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Crystal used to calibrate an x-ray spectrometer
Centre for Diffraction Data round robin study of silver behenate. A possible low-angle X-ray diffraction calibration standard". Powder Diffraction. 10 (2):
Diffraction_standard
Optical component which splits light into several beams
In optics, a diffraction grating is a grating with a periodic structure of appropriate scale so as to diffract light, or another type of electromagnetic
Diffraction_grating
Physics experiment
Fresnel diffraction equation, which implies that as the plane of observation gets closer to the plane in which the slits are located, the diffraction patterns
Double-slit_experiment
International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) maintains a database of powder diffraction patterns, the Powder Diffraction File (PDF), including the
International Centre for Diffraction Data
International_Centre_for_Diffraction_Data
Mathematical explanation of far field diffraction
Fraunhofer diffraction equation is used to model the diffraction of waves when the diffraction pattern is viewed at a long distance from the diffracting object
Fraunhofer diffraction equation
Fraunhofer_diffraction_equation
clay. Diffraction patterns calculated using theoretical methods do not generally match with experimental diffraction patterns, so using diffraction patterns
Clay mineral X-ray diffraction
Clay_mineral_X-ray_diffraction
Diffraction pattern in optics
can make, limited by the diffraction of light. The Airy disk is of importance in physics, optics, and astronomy. The diffraction pattern resulting from
Airy_disk
Chemical compound
Centre for Diffraction Data round robin study of silver behenate. A possible low-angle X-ray diffraction calibration standard". Powder Diffraction. 10 (2):
Silver_behenate
Averaging technique for electron diffraction
Precession electron diffraction (PED) is a specialized method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). By
Precession electron diffraction
Precession_electron_diffraction
Wave phenomenon
of diffraction and the obstruction point increases, the diffraction patterns or results predicted converge towards those of Fraunhofer diffraction, which
Diffraction_from_slits
summarized TOFD as tip-diffraction techniques which utilized the principle that the tips of a crack when struck by a wave will diffract the signals back to
Time-of-flight diffraction ultrasonics
Time-of-flight_diffraction_ultrasonics
Type of diffraction grating used in spectrometers
for use at high incidence angles and therefore in high diffraction orders. Higher diffraction orders allow for increased dispersion (spacing) of spectral
Echelle_grating
Technique to investigate atomic structures using neutron scattering
to obtain a diffraction pattern that provides information of the structure of the material. The technique is similar to X-ray diffraction but, due to
Neutron_diffraction
Experimental method in X-ray diffraction
Powder diffraction is a scientific technique using X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for structural characterization
Powder_diffraction
Type of gunsight
holographic grating. The holographic grating is a blazed diffraction grating designed to diffract only the particular required wavelength of light correctly
Holographic_weapon_sight
Distance over which a wave's shape repeats
Fraunhofer diffraction or far-field diffraction at large separations and Fresnel diffraction or near-field diffraction at close separations. In the analysis
Wavelength
Nanoscale orientation mapping method
Transmission Kikuchi diffraction setup Transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD), also sometimes called transmission electron backscatter diffraction (t-EBSD), is
Transmission Kikuchi diffraction
Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction
Scanning electron microscopy technique
information within each diffraction pattern can be analysed in more detail. For texture and orientation measurements, the diffraction patterns are binned
Electron backscatter diffraction
Electron_backscatter_diffraction
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
strength of current to the intermediate lens, the diffraction pattern is projected on a screen. Diffraction is a very powerful tool for doing a cell reconstruction
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Technology for measuring geometrical dimensions of particle
Laser diffraction analysis, also known as laser diffraction spectroscopy, is a technology that utilizes diffraction patterns of a laser beam passed through
Laser_diffraction_analysis
Optical device used with a camera to create images
ultimately limited by diffraction, and very few photographic lenses approach this resolution. Ones that do are called "diffraction limited" and are usually
Camera_lens
Scientific study of crystal structures
the type of beam used, as in the terms X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction. These three types of radiation interact with
Crystallography
Microscope that uses visible light
It is these impacts of diffraction that limit the ability to resolve fine details. The extent and magnitude of the diffraction patterns are affected by
Optical_microscope
Any technique to improve resolution of an imaging system beyond conventional limits
that improve the resolution of an imaging system. In optical SR the diffraction limit of systems is transcended, while in geometrical SR the resolution
Super-resolution_imaging
Branch of optics
effects. It models several interference, diffraction and polarization effects but not the dependence of diffraction on polarization. Since this is a high-frequency
Physical_optics
Implanted lens in the eye allowing reasonable focus for a range of distances
For diffractive types of multifocal IOLs, light is split by diffraction and the vision is pupil independent. However, the physics behind a diffractive IOL
Multifocal_intraocular_lens
Ordered chemical structure with no repeating pattern
evidenced by X-ray and electron diffraction revealing peak widths as sharp as those of perfect crystals such as Si. Diffraction patterns exhibit fivefold,
Quasicrystal
Concept in quantum mechanics
non-relativistic diffraction model for electrons by Hans Bethe based upon the Schrödinger equation, which is very close to how electron diffraction is now described
Wave–particle_duality
Synthetic pigment
product was traditionally named Turnbull's blue (TB). X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction methods have shown, though, that the structures of PB and
Prussian_blue
Form of electron microscopy
scanning electron nano diffraction (SEND), nanobeam electron diffraction (NBED), or pixelated STEM. The use of diffraction patterns as a function of
4D scanning transmission electron microscopy
4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy
Region of space between a transmitting and receiving antenna
diameter Diversity scheme Elliptical reflectors and acoustics Fresnel diffraction Fresnel integral Fresnel number Fresnel zone plate Fresnel zone antenna
Fresnel_zone
Chemical compound
Institute of Standards & Technology Certificate Standard Reference Material 660c Line Position and Line Shape Standard for Powder Diffraction (Lanthanum
Lanthanum_hexaboride
Standard unit of mass for atomic-scale entities
carbon-12 be adopted as the mass scale because of carbon's use as a secondary standard in mass spectrometry. Also, carbon-12 implied acceptable relative changes
Dalton_(unit)
Specialized technique for electron diffraction
experiment are standard and broadly available. Electron diffraction to solve crystal structures date back to the earliest days of electron diffraction. The first
Microcrystal electron diffraction
Microcrystal_electron_diffraction
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
Broglie hypothesis, diffraction was a property that was thought to be exhibited only by waves. Therefore, the presence of any diffraction effects by matter
Matter_wave
Type of transmissive optical device
lens, is a lens which uses metamaterials to go beyond the diffraction limit. The diffraction limit is a feature of conventional lenses and microscopes
Superlens
1978, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) is renamed International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD). A lot of compounds have
Timeline of the discovery and classification of minerals
Timeline_of_the_discovery_and_classification_of_minerals
Quantity of refined metallic gold
rolled gold sheets. Central banks typically hold in their gold reserves the standard 400-troy-ounce (438.9-ounce; 27.4-pound; 12.4-kilogram) Good Delivery gold
Gold_bar
Type of common-path interferometer
a diffraction grating interferometer by Kwon and the Phase-Shifting Point Diffraction Interferometer. Gary Sommargren proposed a point diffraction interferometer
Point diffraction interferometer
Point_diffraction_interferometer
Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. The standards are protected
List of ISO standards 12000–13999
List_of_ISO_standards_12000–13999
Study of interactions between sound and light
diffracted by an acoustic wave of a single frequency produces two distinct diffraction types. These are Raman–Nath diffraction and Bragg diffraction.
Acousto-optics
Property of a soil
same diffraction pattern as the investigated particle. The angle of diffraction depends on the particle size, hence the pattern of diffraction depends
Soil_texture
Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. The standards are protected
List of ISO standards 14000–15999
List_of_ISO_standards_14000–15999
Branch of physics that studies light
of situations such as diffraction through a single gap, diffraction through multiple slits, or diffraction through a diffraction grating that contains
Optics
Type of microscope with electrons as a source of illumination
electron diffraction mode where a map of the angles of the electrons leaving the sample is produced. The advantages of electron diffraction over X-ray
Electron_microscope
Device used to focus light using diffraction
exhibiting wave character. Unlike lenses or curved mirrors, zone plates use diffraction instead of refraction or reflection. Based on analysis by French physicist
Zone_plate
States of matter for water as a solid
structure is stable down to −268 °C (5 K; −450 °F), as evidenced by x-ray diffraction and extremely high resolution thermal expansion measurements. Ice Ih
Phases_of_ice
Free crystallographic software
interaction, but it does not cover advanced diffraction features like double diffraction covered by dynamical diffraction theory, even though some phenomena caused
CrysTBox
Regions of an electromagnetic field
approaches the far field. Local effects Fraunhofer diffraction for more on the far field Fresnel diffraction for more on the near field Inductive heating of
Near_and_far_field
Optical device which transmits and refracts light
actually zero, since diffraction places a lower limit on the size of the point spread function. This is called the diffraction limit. Lenses do not form
Lens
Measure of lens speed
f-ratio, or f-stop, and it is key in determining the depth of field, diffraction, and exposure of a photograph. The f-number is dimensionless and is usually
F-number
Non-diffractive wave
axisymmetric diffraction gratings, or by placing a narrow annular aperture in the far field. High order Bessel beams can be generated by spiral diffraction gratings
Bessel_beam
Class of chemical compounds
1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns" (PDF). National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. Retrieved
Tutton's_salt
Conversion constant for amount of substance
accurate estimate of the Avogadro number. X-ray crystallography uses the diffraction of X-rays by a crystal to accurately measure the distances between layers
Avogadro_constant
Type of microscopy
fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) gathers information by "feeling"
Atomic_force_microscopy
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
Physical optics incorporates wave properties and is needed to understand diffraction and interference. Quantum optics applies when studying individual photons
Light
Ways in which length, distance or range can be measured
measuring long distances. For tiny objects such as crystals and diffraction gratings, diffraction is used with X-ray light, or even electron beams. Measurement
Length_measurement
Elementary particle with negative charge
diffraction (LEED) is a method of bombarding a crystalline material with a collimated beam of electrons and then observing the resulting diffraction patterns
Electron
Viewing of objects which are too small to be seen with the naked eye
X-ray microscopy. Optical microscopy and electron microscopy involve the diffraction, reflection, or refraction of electromagnetic radiation/electron beams
Microscopy
Shape and size of a digital camera's image sensor
resolution of all optical systems is limited by diffraction. One way of considering the effect that diffraction has on cameras using different sized sensors
Image_sensor_format
Fine grained natural soil
minerals. Clay minerals in clays are most easily identified using X-ray diffraction rather than chemical or physical tests. Varve (or varved clay) is clay
Clay
Scientific field of study
light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light. Heat is a form of energy, the
Physics
Non-crystalline solid
needed] Unlike crystalline materials, which exhibit strong Bragg diffraction, the diffraction patterns of amorphous materials are characterized by broad and
Amorphous_solid
Method of microscopic imaging
oversampled diffraction pattern is recorded at each position. The overlap between adjacent probe positions in real space and the oversampling of diffraction data
Ptychography
Characteristic of electromagnetic radiation
landscape[clarification needed] diffraction into the "street canyon" below multipath reflection along the street diffraction through windows, and attenuated
Line-of-sight_propagation
Chemical element with atomic number 80 (Hg)
(2021). "Liquid structure under extreme conditions: High-pressure x-ray diffraction studies". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 33 (50). Bibcode:2021JPCM
Mercury_(element)
Point at which light rays converge
possible blur circle is the Airy disc caused by diffraction from the optical system's aperture; diffraction is the ultimate limit to the light focusing ability
Focus_(optics)
Type of angular momentum in light
modify the phase of the light is with a diffraction grating. For an l = 0 {\displaystyle l=0} state, the diffraction grating would consist of parallel lines
Orbital angular momentum of light
Orbital_angular_momentum_of_light
Standardization (ISO) standards and other deliverables. For a complete and up-to-date list of all the ISO standards, see the ISO catalogue. The standards are protected
List of ISO standards 16000–17999
List_of_ISO_standards_16000–17999
Device for generating extremely high pressures
diamonds and illuminated by X-rays and visible light. In this way, X-ray diffraction and fluorescence; optical absorption and photoluminescence; Mössbauer
Diamond_anvil_cell
Technique in fluorescence microscopy
methods use mathematical models to reconstruct a sub diffraction limit from many sets of diffraction limited images. In traditional microscopy, the resolution
STED_microscopy
Diameter of a sphere of the same volume as an irregularly-shaped subject
speaking, the laser diffraction equivalent diameter is the diameter of a sphere yielding, on the same detector geometry, the same diffraction pattern as the
Equivalent_spherical_diameter
Characteristic of an optical system
systems in panels (a) and (d). The former corresponds to the ideal, diffraction-limited, imaging system with a circular pupil. Its transfer function
Optical_transfer_function
Microscope diffraction technique
channelling contrast imaging (ECCI) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) diffraction technique used in the study of defects in materials. These can be dislocations
Electron channelling contrast imaging
Electron_channelling_contrast_imaging
Method to determine atomic positions in solids using an electron microscope
transmission electron microscopy images, electron diffraction patterns including convergent-beam electron diffraction or combinations of these. It has been successful
Electron_crystallography
Measure of the spread of crystal-plane orientations
Empirically, mosaicities can be determined by measuring rocking curves. Diffraction by mosaics is described by the Darwin–Hamilton equations. The mosaic
Mosaicity
Molecule that carries genetic information
of polyamines in solution. The first published reports of A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns—and also B-DNA—used analyses based on Patterson functions that
DNA
Chemical compound
P-P bond length of rg = 2.1994(3) Å as was determined by gas electron diffraction. The β form of white phosphorus contains three slightly different P 4
White_phosphorus
Vibration that travels via pressure waves in matter
waves exhibit behaviours such as reflection, transmission, refraction, diffraction, absorption, and attenuation. When sound is moving through a non‑homogeneous
Sound
Academic journal
initially titled Acta Crystallographica Section A: Crystal Physics, Diffraction, Theoretical and General Crystallography. The journal's name changed
Acta Crystallographica Section A
Acta_Crystallographica_Section_A
Hydrocarbon compound (C6H6)
finally confirmed by the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale using X-ray diffraction methods. Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative
Benzene
Chemical compound
1963. The structure is square planar, as has been confirmed by neutron diffraction studies. According to VSEPR theory, in addition to four fluoride ligands
Xenon_tetrafluoride
Digital optical disc format
The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture
Blu-ray
Chemical compound (OH–)
around their symmetry axes and, therefore, cannot be detected by X-ray diffraction. The room-temperature form of NaOH has the thallium iodide structure
Hydroxide
Type of distributed Bragg reflector constructed in a short segment of optical fiber
before it is drawn into fiber. Bragg's law Dielectric mirror Diffraction Diffraction grating Distributed temperature sensing by fiber optics Hydrogen
Fiber_Bragg_grating
intensities and lattice spacings from X-ray powder diffraction data with entries in powder-diffraction fingerprinting databases.Crystal structures of nanometer
Crystallographic_database
Family of wireless network protocols
family of wireless network protocols based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, which are commonly used for local area networking of devices and Internet
Wi-Fi
Chinese-American chemist
synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. In 2000, Wong-Ng became a fellow of the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD). She was awarded
Winnie_Wong-Ng
Mathematical function
transform with eigenvalue 1). A physical realization is that of the diffraction pattern: for example, a photographic slide whose transmittance has a
Gaussian_function
Foundational principle in quantum physics
Werner Heisenberg, the formal inequality relating the standard deviation of position σx and the standard deviation of momentum σp was derived by Earle Hesse
Uncertainty_principle
Diffraction of matter by light
mechanical effect consisting of the diffraction of matter by a standing wave of light, in complete analogy to the diffraction of light by a periodic grating
Kapitsa–Dirac_effect
Sound absorption performance of a material
in reverberation-room testing due to measurement effects such as edge diffraction and non-ideal diffuse-field conditions rather than “more than 100%” absorption
Noise_reduction_coefficient
Chemical compound
phase (combined gas-electron diffraction and microwave spectroscopy, GED/MW) and in the crystalline state (X-ray diffraction, XRD) (see Table 1). In the
Methyl_nitrate
Dispersive optical device
grating, since it also uses high diffraction orders. To overcome this disadvantage, the VIPA can be combined with a diffraction grating. The VIPA is a compact
Virtually_imaged_phased_array
Vacuum tube used to display images
holes that were too small or large with ragged edges caused by light diffraction, ultimately limiting the maximum resolution of large color CRTs. The
Cathode_ray_tube
plasma-sphere shooter that emits explosive energy balls; has light distorting diffraction sword. Divebomb Eagle Five Faces of Darkness (Part 5) The Return of Optimus
List of The Transformers characters
List_of_The_Transformers_characters
NASA rover exploring Mars since 2012
deployment of a portable X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence instrument on Mars analog terrain". Powder Diffraction. 20 (2): 128–133. Bibcode:2005PDiff
Curiosity_(rover)
Kind of show made with laser light
effect. A less complicated way of spreading the laser beam is by means of diffraction. A grating splits the monochromatic light into several rays, and by using
Laser_lighting_display
Chemical compound
Chloride Hydrate (mitscherlichite), in [Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns] National Bureau of Standards, Monograph 25, Section 9; page 34. John
Potassium tetrachloridocuprate(II)
Potassium_tetrachloridocuprate(II)
Microscopic optical resolution test device
elements spans the range of resolution of the unaided eye, down to the diffraction limits of conventional light microscopy. Commercially produced devices
1951 USAF resolution test chart
1951_USAF_resolution_test_chart
DIFFRACTION STANDARD
DIFFRACTION STANDARD
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : occupational name for a miller. The standard modern vocabulary word represents the northern Middle English term, an agent derivative of mille ‘mill’, reinforced by Old Norse mylnari (see Milner). In southern, western, and central England Millward (literally, ‘mill keeper’) was the usual term.Southwestern and Swiss German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Müller (see Mueller).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.South German : topographic name for someone who lived at the upper end of a village on a hill, from Middle High German ober, obar ‘above’. In other cases, it may have denoted someone who lived on an upper floor of a building with two or more floors.North German : topographic for someone who lived on the bank of a river or stream name, standardized from Middle Low German over ‘river bank’.Possibly a shortened form of any of various German compound names formed with Ober- (see entries below).Jewish (Ashkenazic) : from German Ober ‘senior’, ‘chief’. In some cases it can denote a rabbi; in others it is ornamental.A 17th-century American bearer of this name, Richard Ober (1641–1715/16), emigrated from Abbotsbury, Dorset, England, to the Salem colony and settled in Mackerel Cove, MA, later Beverly. His descendant Frederick Albion Ober, who was born in Beverly, MA, in 1849, was an ornithologist who discovered 22 new species of birds in the Lesser Antilles, the flycatcher Myiarchus oberi, and oriole Icterus oberi.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly West Midlands)
English (chiefly West Midlands) : occupational name for someone in charge of a mill, from Old English mylen ‘mill’ + weard ‘guardian’. In southern England and the West Midlands this was a standard medieval term for a miller. Compare Miller.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, North German, Danish, Catalan, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, etc.
English, French, North German, Danish, Catalan, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, etc. : from the personal name Albert, composed of the Germanic elements adal ‘noble’ + berht ‘bright’, ‘famous’. The standard German form is Albrecht. This, in its various forms, was one of the most popular of all European male personal names in the Middle Ages. It was borne by various churchmen, notably St. Albert of Prague, a Bohemian prince who died a martyr in 997 attempting to convert the Prussians to Christianity; also St. Albert the Great (?1193–1280), an Aristotelian theologian and tutor of Thomas Aquinas. It was also the name of princes and military leaders, such as Albert the Bear (1100–70), Margrave of Brandenburg. In more recent times it has been adopted as a Jewish family name.A bearer of the surname Albert, from Saintonge, France, was documented in Quebec city in 1664.
Surname or Lastname
English (Midlands)
English (Midlands) : metonymic occupational name for a standard bearer, from Anglo-Norman French banere ‘flag’, ‘ensign’ (see Bannerman).German : occupational name for a standard bearer, Middle High German banier, Middle Low German banner, from French bannière ‘flag’, ‘standard’.
Surname or Lastname
English (West Country)
English (West Country) : habitational name from any of the forty or so places in southwestern England called Beer(e) or Bear(e). Most of these derive their names from the West Saxon dative case, beara, of Old English bearu ‘grove’, ‘wood’ (the standard Old English dative bearwe being preserved in Barrow). Some may be from Old English bÇ£r ‘swine pasture’.North German and Dutch : from Middle Low German bÄre, Middle Dutch bÄ“re ‘bear’, applied as a nickname for someone thought to resemble the animal in some way, or as a metonymic occupational name for someone who kept a performing bear. Alternatively, it could have been a habitational name for someone who lived at a house distinguished by the sign of a bear, or from a Germanic personal name with this as the first element. See also Baer, Bahr.Respelling of Swiss German Bier.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Standard, flight, temptation.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a trapper, from a derivative of Middle English trapp ‘trap’.German : nickname for a stupid person, from Middle High German trappe ‘bustard’ (of Slavic origin).German : topographic name for someone living by a step-like feature in the terrain, from Middle Low German treppe, trappe ‘step’, or by a flight of steps, standard German Treppe.Thomas Trapp (b. 1635) was in Edgartown, Martha’s Vineyard, MA, by 1659. He or his family probably came originally from Great Baddow, Essex, England.
Surname or Lastname
North German and Dutch
North German and Dutch : variant of Hopp.South German : nickname from dialect hoppen ‘to hop’ (a variant of standard German hüpfen).Danish : from North German Hopp (see Hopf), or the Danish byname Hoppe ‘horse’, ‘mare’.English : metonymic form of Hopper 1.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Standard, miracle.
Surname or Lastname
French (Jérôme) and English
French (Jérôme) and English : from the medieval
personal name Jérôme (French), Jerome (English),
from Greek HierÅnymos (see Hieronymus). This achieved
some popularity in France and elsewhere, being bestowed in honor of St
Jerome (?347–420), creator of the Vulgate, the standard Latin
version of the Bible.English (of Norman origin) : from a personal
name, Gerram, composed of the Germanic elements gÄr, gÄ“r ‘spear’ + hraban ‘raven’.A Jerome is recorded in Montreal in 1655 with the secondary
surnames Beaune and Leblanc. Another bearer of the name,
from Brittany, is recorded in Montreal in 1705 with the secondary
surname
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a habitational name from a place in Devon named Bowditch, from the Old English phrase būfan dīce ‘above the ditch’.The surname Bowditch is well known in New England. Nathaniel Bowditch (1773–1838), author of The Practical Navigator (1772), a standard work that went through more than sixty editions, was born in Salem, MA, the son of a shipmaster. The family can be traced back, via a clothier who settled in New England in 1671, to Thorncombe in Devon in the early 16th century.
Surname or Lastname
Scottish
Scottish : nickname for a fair-haired person, from Gaelic bà n ‘white’, ‘fair’. This is a common name in the Highlands, first recorded in Perth in 1324.Northern English : nickname meaning ‘bone’, probably bestowed on an exceptionally tall, lean man, from Old English bÄn ‘bone’. In northern Middle English -Ä- was preserved, whereas in southern dialects (which later became standard), it was changed to -Å-.Northern English : nickname for a hospitable person, from northern Middle English beyn, bayn ‘welcoming’, ‘friendly’ (Old Norse beinn ‘straight’, ‘direct’).English and French : metonymic occupational name for an attendant at a public bath house, from Middle English, Old French baine ‘bath’.French : topographic name for someone who lived by a Roman bath, from Old French baine ‘bath’ or a habitational name from a place in Ille-et-Vilaine, named with this word.Possibly an altered spelling of North German Behn.George Luke Scobie Bain (1836–91) was born in Stirling, Scotland. He ran away to sea and successively lived and worked in Portland, ME, Chicago, and St. Louis, where he was a miller and flour merchant and a very prominent citizen.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : nickname for a lighthearted or cheerful person, from Middle English, Old French gai. In Middle English the term could also mean ‘wanton’, ‘lascivious’ and this sense may lie behind the surname in some instances.English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from places in Normandy called Gaye, from an early proprietor bearing a Germanic personal name cognate with Wade.probably from the Catalan personal name Gai (Latin Gaius), or in some cases a nickname from Catalan gay ‘cheerful’.Variant of German Gau.North German : from a Frisian personal name Gay.A Congregational clergyman and one of the forerunners of the Unitarian movement in New England, Ebenezer Gay (1696–1787) was born in Dedham, MA, which had been founded by his grandfather, John Gay, who came to America from Wiltshire, England, about 1630 and settled in Watertown, MA. Ebenezer’s great-grandson Howard was editor of the American Anti-Slavery Standard.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Brewster.English : occupational name for an embroiderer, Middle English broudestere (from Old French brouder ‘to embroider’, of Germanic origin). The suffix -ster(e) was originally feminine, but by the Middle English period was being used interchangeably for both men and women in words like Brewster and Baxter, and in some regions such as East Anglia was the standard occupational suffix for men as well as women. Nevertheless, there is no evidence that men did very much embroidery.Swiss German : variant of Brust 2, the suffix -er denoting an inhabitant.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from the city in Saxony now known in German as Braunschweig (see 2).German : habitational name from the original Middle Low German name (a compound of Bruns + wik ‘Bruno’s settlement’) of Braunschweig (Brunswick); the standard German form was adopted in 1573.
Surname or Lastname
English, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish
English, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish : from Middle English, Old Norse, Middle Dutch neve ‘nephew’, presumably denoting the nephew of some great personage.French (Nève) : Lyonnais habitational name from the Rhône place name En Nève, which derives from misdivision of En ève ‘in water’ (modern standard French en eau).Italian : from the personal name Neve, which may be from neve ‘snow’ (Latin nix, genitive nivis), possibly denoting a white-haired or very pale-complexioned person, or, according to Caracausi, may be a variant of the personal name Neves, from the Marian epithet Madonna della Neve or Maria Santissima ad nives ‘Mary of the Snows’.Portuguese and Galician : from neve ‘snow’. Compare 3.A family by the name Neve traces its descent from Robert le Neve, living in Tivetshall, Norfolk, in the 14th century.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Standard Hill in Ninfield, Sussex.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Bean.Probably a translation of German Bohne, which while singular in standard German is also a dialect plural (the singular form being Bohn), or an Americanized spelling of Binz.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived in a low-lying marshy area (see Fenn).South German : occupational name for an ensign or standard bearer, from Middle High German vener, an agent derivative of Middle High German vane ‘flag’. See also Fenrich.
DIFFRACTION STANDARD
DIFFRACTION STANDARD
Female
Arthurian
, mighty battle maid.
Boy/Male
German Teutonic
Victorious peace.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
To Succeed
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil
Knowledgeable
Girl/Female
Greek
Rock.
Male
Hindi/Indian
(ईश) Hindi name ISHA means "master, lord."Â
Male
African
country, nation.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu
The Sun
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
At the Feet of Visnu
Girl/Female
Muslim
Kind, Faithful and devoted
DIFFRACTION STANDARD
DIFFRACTION STANDARD
DIFFRACTION STANDARD
DIFFRACTION STANDARD
DIFFRACTION STANDARD
n.
Any violent agitation of the mind approaching to distraction; violent and temporary derangement of the mental faculties; madness; rage.
a.
That produces diffraction.
n.
Derangement of the mind; madness.
n.
One of a number of light or dark bands, produced by the interference of light; a diffraction band; -- called also interference fringe.
n.
Same as Diffraction.
n.
Violent distraction of mind; violent emotion; excessive grief of anxiety; insanity; madness.
n.
The act of infracting or breaking; breach; violation; nonobservance; infringement; as, an infraction of a treaty, compact, rule, or law.
n.
A state of being distracted; distraction.
n.
A system of close equidistant and parallel lines lines or bars, especially lines ruled on a polished surface, used for producing spectra by diffraction; -- called also diffraction grating.
superl.
Proceeding from, or indicating, madness; expressing distraction; prompted by infatuation, fury, or extreme rashness.
n.
A diversity of direction; detachment.
n.
Confusion of affairs; tumult; disorder; as, political distractions.
n.
A deviation of the rays of light toward the surface of an opaque body; inflection; diffraction.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Diffract
n.
State in which the attention is called in different ways; confusion; perplexity.
n.
A blowing apart or away.
n.
The deflection and decomposition of light in passing by the edges of opaque bodies or through narrow slits, causing the appearance of parallel bands or fringes of prismatic colors, as by the action of a grating of fine lines or bars.
n.
That which diverts attention; a diversion.
n.
The act of distracting; a drawing apart; separation.
n.
Agitation from violent emotions; perturbation of mind; despair.