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Diagram used to show relations among groups of organisms with common origins
A cladogram (from Greek κλάδος klados "branch" and γραμμα gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show evolutionary relations (common descent)
Cladogram
Group of a common ancestor and all of their descendants
results of phylogenetic/cladistic analyses are tree-shaped diagrams called cladograms; they, and all their branches, are phylogenetic hypotheses. Three methods
Clade
Clade comprising all crustaceans and hexapods
Pancrustacea hypothesis that maxillopods are not monophyletic (in the following cladograms Maxillopoda subclasses are highlighted). In addition, there appeared some
Pancrustacea
Taxonomic clade
Cetruminantia's placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram: Order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) Tylopoda (camelids) Artiofabula
Cetruminantia
Clade of reptiles with two holes in each side of their skulls
are cladograms showing the relations of the major groups of diapsids. Cladogram after Bickelmann et al., 2009 and Reisz et al., 2011: The cladogram of
Diapsid
Feature inherited from common ancestor
states. Cladograms are important for scientists as they allow them to classify and hypothesize the origin and future of organisms. Cladograms allow scientists
Primitive_(phylogenetics)
Family of birds
Loriinae, Platycercinae, Psittacellinae and Psittaculinae. The following cladogram shows how the family Psittaculidae relates to the three other families
Psittaculidae
Extinct family of dinosaurs
related to Euhelopus zdanskyi than to Neuquensaurus australis". Below is a cladogram presenting the cladistic hypothesis of Euhelopodidae proposed by D'Emic
Euhelopodidae
Clade of mammals
Mammalia) it is considered to be a subgroup of the mammalian crown group. The cladogram below follows Luo et al. (2016): Rowe, T. (1988). "Definition, diagnosis
Theriiformes
Clade of reptiles
Lepidosauromorpha + Archosauromorpha clade). The following cladogram was found by Simões et al. (2022): Cladogram of Jenkins et al. 2026, which found Pantestudines
Sauria
Extinct clade of reptiles
primitive, sauropterygians. Below is a cladogram of pistosauroid relationships from Cheng et al. (2006): Below is a cladogram of pistosauroid relationships from
Pistosauroidea
Root of a phylogenetic tree
the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram. The term may be more strictly applied only to nodes adjacent to the root
Basal_(phylogenetics)
extinct species. This division of the eudicots is shown in the following cladogram: Based on: Stevens, P.F. (2001–2014). "Trees". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
List of dicotyledons of Great Britain and Ireland
List_of_dicotyledons_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland
Extinct genus of reptiles
disputed, as shown by the cladograms below. Cladogram from 2018 Bona et al. study: Cladogram from 2019 Massonne et al. study: Cladogram from 2020 Cossette &
Arambourgia
Family of leaf insects
by Sarah Bank are presented in the cladogram of the Phylliidae genera according to Cumming et al. (2023): Cladogram of the Phylliidae genera shown according
Phylliidae
Group of Mesozoic aquatic reptiles
more closely related to Sauropterygomorpha than to other reptiles). The cladogram shown hereafter is the result of an analysis of sauropterygian relationships
Sauropterygia
Clade of cynodonts
Late Permian genus that is one of the most basal cynodonts. Below is a cladogram from Pusch et al. (2023) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships:
Epicynodontia
Group of eukaryotes
respectively][citation needed] A "classical" cladogram (data from 2012, 2015) is: However, a cladogram (data from 2015, 2016) with the root in Excavata
Bikont
Animals with embryonic bilateral symmetry
is correct remains unresolved. Cladogram showing Xenambulacraria hypothesis with a paraphyletic Deuterostomia: Cladogram showing hypothesis of Xenambulacraria
Bilateria
Group of single-celled organisms
to the other two lineages. The phylogeny of the Obazoa is shown in the cladogram. Brown, M.W.; Sharpe, S.C.; Silberman, J.D.; Heiss, A.A.; Lang, B.F.;
Obazoa
Tribe of mammals
that arose after the split from the line that led to chimpanzees (see cladogram below); that is, they distinguish fossil members on the human side of
Hominini
Clade of vertebrates
Ichthyostegalia. The cladogram is based on a phylogenetic analysis of 46 taxa using 204 characters by B. Swartz in 2012. The following cladogram follows the results
Tetrapodomorpha
Infraorder of carnivores
phylogenetic relationships of Viverroidea are shown in the following cladogram: Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder
Viverroidea
Family of birds
Ichthyaetus (6 species) Genus Larus (25 species) Left is part of the cladogram of the genera in the order Charadriiformes based on the analysis by Baker
Laridae
Superfamily of gastropods
Palaeoxestina Wenz, 1919 - type genus of Palaeoxestininae The following cladogram shows the phylogenic relationships of this superfamily with the other
Gastrodontoidea
Order of flowering plants
constitute the Zingiberineae (Cladogram I) and also the basal Strelitziineae (Strelitziaceae-Lowiaceae) sister group (Cladogram II) were strongly supported
Zingiberales
Order of insects
Strepsiptera (/strɛpˈsɪptərə/), from Ancient Greek στρέψις (strépsis), meaning "turning around", and πτερόν (pterón), meaning "wing", are an order of insects
Strepsiptera
Taxonomic concept
A cladogram [citation needed]of the primates, showing a monophyletic taxon: the simians (in yellow); a paraphyletic taxon: the prosimians (in cyan, including
Monophyly
Genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur
diverging immediately before P. grangeri. These results are displayed in the cladogram below, though later expansions and modifications of this matrix recovered
Eopinacosaurus
Extinct family of reptiles
defined by Fischer et al. (2013) that includes all other thunnosaurs. The cladogram below follows the large phylogenetic analysis of Fischer et al. (2013)
Ichthyosauridae
Clade of arthropods
including Hymenocarina, Euthycarcinoidea, and Fuxianhuiida. Cladogram after Liu et al, 2026: Cladogram of Mandibulata after Laville et al. (2025): Atelocerata
Mandibulata
Clade of dinosaurs
restrictive node-based clade, anchored on Hesperornis and modern birds. The cladogram below is the result of a 2017 analysis by McLachlan and colleagues. Mayr
Ornithurae
Infraorder of arachnids
the relationships among the major groups were as shown in the following cladogram. The blue bar to the right shows the former Haplogynae in the sense of
Araneomorphae
Superorder of insects
Here is a simple cladogram showing the traditional relationships with a monophyletic Paraneoptera: Here is an alternative cladogram showing Paraneoptera
Paraneoptera
Clade of birds
upstroke of flight to help create a vertical flight pattern. See below cladogram showing Eufalconimorphae's relationship within Australaves: Boles, Walter
Eufalconimorphae
Genus of crocodilians
distinct genera due to older age compared to the false gharial. The below cladogram of the major living crocodile groups is based on molecular studies and
Tomistoma
Clade of unicellular organisms
the Ichthyosporea and the Filozoa, they form the Holozoa. An up to date cladogram is The alternative hypothesis is the Teretosporea clade. Hehenberger,
Pluriformea
Suborder of mammals
Suina's placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram: The suborder Suina consists of 21 extant species in nine genera. These
Suina
Phylum of animals having a dorsal nerve cord
structured so as to reflect evolutionary relationships (similar to a cladogram), it also retains the traditional ranks used in Linnaean taxonomy. Phylum
Chordate
Family of birds
methodological drawbacks of their DNA-DNA hybridization technique. The following cladogram shows the relationships between the families in the superfamily Muscicapoidea
Mimid
Genus of reptiles
curvirostris was assigned to its own genus, Pseudogavialis. The below cladogram of the major extant crocodile groups is based on the latest molecular
Gavialis
Taxonomic clade
closer to the crown group of reptiles than others. Cladogram after Simoes et al (2022): This cladogram follows Jenkins et al. (2025). Traditional "parareptiles"
Sauropsida
Animal of the "higher primates", excluding apes
humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans) (8 species) Below is a cladogram with some extinct monkey families. Generally, extinct non-hominoid simians
Monkey
Group of molluscs
Limacidae Family Agriolimacidae Family Boettgerillidae Family Vitrinidae A cladogram showing phylogenic relations of families in the limacoid clade: As explained
Limacoidei
Extinct family of cynodonts
from China. Below is a cladogram from Gao et al. (2010) showing the phylogenetic relationships of trirachodontids: The cladogram above shows a monophyletic
Trirachodontidae
Superorder of Cephalopoda
considered an invalid order due to lack of monophyly. Maximum Likelihood (ML) cladogram from Uribe & Zardoya 2017, based on complete mt genomes (protein-coding
Decapodiformes
extinct species. This division of the eudicots is shown in the following cladogram: Recurved sandwort (Minuartia recurva) is found only in Ireland. Corn
List of superrosids of Great Britain and Ireland
List_of_superrosids_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland
Family of mammals
raccoons, when in fact they are closest to olingos. Below right is a cladogram showing the results of molecular studies as of 2013[update]. Genus Nasuella
Procyonidae
Extinct order of reptiles
supporting the hypothesis that they were protorosaurs. The following cladogram shows the position of Protorosauria among the Sauria sensu Sean P. Modesto
Protorosauria
Clade of reptiles
recovered the cladogram below: A 2021 Rio & Mannion phylogenetic study using a heavily modified morphological data set recovered the cladogram below: Benton
Eusuchia
Superfamily of carnivoran mammals
immediately following the Grande Coupure extinction event. The following cladogram is based on molecular phylogeny of six genes in Flynn (2005), with the
Musteloidea
Method of biological systematics in evolutionary biology
in different cladograms. Only scientific investigation can show which is more likely to be correct. Until recently, for example, cladograms like the following
Cladistics
Genus of sauropod dinosaur
Phuwiangosaurus. The results of the latter analysis are displayed in the cladogram below: Nagatitan is known from the Khok Kraut Formation, which dates to
Nagatitan
Embryophyte plants with branched spore-bearing generation
the existing data and the surrounding mythology". Kenrick and Crane's cladograms have been questioned – see the Evolution section below. As of February 2011[update]
Polysporangiophyte
Clade of breviquartossan pterosaurs
all descendants of its common ancestor with Pterorhynchus. Below is a cladogram showing the results of a phylogenetic analysis presented by Andres, Clark
Monofenestrata
Taxon of gastropod molluscs
the structure is proposed as a synapomorphy of Euopisthobranchia. A cladogram showing phylogenic relations of the Heterobranchia as proposed by Jörger
Euopisthobranchia
Clade of birds
while Coraciimorphae is the sister lineage to all other Telluraves. The cladogram of the Telluraves shown below is based on the study by Josefin Stiller
Telluraves
Species of tiny frogs
relationships of this clade in relation to other frog families are shown in the cladogram below: In 2020, Condez, Haddad & Zamudio tested the phylogenetic relationships
Brachycephalus_pulex
Family of gastropods
1930 Unela Er. Marcus, 1953: synonym of Microhedyle Hertling, 1930 A cladogram based on sequences of mitochondrial 28S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal RNA
Parhedylidae
Extinct clade of dinosaurs
The cladogram below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald, 2012, and shows the position of Hadrosauroidea within Styracosterna: The cladogram below
Hadrosauroidea
Clade of insects
Molecular analysis has clarified the group's phylogeny, as shown in the cladogram. The Endopterygota are distinguished from the Exopterygota ("external
Holometabola
Science of classifying organisms
processes Bacterial taxonomy – Rank based classification of bacteria Cladogram – Diagram used to show relations among groups of organisms with common
Taxonomy_(biology)
Clade of reptiles
Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia Squamata Cladogram after Sobral and Schoch, 2026 with equal-weights parsimony: Strict consensus cladogram also after Sobral and Schoch
Lepidosauromorpha
Infraorder of crustaceans
Polychelida, a small group of crustaceans restricted to deep waters. The cladogram below shows Astacidea's placement within the larger order Decapoda, from
Astacidea
Superfamily of gastropods
Helicarionoidea: Helicarionidae Ariophantidae Urocyclidae The following cladogram shows the phylogenic relationships of this family to other families within
Helicarionoidea
Family of eudicot flowering plants
ten tribes. The relationship between the subfamilies is shown in the cladogram[citation needed] In addition to the two monotypic subgenera, Coptoideae
Ranunculaceae
Order of single-celled organisms
Lagenoeca Microstomoeca Paramonosiga Salpingoeca Stagondoeca The following cladogram is based on the 2014 study by Leadbeater. Carr, Martin; Leadbeater, Barry
Craspedida
Superfamily of crustaceans
Crayfish are closely related to lobsters, as shown in the simplified cladogram below. Wolfe, Joanna M.; Breinholt, Jesse W.; Crandall, Keith A.; Lemmon
Astacoidea
Clade of vertebrates
romanized: -morphos, the combining form of μορφή (morph) meaning "physical shape". The cladogram presented below is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others
Rhipidistia
Grouping of marine reptiles
Cladogram Elapidae Cobra Hydrophiinae sea kraits Laticauda Notechis other sea snakes Emydocephalus Aipysurus Hydrelaps Hydrophis Cladogram showing the
Sea_snake
Order of mammals
group includes all the descendants of the group's common ancestor. The cladogram below shows one possible classification sequence of the living primates
Primate
Subterranean species of snakehead fish endemic to Kerala, India
Cladogram depicting A. gollum's relationship with other channids
Aenigmachanna_gollum
Superorder of insects
Inward 2007 and modified by Evangelista et al. 2019, are shown in the cladogram: The cockroach families Anaplectidae, Lamproblattidae, and Tryonicidae
Dictyoptera
Suborder of insects
Hemerobiiformia as well as Myrmeleontiformia. The broken-up group is shown in the cladogram: Stephanitis pyrioides - the azalea lace bug Yan, Y.; Wang Y; Liu, X.;
Hemerobiiformia
Family of gastropods
McLean, 1989 Rhynchopelta McLean, 1989 Symmetriapelta L. Beck, 2023 A cladogram based on sequences of cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes showing phylogenic
Peltospiridae
Clade of vascular plants
one of two major lineages of extant vascular plants. As shown in the cladogram below, the euphyllophytes have a sister relationship to the lycopodiophytes
Euphyllophyte
Sauropodomorph dinosaur genus from Late Triassic Argentina
named Lessemsauridae, after Lessemsaurus. Their cladogram is reproduced below: The following cladogram shows the position of Lessemsaurus outside of Sauropoda
Lessemsaurus
Extinct subfamily of dinosaurs
Supersaurus, Leinkupal, Galeamopus, Diplodocus, Barosaurus, and Ardetosaurus. Cladogram of the Diplodocidae after Tschopp, Mateus, and Benson (2015). Tschopp
Diplodocinae
Extinct family of carnivores
phylogenetic relationships of Lophocyonidae are shown in the following cladogram: Pilgrim, G. E. (1931). Catalogue of the pontian Carnivora of Europe.
Lophocyonidae
Superfamily of gastropods
Rocroi (2005): Limacidae Agriolimacidae Boettgerillidae Vitrinidae A cladogram shows the phylogenic relation of this superfamily to other superfamilies
Limacoidea
Extinct family of dinosaurs
sub-group of the cetiosaurids, which would be termed Mamenchisaurinae. Cladogram of Sauropoda after Holwerda et al 2021, showing the position of Cetiosauridae:
Cetiosauridae
Clade of mammals
retained in early-diverging groups. Cladogram after Panciroli et al. 2018: The cladogram after Lasseron et al 2022: Cladogram after Magallanes et al, 2024:
Cladotheria
Species of bird
Lankan junglefowl–Gallus lafayettii (Lesson, 1831) Grey junglefowl–Gallus sonneratii (Temminck, 1813) Cladogram showing the species in the genus Gallus.
Grey_junglefowl
Clade of reptiles
trochlearis oticum and a closed interpterygoid vacuity. Cladogram after Tong et al. 2022: Cladogram of Perichelydia after Miller et al. 2023 Hans-Dieter
Perichelydia
Family of primates
sapiens is the only surviving subspecies. A cladogram indicating common names (cf. more detailed cladogram below): Hominidae was originally the name given
Hominidae
Infraclass of insects
1793 Neoptera Martynov 1923 The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the cladogram, using the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019 for the Polyneoptera
Neoptera
Extinct clade of reptiles
following cladogram shows the position of Tethysuchia among the Neosuchia (with respect to the definition of Neosuchia used by this study). The cladogram below
Tethysuchia
Clade of cynodonts
foramen). Below is a cladogram from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships: Cladogram from Stefanello
Probainognathia
Infraorder of crustaceans
Norian–Rhaetian aged Ghalilah Formation of the United Arab Emirates. The cladogram below shows Anomura's placement within the larger order Decapoda, from
Anomura
Genus of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae
characteristic of WWPC species. A hybrid origin has been suggested. A simplified cladogram is shown below: Within the purple pink clade (PPC), C. crispus is consistently
Cistus
Order of insects
Here is a simple cladogram showing the traditional relationships with a monophyletic Paraneoptera: Here is an alternative cladogram showing Paraneoptera
Psocodea
Extinct genus of dinosaurs
following cladogram is based on a 2015 phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosaurinae conducted by Victoria Arbour and Phillip J. Currie. The cladogram follows
Scolosaurus
Genus of iguanodontian dinosaurs
diverging after Muttaburrasaurus as the sister-taxon of the Rhabdodontidae. A cladogram adapted from their analysis is shown below: In 2025, Czepiński & Madzia
Foskeia
Order of birds
seriemas. The hawks, vultures and owls are placed in the clade Afroaves. The cladogram of the Telluraves shown below is based on the study by Josefin Stiller
Falconiformes
Infraorder of crustaceans
belonging to the genus Udora, which cannot yet be assigned to any family. The cladogram below shows Procarididea's relationships to other relatives within Decapoda
Procarididea
Genus of cacti
2016, all three clades were recognized as separate genera. A consensus cladogram from a 2005 study is shown below with the more recent generic assignments
Leuenbergeria
Family of spiders
species, using combined molecular and morphological data, produced the cladogram shown below. Species representing modern genera found in Africa and Madagascar
Archaeidae
Property of a group not united by common ancestry
Cladogram of the primates, showing a monophyly (the simians, in yellow), a paraphyly (the prosimians, in cyan, including the red patch), and a polyphyly
Polyphyly
Clade of tetrapods
sister group to Synapsida within Amniota, based on inner ear anatomy. The cladogram presented here illustrates the phylogeny (family tree) of amniotes, and
Amniote
Extinct family of animals
support for a placement at the base of the chordate stem. The following cladogram shows each of these placements with respect to well-established clades
Vetulocystidae
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Sprouting; Grown; Formed
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English personal name Elfegh, Alfeg, Old English Ælfhēah, composed of the elements ælf ‘elf’ + hēah ‘high’. The name was sometimes bestowed in honor of St. Alphege (954–1012), archbishop of Canterbury, who was stoned to death by the Danes, and came to be revered as a martyr.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a moneyer, Old English myntere, an agent derivative of mynet ‘coin’, from Late Latin moneta ‘money’, originally an epithet of the goddess Juno (meaning ‘counselor’, from monere ‘advise’), at whose temple in Rome the coins were struck. The English term was used at an early date to denote a workman who stamped the coins; later it came to denote the supervisors of the mint, who were wealthy and socially elevated members of the merchant class, and who were made responsible for the quality of the coinage by having their names placed on the coins.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Pleasing
Girl/Female
Tamil
Boy/Male
Hindu
Unrestrained
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi
Singing Bird; A Songbird
Boy/Male
African, Australian, Swahili
Brave; From Swahili; Warrior
Girl/Female
Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Sanskrit, Telugu
Joy
Boy/Male
Muslim
Poor. Sufi mendicant.
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM