteichthyes
Organization
systematists managing and publishing in the peer-reviewed journal titled Cladistics. The society is named after Willi Hennig, a German systematic entomologist
Willi_Hennig_Society
Accumulation of genetic differences
record or migrated surviving in less arid climates. Genetic divergence Cladistics Contingency (evolutionary biology) Devolution Chronospecies "Sympatric
Divergent_evolution
Clade of seed plants that produce flowers
ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4. Hill, Christopher; Crane, Peter (January 1982). "Evolutionary Cladistics and the origin of Angiosperms". In Joysey, Kenneth Alan; Friday, A.E.
Flowering_plant
Animal of the "higher primates", excluding apes
usage of the word "monkey" from the perspective that usage should reflect cladistics. Several science-fiction and fantasy stories have depicted non-human (fantastical
Monkey
American paleontologist
first detailed cladistic analysis of the theropod dinosaurs, and initiated a revolution in dinosaur phylogenetics, in which cladistics replaced the Linnaean
Jacques_Gauthier
Subclass of fishes
relationship with the Acipenseriformes has been strongly challenged on cladistic grounds. Coccolepididae, a group of small weakly ossified Jurassic and
Chondrostei
American herpetologist
president of the Willi Hennig Society and as editor-in-chief of its journal Cladistics. He served at the University of Michigan from 1965 until his retirement
Arnold_G._Kluge
Taxonomic rank
Fungi, Protista and Monera). Some recent classifications based on modern cladistics have explicitly abandoned the term kingdom, noting that some traditional
Kingdom_(taxonomy)
Marsupial of the family Macropodidae
included Dendrolagus Macropus Osphranter antilopinus Osphranter rufus Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa All other Macropodinae sp.
Kangaroo
Religious rejection of evolution
Z. (March 2000). "Evolution Is Not a Necessary Assumption of Cladistics". Cladistics. 16 (1). American Museum of Natural History: 143–154. Bibcode:2000Cladi
Rejection of evolution by religious groups
Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups
Kingdom of organisms
Peter R. (1997). The origin and early diversification of land plants: A cladistic study. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-730-7
Plant
Birds of the order Charadriiformes
Turnicidae (occasionally included) Glareolidae (occasionally included) Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Laridae Stercorariidae Alcidae
Wader
Problem-solving method
(psychology) Visual analytics Visual language Node–link approaches Argument map Cladistics Cognitive map Concept lattice Concept map Conceptual graph Decision tree
Heuristic
Compilation of software used to produce phylogenetic trees
phylogenetic trees. Such tools are commonly used in comparative genomics, cladistics, and bioinformatics. Methods for estimating phylogenies include neighbor-joining
List of phylogenetics software
List_of_phylogenetics_software
Closest relative(s) of a given taxon in a phylogenetic tree
2012. Padian, Kevin; Lindberg, David R.; Polly, Paul David (May 1994). "Cladistics and the fossil record: The uses of history". Annual Review of Earth and
Sister_group
Possible simple urbilateran candidate
PMID 18192185. Telford, M.J.; Budd, G.E. (2003). "The place of phylogeny and cladistics in Evo-Devo research". International Journal of Developmental Biology
Urbilaterian
Monophyletic closure of a set of living species
development of phylogenetics in German-speaking Europe". Cladistics. 19 (6): 449–479. doi:10.1016/j.cladistics.2003.09.001 (inactive 1 July 2025).{{cite journal}}:
Crown_group
Interdisciplinary study
genetics. The study of cultural change increasingly takes place through cladistics and genetic models. Evolutionary biology portal Psychology portal Anthropology –
Evolutionary_anthropology
Clade of vertebrates
Porolepiformes and Osteolepiformes, a definition that is now obsolete. However, as cladistic understanding of the vertebrates has improved over the last few decades
Rhipidistia
Genus of ferns
Adiantum (/ˌædiˈæntəm/), the maidenhair fern (not to be confused with the similar-looking maidenhair spleenwort fern), is a genus of about 250 species
Adiantum
Theory of text organization
(psychology) Visual analytics Visual language Node–link approaches Argument map Cladistics Cognitive map Concept lattice Concept map Conceptual graph Decision tree
Rhetorical_structure_theory
Extinct superfamily of Dinosaurs
be closer to Allosauroids than to each other, which is undesirable in cladistics. The name Spinosauroidea is sometimes used in place of Megalosauroidea
Megalosauroidea
Behavioral theory
Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory Overview
Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology
Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology
Ancestral character or trait state shared by two or more taxa
three clades due to their distant common ancestry. Apomorphy Autapomorphy Cladistics Synapomorphy For a dissenting view, see "About nothing" by Brower and
Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy
Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy
"Evolutionary trends and patterns in centipede segment number based on a cladistic analysis of Mecistocephalidae (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha)". Systematic
List of animals by number of legs
List_of_animals_by_number_of_legs
Form of biological classification
ancestry with cladistic methods. Hypotheses such as adaptive radiation from a single ancestral taxon cannot be falsified with cladistics. Cladistics offers a
Evolutionary_taxonomy
Group of mostly pollinating insects whose larvae live in figs
Agaonidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), a multilocus phylogenetic approach". Cladistics. 26 (4): 359–387. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00291.x. ISSN 0748-3007
Fig_wasp
Study of amphibians and reptiles
snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodilians, and tuataras). Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the separate
Herpetology
Species of virus
alphapsittaciforme Orthobornavirus betapsittaciforme Orthobornavirus avisaquaticae Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Other orthobornaviruses
Avian_bornavirus
Diagram to visually organize information
(psychology) Visual analytics Visual language Node–link approaches Argument map Cladistics Cognitive map Concept lattice Concept map Conceptual graph Decision tree
Mind_map
Genus of theropod dinosaurs
California. 478 pp. Pickering, S. (1995b). An extract from: Archosauromorpha: Cladistics and osteologies. A Fractal Scaling in Dinosaurology Project. 11 pp. Evans
Newtonsaurus
Tree-dwelling birds believed to be related to the true passerines
passerines and higher land-bird assemblage are terms of traditional, pre-cladistic taxonomy that have often been given to tree-dwelling birds or those most
Near_passerine
Aquatically secondarily adapted reptiles
once thought united in the group "Enaliosauria", a classification now cladistically obsolete), mosasaurs, nothosaurs, placodonts, sea turtles, thalattosaurs
Marine_reptile
Study of organic evolution using fossils
of life – clades both extinct and extant. See also adaptive radiation, cladistics, evolutionary biology, developmental biology and phylogenetic tree. The
Paleobiology
Clade of tetrapodomorphs
Panderichthyida) was considered an order of prehistoric lobe-finned fishes, it was cladistically redefined to include tetrapods. A rise in global oxygen content allowed
Elpistostegalia
Genus of flowering plants
Angelica is a genus of about 90 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern
Angelica
Species of fish
evolution of Neotropical cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Cichlinae)". Cladistics. 24 (5): 625–641. Bibcode:2008Cladi..24..625L. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031
Blue_acara
Tribe of rodents of the family Cricetidae
collared lemmings Lagurini 18-24 – steppe lemmings Lemmini – true lemmings Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Arvicolini Ellobiusini – mole
Lemming
Species of virus
Simplexvirus Groups included Simplexvirus humanalpha1 Simplexvirus humanalpha2 Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa All other Simplexvirus species
Herpes_simplex_virus
Idea that an animal's developmental stages resemble its evolutionary ancestors
Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory Overview
Recapitulation_theory
Clade of tetrapods
only members of Sauropsida or even just an under-clade thereof. In a cladistic sense, synapsids are in fact a monophyletic sister taxon of sauropsids
Synapsida
Species having two or more distinct forms
Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory Overview
Polymorphism_(biology)
Infraorder of arachnids (spiders)
Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling". Cladistics. 33 (6): 574–616. doi:10.1111/cla.12182. PMID 34724759. S2CID 35535038
Mygalomorphae
Taxonomic rank between phylum and order
Haeckel, were introduced in the early nineteenth century. Biology portal Cladistics List of animal classes Phylogenetics Systematics Taxonomy When the term
Class_(taxonomy)
Traditional herbal liqueur or aperitif in the Alpine regions of Europe
the genus Artemisia, spurred by recent trends in molecular assay and cladistics,[citation needed] that has resulted in the decline in use (among academics)
Génépi
Group of small to medium-sized parrots
Thectocercus Myiopsitta? Brotogeris? Rhynchopsitta? Pionites? Deroptyus? Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Androglossini? Anodorhynchus
Conure
Preserved remains or traces of organisms from a past geological age
taxon Living fossil Pseudoextinction Mass extinction Evolution Evolution Cladistics Convergent evolution Natural selection Phyletic gradualism Punctuated
Fossil
1996 arrangement of the Australian plant genus Banksia
Banksia more closely with the phylogeny that they had inferred from their cladistic analysis of the genus. It replaced Alex George's 1981 arrangement, but
Thiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia
Thiele_and_Ladiges'_taxonomic_arrangement_of_Banksia
Genus of viruses (Enterovirus)
Enterovirus Groups included Rhinovirus A Rhinovirus B Rhinovirus C Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Enterovirus A Enterovirus B
Rhinovirus
All Latin and Greek roots beginning with G
civilian, civility, civilization clad- branch Greek κλάδος (kládos) clade, cladistics, cladogenesis, cladogram, heterocladic clam- cry out Latin clamare acclaim
List of Greek and Latin roots in English/A–G
List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English/A–G
Museum, London Henry Gee, Senior Editor of Nature and author of Deep Time: Cladistics, the Revolution in Evolution 13 April 2000 New Wars Michael Howard, Emeritus
List of In Our Time programmes
List_of_In_Our_Time_programmes
Unit of biological populations
(phylum). The use of a narrow set of ranks is challenged by users of cladistics; for example, the mere 10 ranks traditionally used between animal families
Taxon
Suborder of bats
Further studies are being conducted, using both molecular and morphological cladistic methodology, to assess the merit of this alternative view of bat evolution
Yangochiroptera
Superfamily of primates
turmoil (of history) illustrates the growing influence on all taxonomy of cladistics, the science of classifying living things strictly according to their
Ape
Obsolete order of gastropods
general affinities between the groups. In the last few years, two new cladistic taxonomies of the gastropods have been published (in 1997 and 2005). This
Archaeogastropoda
CLADISTICS
CLADISTICS
CLADISTICS
CLADISTICS
Girl/Female
Teutonic American German French
Battle maiden.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Fleshy
Girl/Female
French
Dear one;darling'.
Boy/Male
Hindu
A sacred leaf
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Lightning
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Faith in God
Girl/Female
Australian, German, Swedish
Noble Kind
Girl/Female
Indian
Pious, Righteous
Boy/Male
Hindu
A king of the epics
Boy/Male
English American
Bible.
CLADISTICS
CLADISTICS
CLADISTICS
CLADISTICS
CLADISTICS