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Impact of the 13th-century Mongol conquests
The Mongol conquests resulted in widespread and well-documented death and destruction throughout Eurasia, as the Mongol army invaded hundreds of cities
Destruction under the Mongol Empire
Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire
Series of military campaigns by the Mongol Empire
The Mongol conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating the largest contiguous empire in history, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which
Mongol_conquests
with the Nogai Horde. 1324 and 1337: Tatar incursions against Byzantine Thrace.[citation needed] Genghis Khan Destruction under the Mongol Empire Timeline
Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe
Empire in Eurasia from 1206–1368
The Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the medieval empire at its height stretched
Mongol_Empire
1219–1221 military campaign
the Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invaded the lands of the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia. The campaign, which followed the annexation of the Qara
Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire
and their territory incorporated into the Mongol Empire. The main objectives of the limited Mongol government of the newly acquired region were to quell
Mongol_invasion_of_Syria
13th-century Mongol military campaign in Europe
The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered much of the Kievan Rus' in the mid-13th century, sacking numerous cities such as Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Pereyaslavl
Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus'
The Mongols were tolerant of most religions during the early empire, and typically sponsored several at the same time. At the time of Genghis Khan in
Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire
Medieval Mongol khanate in Eurasia
established in the 13th century from the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire. During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongol ruling population and its descendants
Golden_Horde
During the Mongol invasions and conquests, which began under Genghis Khan in 1206–1207, the Mongol army conquered most of continental Asia, including
Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire
1220s–1240s military campaign
European territory into the empire of the Golden Horde. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local
Mongol_invasion_of_Europe
Bilateral relations
documented barbarity and destruction under the Mongol Empire in both Asia and Europe). The belief managed to survive even when the Mongols and Turks adopted
Mongolia–Turkey_relations
13th-century attempts at an alliance
the Frankish Crusaders and the Mongol Empire against the Islamic caliphates, their common enemy, were made by various leaders among them during the 13th
Franco-Mongol_alliance
Invasion, 1241–42
The first invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Mongol Empire started in March 1241. The Mongols started to withdraw in late March 1242. The Hungarians
First Mongol invasion of Hungary
First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary
Mongol conquest of the Abbasid Caliphate (1258)
The Siege of Baghdad, also known as the Sack of Baghdad, took place in early 1258. A large army commanded by Hulegu, a prince of the Mongol Empire, attacked
Siege_of_Baghdad
in the north, where archaeology yields evidence of destruction from this period. The Mongols did, however, cross Bulgaria to attack the Latin Empire to
Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia
Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia
The Mongol conquest of China was a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to conquer various empires ruling over China for 74 years (1205–1279)
Mongol_conquest_of_China
united the different tribes under his control and established the Mongol Empire. There were 19 Nirun tribes (marked (N) in the list) that descended from
List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans
List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans
Western Asian Mongol ruler (c. 1217–1265)
greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate in Persia. Under Hulegu's leadership, the Mongols sacked and destroyed
Hulegu_Khan
1231–1271 Mongol Yuan conquests
by the Mongol Empire against the Korean kingdom of Goryeo. The last campaign concluded with a peace treaty with Goryeo becoming a vassal state of the Yuan
Mongol_invasions_of_Korea
Founder and first Khan of the Golden Horde (r. 1227–1255)
Batu Khan (c. 1205–1255) was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a constituent of the Mongol Empire established after Genghis Khan's demise
Batu_Khan
Part of the first great Mongol invasion of Europe
Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire took place in the spring of 1241 and again in the winter of 1241–42. They were part of the first Mongol invasion
Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire
Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire
Ruler of the Qocho
joined the Mongol Empire as its fifth Ulus (district) in 1211. In 1209, Baurchuk sparked a rebellion against the Western Liao dynasty, who had forced the Uyghurs
Barchuq_Art_Tegin
Three Mongol campaigns against Islamic states in the Middle East and Central Asia
to the termination of the Khwarazmian Empire, the Nizari Ismaili state, and the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, and the establishment of the Mongol Ilkhanate
Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia
Mongol_conquest_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia
1205–1227 campaigns in northwest China
and again in 1225-1227, the Mongol Empire embarked on a series of military campaigns that ultimately led to the destruction of the Tangut-led Western Xia
Mongol conquest of Western Xia
Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia
Mongol prince and general (c. 1182 – c. 1225)
1225), also spelled Jüchi, was a prince of the early Mongol Empire. His life was marked by controversy over the circumstances of his birth and culminated
Jochi
13th-century Mongol-Chinese campaigns
by the Mongol Empire, and later the Yuan dynasty, against the kingdom of Đại Việt (modern-day northern Vietnam) ruled by the Trần dynasty and the kingdom
Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam
1221 Mongol siege
The siege of Gurganj occurred during the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire. The siege's length is variable, with historians such as Rashid al-Din
Siege_of_Gurganj
Emperor of Yuan China from 1271 to 1294
brother Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War lasting until 1264. This episode marked the beginning of the division of the Mongol Empire. Kublai's real power
Kublai_Khan
Seizure and destruction of Merv by the Mongol army
in several garrisons, the Mongols laid siege to one town after another deep into Khorasan, heart of the Khwarazmian Empire. The city of Merv was a major
Siege_of_Merv_(1221)
1259 siege during the Mongol-Song conflict; Song victory
in 1258. The siege of Diaoyucheng was a setback for the Mongol conquest. The Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan conquered vast lands and subjugated nations
Siege_of_Diaoyucheng
East Asian ethnic group
discussions of the Mongols' history under the Mongol Empire and Northern Yuan. Broadly defined, the term includes the Mongols proper (also known as the Khalkha
Mongols
Regent of the Mongol Empire from 1227 to 1229
father after his death in 1227 and ultimately served as regent of the Mongol Empire until the accession of his brother Ögedei two years later. Tolui's wife
Tolui
Invasions of the territory of modern Chechnya and Ingushetia
During the 13th century, the Mongol Empire launched two invasions of the territory of modern Chechnya and Ingushetia, which included the lands of Alania
Mongol invasions of Chechnya and Ingushetia
Mongol_invasions_of_Chechnya_and_Ingushetia
1221 Mongol victory over the Khwarazmians
Khwarazmian Empire, and Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire. The battle, which resulted in an overwhelming Mongol victory, was the concluding engagement in the Mongol
Battle_of_the_Indus
1220–1236 Mongol invasions of the Kingdom of Georgia
much of the Caucasus, involved multiple invasions and large-scale raids throughout the 13th century. The Mongol Empire first appeared in the Caucasus
Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia
Part of the Mongol conquest of Persia (1253–1256)
Khwarazmian Empire and a series of Nizari–Mongol conflicts. The campaign was ordered by the Great Khan Möngke and was led by his brother, Hülegü. The campaign
Mongol campaign against the Nizaris
Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris
1259–60 military campaign
The Second Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by General Boroldai (Burundai) of the Golden Horde in 1259–1260. During this invasion the cities of
Second Mongol invasion of Poland
Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland
Seizure and destruction of Samarkand by Genghis Khan's Mongol army
The siege of Samarkand took place in March 1220 after Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, had launched a multi-pronged invasion of the Khwarazmian
Siege_of_Samarkand_(1220)
Monarchy in Eastern Europe (1256–1329)
into further decline under the Mongol overlordship. Since the 1220s, the Kingdom of Georgia had to contend with the numerous Mongol invasions of Genghis
Kingdom_of_Eastern_Georgia
1223 battle where the Mongols fought against Rus' princes and Cumans
The Battle of the Kalka River was fought between the Mongol Empire, whose armies were led by Jebe and Subutai, and a coalition of several Rus' principalities
Battle_of_the_Kalka_River
Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1206 to 1227
known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongol tribes, he launched a series
Genghis_Khan
Mongol campaign in 1220–1221
The Mongol invasion of Khorasan took place in 1220–1221, during the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire. As the Khwarazmian Empire disintegrated
Mongol_invasion_of_Khorasan
Turco-Mongol conqueror (1320s–1405)
known as Tamerlane, was a Turco-Mongol conqueror, first ruler of the Timurid dynasty, and the founder of the Timurid Empire, which ruled over modern-day
Timur
1410–1424 Chinese military campaigns
by the Yongle Emperor. His goal was to subjugate the Mongols, and he encouraged conflict between the Eastern Mongols and the Oirats (Western Mongols).
Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols
Yongle_Emperor's_campaigns_against_the_Mongols
People and tribes in and around the Mongol Plateau before the 11th or 12th century
destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate (744–848) by the Yenisei Kyrgyz resulted in the end of Turkic dominance on the Mongolian Plateau. The Para-Mongol
Proto-Mongols
History of the early empire based on Sumatra (c. 671–1025 AD)
achievements accomplished by the Mongol Empire, and upon its completion, the Mongols rule all over continental of East Asia, under the Han-style Yuan dynasty
History_of_Srivijaya
Last shah of the Khwarazmian Empire from 1220 to 1231
after the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire led to his father's flight and death on an island in the Caspian Sea, Jalal-al Din gained the loyalty
Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni
The Mongol invasion of Alania was a series of military campaigns conducted by the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century (1220–1223), followed by the
Mongol_invasion_of_Alania
Mongol capture of city of Damascus in 1260
The Capture of Damascus took place in 1260 during the Mongol invasion of Syria led by Hulegu Khan, a prince of the Mongol Empire and founder of the Ilkhanate
Capture_of_Damascus_(1260)
Former empire in East Asia
The Northern Yuan was a dynastic state ruled by the Mongol Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau. It existed as a rump state after the collapse
Northern_Yuan
Military actions against Afghanistan
Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great, the Rashidun Caliphate, the Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan, the Ghaznavid Empire of Turkic Mahmud of Ghazni, the Ghurid
Invasions_of_Afghanistan
Medieval Armenian city
came out the Mongols divided them up and killed them all. The survivors in the city were enslaved. The destruction was so fierce that the city of Kars
Ani
1220 siege and sack by Genghis Khan's Mongol army
The siege of Bukhara took place in February 1220, during the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire. Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, had launched
Siege_of_Bukhara
Khan of the Golden Horde from 1257 to 1266
was a Mongol military commander and the ruler of the Golden Horde, a division of the Mongol Empire, who effectively consolidated the power of the Blue
Berke
1235–1260 capital of the Mongol Empire
was the capital of the Mongol Empire between 1235 and 1260 and of the Northern Yuan dynasty in the late 14th and 15th centuries. Its ruins lie in the northwestern
Karakorum
1526–1857 empire in South Asia
Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's side, and from Genghis Khan
Mughal_Empire
1260 battle between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Empire
with the bulk of his army to attend the kurultai in accordance with Mongol customs, leaving approximately 10,000 troops west of the Euphrates under the command
Battle_of_Ain_Jalut
from the Byzantine Empire throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. In the 13th and 14th centuries, destructive Mongol invasions, along with the loss of
History_of_Islam
Mongol invasions against Eastern Xia, part of the Mongol conquest of China
The Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia was part of the conquest of China by the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century. An initial conflict broke out in 1217
Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia
Mongol_conquest_of_Eastern_Xia
Period of Byzantine history from 1261 to 1453
Islamic zeal, the prospect of economic gain, and the desire to seek refuge from the Mongols after the disastrous Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243. The Palaiologoi
Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty
1241 battle of the Mongol invasion of Poland
other nobles. The destruction of the Polish army left the road to Kraków open. Later in March 1241 the Mongols captured and burned the largely abandoned
Battle_of_Chmielnik
Country in East Asia
founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China proper and established the Yuan
Mongolia
The Mongol invasions and conquests of the territory that now comprises the Republic of Azerbaijan took place during the 13th and 14th centuries and involved
Mongol invasions of Azerbaijan
Mongol_invasions_of_Azerbaijan
1634–1758 Oirat Khanate in Dzungaria
where they lived during the early 13th century. When Chinggis Khan founded the Mongol Empire in 1206, the Oirat tribes and the Mongols had not yet formed a
Dzungar_Khanate
Overview of genocides before 1914
Historian and specialist on the Mongol empire, Timothy May, details how genocide scholars have been divided as to whether the Mongol conquests should be considered
Genocides in history (before 1490)
Genocides_in_history_(before_1490)
Concluding battle of the Mongol–Jin War (1233–1234)
The siege of Caizhou in 1233 and 1234 was a battle fought between the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty and the allied forces of the Mongol Empire and Southern Song
Siege_of_Caizhou
1239 treaty between Georgia and the Mongol Empire
In 1235–1236, Mongol forces, unlike their first raid in 1221, appeared with the sole purpose of conquest and occupation of Kingdom of Georgia and easily
Georgian–Mongolian treaty of 1239
Georgian–Mongolian_treaty_of_1239
Battle in Poland
The sack of Kraków during the first Mongol invasion of Poland took place on either 22 or 28 March 1241. It ended in the victory of the Mongol forces,
Sack_of_Kraków_(1241)
2004 book by Jack Weatherford
fairness in dividing the spoils, and his patronage of the sciences. Similarly, Saunders and H. H. Howorth have argued that the Mongol empire contributed to
Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
Genghis_Khan_and_the_Making_of_the_Modern_World
Nizari Ismaili Shia Imam (1257–1310)
Nizari state by the Mongol Empire, and spent his life hiding his true identity. Following his death, the line of succession split into two, the Qasim-Shahi
Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)
Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_(Nizari_imam)
Turkish Empire (c. 1299–1922)
temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Ottoman Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402
Ottoman_Empire
1222 military conflict in the Kingdom of Alania
being commanded by Subutai and Jebe respectively, the Mongols invaded and ravaged the Khwarazmian Empire, causing its disintegration. Its ruler, Muhammad
Battle_of_Khankala_(1222)
General of the Mongol Empire
one of the most famous generals of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan. He was also a member of the keshik. A member of the Sunud tribe
Chormaqan
Multiple states under one central authority, usually created by conquest
between empires relying on land forces and consisting mostly of contiguous territory (Tellurocracy), such as the Roman Empire or the Mongol Empire; and those
Empire
One hundred years, from 1201 to 1300
accordance with the Julian calendar. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe. The conquests of
13th_century
and others, ruled the area of present-day Mongolia. The Khitan people, who used a para-Mongolic language, founded an empire under the Liao dynasty (916–1125)
History_of_Mongolia
Life events from 1162 to 1206
"Oceanic Ruler" by the Quriltai, which was an assembly of Mongol chieftains. The Mongols first appeared in the dynastic history of the Tang dynasty and
Rise_of_Genghis_Khan
Jurchen-led imperial dynasty of China
Over the course of the Jin's rule, their emperors adapted to Han customs and even fortified the Great Wall against the ascendant Mongol Empire. The Jin
Jin_dynasty_(1115–1234)
Territories ruled by the United Kingdom
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its
British_Empire
Dislike, otherwise opposition to the Mongols and the Mongol regime
toward Mongolia or Mongols. It has been built throughout history by the expansions of the Mongol Empire and its divisions such as the Golden Horde, being
Anti-Mongolian_sentiment
Bilateral relations
between the two entities. Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, launched a full scale invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire and decimated the entire
Mongolia–Uzbekistan_relations
Fall of a complex human society
created power vacuums. The Khmer Empire went into decline and was replaced by the Thais, who were pushed southward by the Mongols. The Vietnamese, who succeeded
Societal_collapse
between 1115 and 1234. In Empire of The Steppes, René Grousset reports that the Mongols were always amazed at the valour of the Jurchen warriors, who held
Military of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Military_of_the_Jin_dynasty_(1115–1234)
Medieval siege
including the Mongol Empire. The Mongols, under the leadership of the Golden Horde, sought to control this lucrative trading post, which was vital for the flow
Siege_of_Caffa
Late medieval empire in the Indian subcontinent (1206–1526)
Indian subcontinent, like the Mongol invasions of China, Persia and Europe. Were it not for the Delhi Sultanate, the Mongol Empire may have been successful
Delhi_Sultanate
State in southern Anatolia (1080–1375)
Palestine in 1250 and 1253, respectively, and filled the vacuum caused by the Mongol destruction of the pre-existing Ayyubid and Abbasid governments. Cilician
Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia
History of the Turkic peoples
come the Ongud Turks. The Ongud assimilated to the Mongols. 990–999: The Karakhanid State destroyed the Samanid Empire, Transoxiana came under Turkic
Turkic_history
UNESCO World Heritage Site in Iran
invading Mongols, who dismantled it and destroyed its famous library holdings. Though commonly assumed that the Mongol conquest obliterated the Nizari Ismailis
Alamut_Castle
Turco-Persianate empire (1037–1194)
(1968). "The Internal Structure of the Saljuq Empire". In Boyle, J. A. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge
Seljuk_Empire
Ensign with horse tails
arranged at the top. It was historically flown during the period of the Mongol Empire and also by the Turkic tribal confederations such as the Duolu (Tuğluğ
Tug_(banner)
Region of Turkmenistan
swept across the region from their base in eastern Asia. Under their commander, Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, the Mongols conquered Khwarezm
Mary_Region
Revolt against the Yuan dynasty in China (1351–1368)
imperial court of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty was split between two factions on how best to govern the empire. One faction favored a Mongol-centric policy
Red_Turban_Rebellions
Cuman khan (fl. 1205–1241)
active in the mid-13th century. He forged an important alliance with the Kievan Rus' against the Mongols but was ultimately defeated by them at the Kalka
Köten
Calendar year
against the Holy Roman Empire. Battle of Grobnik Field: Croatian forces under Béla IV stop the Mongol invasion in Hungary and Croatia. Béla rebuilds the country
1242
Decade
first Emperor of the Inca Empire Ögedei Khan, second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, third son of Genghis Khan Olaf the Black, King of the Isles Ottokar
1220s
massacred the entire population and the city was leveled to the ground. There are no buildings or monuments in Lahore that predates the Mongol destruction. In
History_of_Lahore
Ethnic group descending from the Oirat Mongol tribes
The Dzungar people (also written as Zunghar or Junggar; from the Mongolian words züün gar, meaning 'left hand') are the many Mongol Oirat tribes who formed
Dzungar_people
BC when the Neo-Babylonian Empire was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great, who declared himself the "King of Babylon." The city of
History_of_Iraq
Founder of Kirmanid dynasty
founded the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty). After the destruction of the Qara Khitai realm by the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1218, the former land
Buraq_Hajib
DESTRUCTION UNDER-THE-MONGOL-EMPIRE
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DESTRUCTION UNDER-THE-MONGOL-EMPIRE
DESTRUCTION UNDER-THE-MONGOL-EMPIRE
DESTRUCTION UNDER-THE-MONGOL-EMPIRE
DESTRUCTION UNDER-THE-MONGOL-EMPIRE
DESTRUCTION UNDER-THE-MONGOL-EMPIRE
DESTRUCTION UNDER-THE-MONGOL-EMPIRE
DESTRUCTION UNDER-THE-MONGOL-EMPIRE