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Technology for measuring geometrical dimensions of particle
Laser diffraction analysis, also known as laser diffraction spectroscopy, is a technology that utilizes diffraction patterns of a laser beam passed through
Laser_diffraction_analysis
Diameter of a sphere of the same volume as an irregularly-shaped subject
speaking, the laser diffraction equivalent diameter is the diameter of a sphere yielding, on the same detector geometry, the same diffraction pattern as
Equivalent_spherical_diameter
Property of a soil
in the laser diffraction method is determined in relation to their potential volume, which is calculated on the basis of an optical diffraction image at
Soil_texture
Laboratory technique
elimination) of particle size analysis equipment has been developed. Sieving Sieve analysis Laser diffraction analysis Sedimentation Elutriation Microscope
Particle_size_analysis
Design, Inc. Laser detector Laser detuning Laser diffraction analysis Laser diode Laser diode rate equations Laser diode thermal desorption Laser Doppler velocimetry
List_of_laser_articles
Backscatter Kikuchi diffraction, see EBSD BRET – Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer BSED – Back scattered electron diffraction, see EBSD CAICISS
List of materials analysis methods
List_of_materials_analysis_methods
Interference phenomenon of waves
waves after they have been diffracted. Diffraction patterns are pronounced when a wave from a coherent source (such as a laser) encounters a slit/aperture
Diffraction
Recording to reproduce a three-dimensional light field
to understand interference and diffraction. Interference occurs when one or more wavefronts are superimposed. Diffraction occurs when a wavefront encounters
Holography
Function representing relative sizes of particles in a system
streams. Laser diffraction measures particle size distributions by measuring the angular variation in intensity of light scattered as a laser beam passes
Particle-size_distribution
List of lasers with highest peak power
The GEKKO XII laser at Osaka University, Japan The L3 HAPLS system at ELI Beamline, Czech Republic Diffraction grating of the OMEGA EP laser, showing colors
List_of_petawatt_lasers
Mathematical explanation of far field diffraction
Fraunhofer diffraction equation is used to model the diffraction of waves when the diffraction pattern is viewed at a long distance from the diffracting object
Fraunhofer diffraction equation
Fraunhofer_diffraction_equation
Physics experiment
Fresnel diffraction equation, which implies that as the plane of observation gets closer to the plane in which the slits are located, the diffraction patterns
Double-slit_experiment
Semiconductor laser
structured diffraction grating with high reflectivity. The diffraction grating is within a non-pumped, or passive, region of the cavity. A DBR laser is a monolithic
Laser_diode
Study involving matter and electromagnetic radiation
eyes. Rather, spectroscopy involves the splitting of light by a prism, diffraction grating, or similar instrument, to display a particular discrete line
Spectroscopy
Scanning electron microscopy technique
(2010). "Comments on the paper "Bragg's law diffraction simulations for electron backscatter diffraction analysis" by Josh Kacher, Colin Landon, Brent L.
Electron backscatter diffraction
Electron_backscatter_diffraction
Scattering of an electromagnetic plane wave by a sphere
applied in laser diffraction analysis to inspect the particle sizing effect. While early computers in the 1970s were only able to compute diffraction data with
Mie_scattering
chromatography mass spectrometry (PY-GC-MS) Particle size determination by laser diffraction (PSD) Raman spectroscopy Refractive index Resonance enhanced multiphoton
List of chemical analysis methods
List_of_chemical_analysis_methods
Laser using electron beam in vacuum as gain medium
expected number of diffraction patterns is also expected to increase by a substantial amount. The increase in the number of diffraction patterns will place
Free-electron_laser
Process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the cause of a failure
alteration (CIVA) in SEM Voltage contrast in SEM Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in SEM Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in SEM Transmission
Failure_analysis
Device that emits light via optical amplification
required by the diffraction limit. All such devices are classified as "lasers" based on the method of producing light by stimulated emission. Lasers are employed
Laser
Diffraction pattern in optics
can make, limited by the diffraction of light. The Airy disk is of importance in physics, optics, and astronomy. The diffraction pattern resulting from
Airy_disk
Free crystallographic software
interaction, but it does not cover advanced diffraction features like double diffraction covered by dynamical diffraction theory, even though some phenomena caused
CrysTBox
Far-field diffraction
Fraunhofer diffraction equation is used to model the diffraction of waves when plane waves are incident on a diffracting object, and the diffraction pattern
Fraunhofer_diffraction
Notion for comparing dimensions of particles in different states of matter
known as Tyndall effect. Dynamic light scattering Grain size Laser diffraction analysis Micromeritics Dispersion Technology Sauter mean diameter Maaß
Particle_size
Optical imaging technique
the diffraction pattern[citation needed]. For example, if the pinhole diameter is set to 1 Airy unit then only the first order of the diffraction pattern
Confocal_microscopy
Equipment using an organic dye to emit coherent light
A prism or diffraction grating is usually mounted in the beam path, to allow tuning of the beam. Because the liquid medium of a dye laser can fit any
Dye_laser
Elastic interaction of x-rays with electrons
sources. Similar diffraction patterns can be produced by related scattering techniques such as electron diffraction or neutron diffraction. If single crystals
X-ray_diffraction
Wave phenomenon
Diffraction processes affecting waves are amenable to quantitative description and analysis. Such treatments are applied to a wave passing through one
Diffraction_from_slits
Viewing of objects which are too small to be seen with the naked eye
the wavelength of the excitation laser and NA is the numerical aperture of the objective lens. The Abbe diffraction limit holds if the incoming wave front
Microscopy
Measurement device
used for student laboratories to verify diffraction theories and test the Fraunhofer or Fresnel diffraction integral approximations. Other student laboratory
Laser_beam_profiler
Microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in the Earth's atmosphere
in atmospheric particulate matter using the hybrid method of laser diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy". Heliyon. 6 (2) e03299. Bibcode:2020Heliy
Particulate_matter
The laser voltage probe (LVP) is a laser-based voltage and timing waveform acquisition system which is used to perform failure analysis on flip-chip integrated
Laser_voltage_prober
Turntable that plays records using laser beams
1977. "Patent US3992593 – Disc phonograph record playback by laser generated diffraction pattern – Google Patents". Archived from the original on 29 January
Laser_turntable
Emission of secondary X-rays from a material excited by high-energy X-rays
wavelength-dispersive analysis, the fluorescent X-rays emitted by the sample are directed into a diffraction grating-based monochromator. The diffraction grating used
X-ray_fluorescence
Technique in fluorescence microscopy
methods use mathematical models to reconstruct a sub diffraction limit from many sets of diffraction limited images. In traditional microscopy, the resolution
STED_microscopy
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
strength of current to the intermediate lens, the diffraction pattern is projected on a screen. Diffraction is a very powerful tool for doing a cell reconstruction
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Branch of petrology focusing on detailed descriptions of rocks
from a rock sample may also be analyzed by X-ray diffraction when optical means are insufficient. Analysis of microscopic fluid inclusions within mineral
Petrography
Form of beam-powered propulsion
Laser propulsion is a form of beam-powered propulsion where the energy source is a remote (usually ground-based) laser system and separate from the reaction
Laser_propulsion
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
Physical optics incorporates wave properties and is needed to understand diffraction and interference. Quantum optics applies when studying individual photons
Light
Monochrome light beam whose amplitude envelope is a Gaussian function
is a fundamental characteristic of diffraction, and of the Fourier transform which describes Fraunhofer diffraction. A beam with any specified amplitude
Gaussian_beam
Ability of any image-forming device to distinguish small details of an object
doi:10.1073/pnas.0600808103. PMC 1458746. PMID 16549771. "Diffraction: Fraunhofer Diffraction at a Circular Aperture" (PDF). Melles Griot Optics Guide
Angular_resolution
Ability of red blood cells to deform under stress without rupturing
qualitative approach.[citation needed] Ektacytometry based on laser diffraction analysis is a commonly preferred (and a fairly direct) method for measuring
Erythrocyte_deformability
Average particle size weighted by volume
particle size distributions". ISO. "ISO 13320:2020 Particle size analysis - Laser diffraction methods". Merkus, Henk G. (2009-01-07). Particle Size Measurements:
De_Brouckere_mean_diameter
Lensless computational imaging method
space images from diffraction patterns. The first idea was the realization by Sayre in 1952 that Bragg diffraction under-samples diffracted intensity relative
Coherent_diffraction_imaging
NASA rover exploring Mars since 2012
deployment of a portable X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence instrument on Mars analog terrain". Powder Diffraction. 20 (2): 128–133. Bibcode:2005PDiff
Curiosity_(rover)
Type of image noise
intensity. When a surface is illuminated by a light wave, according to diffraction theory, each point on an illuminated surface acts as a source of secondary
Speckle_(interference)
Diffractionless propagation of a light beam
the self-focusing refraction and self-attenuating diffraction by ionization and rarefaction of a laser beam of terawatt intensities, created by chirped
Filament_propagation
Scientific instruments
Expanding the beam emitted from the laser to fill the aperture of the objective will result in a tighter, diffraction-limited spot. While lateral translation
Optical_tweezers
Laser physicist and author/editor
(born c. 1954) is a laser physicist and author/editor of several books on tunable lasers. His research on physical optics and laser development has won
F._J._Duarte
Study of physical properties of soils
up to 100% in order for the test to be considered successful. Laser diffraction analysis can also be used as alternative to the sieving and hydrometer
Soil_morphology
Book by Max Born and Emil Wolf
Kirchhoff theory best describes diffraction effects. A recently discovered phenomenon is presented, in which spectral analysis of the light distribution of
Principles_of_Optics
Public research institute
Department of Advanced Laser Development, the Department of Industrial Laser Applications, the Department of Scientific Laser Applications, the Engineering
Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
Institute_of_Physics_of_the_Czech_Academy_of_Sciences
Type of distributed Bragg reflector constructed in a short segment of optical fiber
J.E.; Siders, C.W.; Barty, C.J.P. (2008). "Analysis of the scalability of diffraction-limited fiber lasers and amplifiers to high average power". Optics
Fiber_Bragg_grating
Device used to focus light using diffraction
lenses or curved mirrors, zone plates use diffraction instead of refraction or reflection. Based on analysis by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel
Zone_plate
Medical diagnostic method
scattered waves to build a 3D image of the sample. The diffraction effect and the diffraction slice theorem shine light on the surface of the scattered
Terahertz_tomography
Characteristic of an optical system
details than a lens with a smaller numerical aperture. Assuming quality (diffraction-limited) optics, lenses with larger numerical apertures collect more
Numerical_aperture
Manufacturer and supplier of laboratory analytical instruments
AZO Materials. "Spraytec Laser Diffraction System". AZO Materials. "X'Pert³ Powder Cost-Effective, Multipurpose X-ray Diffraction from PANalytical". AZO
Malvern_Panalytical
Electrical transmission without physical connection
radiation experiences less diffraction at shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies); so, for example, a blue laser is diffracted less than a red one. The
Wireless_power_transfer
Calculation technique
extended to describe edge diffraction, with modifications such as the geometric theory of diffraction, which enables tracing diffracted rays. More complicated
Ray_tracing_(physics)
Measurement method using interference of waves
such as Twyman–Green, Mach–Zehnder, laser Fizeau, and even common path configurations such as point diffraction and lateral shearing interferometers
Interferometry
Response if an optical system to a point source of light
convolution of that object and the PSF. The PSF can be derived from diffraction integrals. By virtue of the linearity property of optical non-coherent
Point_spread_function
Spectroscopy with lasers with very short pulses
Ultrafast laser spectroscopy is a category of spectroscopic techniques using ultrashort pulse lasers for the study of dynamics on extremely short time
Ultrafast_laser_spectroscopy
Technique to analyze the infrared spectrum of matter
Measurements in the far infrared needed the development of accurately ruled diffraction gratings to replace the prisms as dispersing elements, since salt crystals
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy
Series of techniques in optical microscopy
have resolutions higher than those imposed by the diffraction limit, which is due to the diffraction of light. Super-resolution imaging techniques rely
Super-resolution_microscopy
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
Broglie hypothesis, diffraction was a property that was thought to be exhibited only by waves. Therefore, the presence of any diffraction effects by matter
Matter_wave
Lithography using 13.5 nm UV light
7271, 72711E (2009). "Double Diffraction Model of EUV Masks". 26 September 2021 – via www.youtube.com. "Double Diffraction in EUV Masks: Seeing Through
Extreme ultraviolet lithography
Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography
Particle accelerator designed to produce intense x-ray beams
closely as possible. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scattering experiments are performed at synchrotrons for the structural analysis of crystalline and amorphous
Synchrotron_light_source
Type of weapon that fires a concentrated beam of energy at its target
beam diffraction and spread (which dilute the power and weaken the effect), and absorption or scattering by intervening atmospheric contents. Lasers travel
Directed-energy_weapon
Optical design software
propagation feature can be used for problems where diffraction is important, including the propagation of laser beams and the coupling of light into single-mode
Zemax
Powering mechanism for lasers
Laser pumping is the act of energy transfer from an external source into the gain medium of a laser. The energy is absorbed in the medium, producing excited
Laser_pumping
Arrangement of mirrors
low power lasers, the laser gain medium itself may be positioned at a beam waist. Other elements, such as filters, prisms and diffraction gratings often
Optical_cavity
Study of material structure and properties
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) X-ray diffraction topography (XRT) Atom-Probe Tomography (APT) Spectroscopy is a category
Characterization (materials science)
Characterization_(materials_science)
Potential for two waves to interfere
properties of the laser). Spatial coherence of laser beams also manifests itself as speckle patterns and diffraction fringes seen at the edges of shadow. Holography
Coherence_(physics)
Inelastic scattering of photons by matter
ratio Fiber amplifier List of surface analysis methods National Science Day (India) Nonlinear optics Raman laser Raman spectroscopy Resonance Raman spectroscopy
Raman_scattering
Thin layer of material
X-ray diffraction is a powerful non-destructive technique for strain measurement in crystalline thin films. Accurate measurements of diffraction peak angular
Thin_film
States of matter for water as a solid
structure is stable down to −268 °C (5 K; −450 °F), as evidenced by x-ray diffraction and extremely high resolution thermal expansion measurements. Ice Ih
Phases_of_ice
Input power level at which a laser generates light primarily by stimulated emission
{\displaystyle l} due to diffraction losses. The analysis above is predicated on the laser operating in a steady-state at the laser threshold. However, this
Lasing_threshold
Diffraction of matter by light
mechanical effect consisting of the diffraction of matter by a standing wave of light, in complete analogy to the diffraction of light by a periodic grating
Kapitsa–Dirac_effect
Optical device for selecting part of a spectrum
the phenomenon of optical dispersion in a prism, or that of diffraction using a diffraction grating, to spatially separate the colors of light. It usually
Monochromator
Scientific study of crystal structures
synchrotron light sources and free-electron lasers. Crystallographic methods depend mainly on analysis of the diffraction patterns of a sample targeted by a beam
Crystallography
Australian feldspar with geometric inclusions
lattice sunstone were studied using electron microprobe analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and laser Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the host mineral
Rainbow_lattice_sunstone
reflectance model Differential group delay Diffraction Diffraction grating Diffraction spike Diffractive optics Digital handheld refractometer Dispersion
Index_of_optics_articles
Spectroscopic technique
usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range is used, although X-rays can also be used. The laser light interacts with
Raman_spectroscopy
colloids. The most general setup of FXS is a situation in which fast diffraction snapshots of models are taken which over a long time period undergo a
Fluctuation_X-ray_scattering
Method of microscopic imaging
oversampled diffraction pattern is recorded at each position. The overlap between adjacent probe positions in real space and the oversampling of diffraction data
Ptychography
Optical devices treating collimated light
transfer matrix analysis Duarte, F. J. (1990). "Narrow-linewidth pulsed dye Laser oscillators". In Duarte, F. J.; Hillman, L. W. (eds.). Dye Laser Principles
Beam_expander
Gregory (1638–1675) observed the diffraction patterns caused by a bird feather, which was effectively the first diffraction grating. In 1803 Thomas Young
History_of_optics
Measuring technique
microvascular blood flow imaging by short-time Fourier transform analysis of ultrafast laser holographic interferometry". arXiv:1510.01892 [physics.med-ph]
Holographic_interferometry
Stresses which remain in a solid material after the original cause is removed
Synchrotron Diffraction - Requires a synchrotron but provide similarly useful data as eStress and the neutron diffraction methods. X-Ray Diffraction - a limited
Residual_stress
Type of transmissive optical device
lens, is a lens which uses metamaterials to go beyond the diffraction limit. The diffraction limit is a feature of conventional lenses and microscopes
Superlens
Optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence
overcome the diffraction limit. In 1978 first theoretical ideas have been developed to break this barrier by using a 4Pi microscope as a confocal laser scanning
Fluorescence_microscope
observed X-ray diffraction from a slit. 1912 - Max von Laue discovered diffraction patterns from crystals in an X-ray beam. 1912 - Bragg diffraction, expressed
Timeline_of_crystallography
Type of gas laser
10 mm wide gain volume diffraction comes into play after 30 m along the gain medium, a length which is unheard of. Thus this laser does not need a concave
Nitrogen_laser
Electromagnetic radiation with a single constant frequency
Mössbauer spectroscopy. Wave Acoustics Optics Monochromator Interferometer Diffraction grating Dichroic filter Monochromatic plane wave Newton rings Entry "monochromatic
Monochromatic_radiation
the laser penetration depth by using the depth measurement in a feedback loop that modulates the laser's output power. Transient thermal analysis is used
Weld_quality_assurance
American physicist and aerospace engineer (1956–2017)
Kare Laser Launch Bibliography". www.islandone.org. Retrieved 2016-08-30. Dr. Jordin T. Kare (2004-05-18). "Modular Laser Launch Architecture: Analysis and
Jordin_Kare
Lauer, V (2002). "New approach to optical diffraction tomography yielding a vector equation of diffraction tomography and a novel tomographic microscope"
Holotomography
Study of analytes using scientific instruments
chemical structure of materials at the atomic level by analyzing the diffraction patterns of electromagnetic radiation or particles that have been deflected
Instrumental_chemistry
Angle between converging or diverging light rays
simple ray model fails for some situations, such as for laser light, where Gaussian beam analysis must be used instead. In geometrical optics, vergence
Vergence_(optics)
Indirectly forming images from measurements using algorithms
lasers can be used for single-shot diffractive imaging of rapidly changing or radiation-sensitive samples. Ptychography extends coherent diffraction imaging
Computational_imaging
LASER DIFFRACTION-ANALYSIS
LASER DIFFRACTION-ANALYSIS
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a maker of cord and string, derived from Middle English lace ‘cord’ (Old French laz, las).
Boy/Male
Muslim
Lives forever
Surname or Lastname
German
German : nickname for someone with boils or lumpy skin, or perhaps for a hunchback, from Middle High German maser ‘lump’, ‘protuberance’.German and English : from Middle High Germanmaser, Middle English maser ‘maple-wood bowl’ (Old French masere, of Germanic origin), hence a metonymic occupational name for a wood-turner producing such ware.English : variant spelling of Macer, an occupational name for a mace-bearer, from Old French maissier, massier, a derivative of Old French masse ‘mace’.German (Maaser) : pet form of Thomas.
Boy/Male
Australian, Hebrew, Irish
God has Helped
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a washerman, Anglo-Norman French laver (an agent derivative of Old French laver ‘to wash’, Latin lavare).English : habitational name from High, Little or Magdalen Laver in Essex, named from Old English lagu ‘flood’, ‘water’ + fær ‘passage’, ‘crossing’.English : topographic name for someone living where bulrushes or irises grew, Old English lǣfer.
Girl/Female
Hindu
The wave
Boy/Male
Indian
Lives forever
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, Australian, Iranian, Muslim, Parsi
Assister; Friend
Surname or Lastname
English (Sussex and Kent)
English (Sussex and Kent) : topographic name for someone who lived by a stream, from Old English lacu ‘stream’ (see Lake) + the suffix -er denoting an inhabitant.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : variant of Lester.English (East Anglia) : occupational name for a maker of cobblers’ lasts, from Middle English last, lest, the wooden form in the shape of a foot used for making or repairing shoes (Old English lÇ£ste from lÄst ‘footprint’).
Boy/Male
Indian
Helper of God, One who helps, Assister, Friend, One who scatters, Exposer, Announcer, Protector, Supporter
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Wealth
Girl/Female
Biblical
Thick, wise.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Helper of God, One who helps, Assister, Friend, One who scatters, Exposer, Announcer, Protector, Supporter
Surname or Lastname
English (Sussex)
English (Sussex) : unexplained.Americanized form of German Löscher (see Loescher).Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : habitational name for someone from the village of Lasha, now in Belarus.
Male
Yiddish
(לֵייזֶער) Yiddish form of Hebrew Elazar, LAZER means "my God has helped."
Biblical
thick; wise
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Wave; Flow
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of three places in Essex – Layer Breton, Layer de la Haye, and Layer Marney – all named from a river name, Leire, or from Leire in Leicestershire, also named from an identical river name. The river name is of Celtic origin and is probably the base of the tribal name Ligore, found in the place name Leicester.English : nickname or status name from Anglo-Norman French le eyr ‘the heir’. Compare Ayer.English : occupational name for a stone layer, Middle English leyer; the job of the layer was to position the stones worked by the masons.German : habitational name for someone from any of the various placed named Lay, in the Rhineland and Bavaria.
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Wealthy
LASER DIFFRACTION-ANALYSIS
LASER DIFFRACTION-ANALYSIS
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Satisfaction; Part of Life
Boy/Male
Tamil
Modesty
Boy/Male
Indian
Good Character
Male
English
 Variant spelling of English Erwin, ERVIN means "boar friend." Compare with another form of Ervin.
Girl/Female
Australian, Irish
Strong; She Ascends
Boy/Male
Muslim
Abundance from Allah
Boy/Male
Tamil
Balamurugan | பலாமà¯à®°à¯à®•à®¨
Young Lord Murugan, Lord murugans childhood
Boy/Male
Tamil
Knowledge
Girl/Female
Gaelic American Irish
Raging.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Nights
LASER DIFFRACTION-ANALYSIS
LASER DIFFRACTION-ANALYSIS
LASER DIFFRACTION-ANALYSIS
LASER DIFFRACTION-ANALYSIS
LASER DIFFRACTION-ANALYSIS
n.
That which diverts attention; a diversion.
pl.
of Later
n.
Agitation from violent emotions; perturbation of mind; despair.
a.
That produces diffraction.
n.
The act of distracting; a drawing apart; separation.
n.
A diversity of direction; detachment.
n.
The deflection and decomposition of light in passing by the edges of opaque bodies or through narrow slits, causing the appearance of parallel bands or fringes of prismatic colors, as by the action of a grating of fine lines or bars.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Diffract
n.
A state of being distracted; distraction.
n.
Lager beer.
n.
Derangement of the mind; madness.
n.
Same as Diffraction.
n.
A laver.
n.
The fronds of certain marine algae used as food, and for making a sauce called laver sauce. Green laver is the Ulva latissima; purple laver, Porphyra laciniata and P. vulgaris. It is prepared by stewing, either alone or with other vegetables, and with various condiments; -- called also sloke, or sloakan.
n.
Confusion of affairs; tumult; disorder; as, political distractions.
n.
The act of infracting or breaking; breach; violation; nonobservance; infringement; as, an infraction of a treaty, compact, rule, or law.
n.
A system of close equidistant and parallel lines lines or bars, especially lines ruled on a polished surface, used for producing spectra by diffraction; -- called also diffraction grating.
n.
State in which the attention is called in different ways; confusion; perplexity.
n.
A deviation of the rays of light toward the surface of an opaque body; inflection; diffraction.
n.
That which is laid; a stratum; a bed; one thickness, course, or fold laid over another; as, a layer of clay or of sand in the earth; a layer of bricks, or of plaster; the layers of an onion.