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Structural theory of international relations
offensive realism assumes that states seek to maximize their power and influence to achieve security through domination and hegemony. Defensive neorealism
Defensive_realism
Structural theory of international relations
by the political scholar John Mearsheimer in response to defensive realism. Offensive realism holds that the anarchic nature of the international system
Offensive_realism
Politics as self-interested competition
– defensive realism John Mearsheimer – offensive realism Barry Posen – neorealism Kenneth Waltz – defensive realism Stephen Walt – defensive realism Neoclassical
Realism (international relations)
Realism_(international_relations)
Theory of international relations
into defensive and offensive neorealism. Neorealism is an ideological departure from Hans Morgenthau's writing on classical realism. Classical realism originally
Neorealism (international relations)
Neorealism_(international_relations)
Belief that human nature and state competitiveness dominate international relations
of classical realist and neorealist – particularly defensive realist – theories. Neoclassical realism holds that the actions of a state in the international
Neoclassical_realism
American political scientist (born 1951)
He is known for introducing the distinction between offensive and defensive realism into the international relations literature in his 1991 book Myths
Jack Snyder (political scientist)
Jack_Snyder_(political_scientist)
Unwanted escalation of interstate tensions
can escape the security dilemma. Offensive realism and defensive realism are variants of structural realism. They share the basic beliefs of survivalism
Security_dilemma
American political scientist (born 1947)
another structural realist theory, the defensive realism of Kenneth Waltz (the founder of neorealism), offensive realism maintains that states are not satisfied
John_Mearsheimer
Emperor of Russia from 1825 to 1855
224. ISBN 978-0-307-71921-8 Hosking (1997), p. 32 Rendall, Matthew "Defensive Realism and the Concert of Europe" pp. 523–540 from Review of International
Nicholas_I_of_Russia
Theory in international relations
advantage of its weaker neighbors, thereby driving them to unite in a defensive coalition. Some realists maintain that a balance-of-power system is more
Balance of power (international relations)
Balance_of_power_(international_relations)
American political scientist (1924–2013)
neorealism, or structural realism, in international relations theory and later became associated with the school of defensive neorealism. Waltz's theories
Kenneth_Waltz
American political scientist (born 1969)
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Ian_Bremmer
American political scientist (1904–1980)
balance-of-power theory. In contrast to Waltz's "defensive" realism, John Mearsheimer presented a theory of "offensive realism" in The Tragedy of Great Power Politics
Hans_Morgenthau
Theory of international relations
Classical realism is an international relations theory from the realist school of thought. Realism makes the following assumptions: states are the main
Classical realism (international relations)
Classical_realism_(international_relations)
School of thought
whereas realism holds that said intentions are in the long run subject to the security dilemma described by thinker John H. Herz. Although realism in the
Idealism in international relations
Idealism_in_international_relations
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Relative gain (international relations)
Relative_gain_(international_relations)
International relations theory
"liberal" or "neoliberal" to describe his work because he also draws from realism, a school of thought that is often contrasted with liberalism. Other major
Liberal_institutionalism
Study of geography's effects on politics
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Geopolitics
scholar of international relations theory, known for his work on defensive realism, as well as nuclear strategy and U.S. policy toward China. He is a
Charles_L._Glaser
International relations theory
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Dependency_theory
School of thought within international relations theory
of international relations; it questions security/warfare principles of realism; Mutual benefits and international cooperation; and The role of international
Liberalism (international relations)
Liberalism_(international_relations)
Study of international relations from a theoretical perspective
The three most prominent schools of thought are realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Whereas realism and liberalism make broad and specific predictions
International relations theory
International_relations_theory
Transformation of a subject into a matter of state security
School and is seen as a synthesis of constructivist and classical political realism in its approach. The term was coined by Ole Wæver in 1993, but seems to
Securitization (international relations)
Securitization_(international_relations)
Concept in international relations
diverging national interests. Intergovernmentalism is distinguishable from realism and neorealism because it recognized the significance of institutionalisation
Intergovernmentalism
Theory of international relations
international relations theory (sometimes also referred to as liberal realism, the international society school or the British institutionalists) maintains
English school of international relations theory
English_school_of_international_relations_theory
Strategic realism is a theory of international relations associated with Thomas Schelling. Jackson, Robert, Sorensen, Georg, Introduction to International
Strategic_realism
American academic
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Robert_J._Art
2001 book by John Mearsheimer
in 2001. Mearsheimer explains and argues for his theory of "offensive realism" by stating its key assumptions, evolution from early realist theory, and
The Tragedy of Great Power Politics
The_Tragedy_of_Great_Power_Politics
Social theory in international relations
sociology. In contrast to other prominent IR approaches and theories (such as realism and rational choice), constructivists see identities and interests of actors
Constructivism (international relations)
Constructivism_(international_relations)
Global justice theory
actor–network theory). All of these latter approaches differ from both realism and liberalism in their epistemological and ontological premises. Politics
Critical international relations theory
Critical_international_relations_theory
American political scientist (born 1960)
2003–04: Fragility and Crisis (National Bureau of Asian Research, 2003) Defensive Realism and Japan's Approach toward Korean Reunification (NBR Analysis, 2003)
Victor_Cha
Theories of international relations
that claim to explain the international system. It argues that neither realism nor liberalism could be the full story. A post-positivist approach to IR
Postpositivism (international relations)
Postpositivism_(international_relations)
British political scientist
"utopian realism". Within the terminology of international relations theory, he is considered a post-positivist and a critic of orthodox realism by contemporary
Ken_Booth_(academic)
American political scientist
advances an argument of critical realism, and the ontological and methodological claims of constructivism. Critical realism, drawing upon the work of Roy
Alexander_Wendt
Political theory in international relations
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Liberal_intergovernmentalism
American academic and author
Thompson has seen himself as part of the influential tradition of political realism, the heir of the thought of Morgenthau and Reinhold Niebuhr, and the sustainer
Kenneth_W._Thompson
Theory of international relations
McCormick compares functionalism's fundamental principles with those of realism (comments added to emphasise key distinctions): The objective of functionalism
Functionalism (international relations)
Functionalism_(international_relations)
Disagreements between IR scholars
idealism and realism. Lucian M. Ashworth argues, the persistence of the notion that there was a real debate between idealism and realism says less about
Great Debates (international relations)
Great_Debates_(international_relations)
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Poststructuralism (international relations)
Poststructuralism_(international_relations)
British diplomat, historian, and writer (1892–1982)
the opposition of utopianism and realism in international relations as a dialectic progress. He argued that in realism there is no moral dimension, so
E._H._Carr
Concept in international relations theory
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Absolute gain (international relations)
Absolute_gain_(international_relations)
Chinese political scientist
relations in hunter-gatherer societies, to offensive realism systems, then to defensive realism systems, and finally to a more institutionally rule-based
Shiping_Tang
Academic discipline
rejecting or critiquing the theories, epistemology, and implications of realism, such as the total focus on the role of the state when approaching questions
Critical_security_studies
International relations theory
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Neo-Gramscianism
School of academic thought
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Copenhagen School (international relations)
Copenhagen_School_(international_relations)
Political theory
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Neofunctionalism
American political scientist (1937–2025)
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Joseph_Nye
Political movement of former liberals that combines political and social conservatism
and the main competing conservative opinion, pragmatism, also known as realism: Among [McCain's advisers] are several prominent neoconservatives, including
Neoconservatism
1959 book by Kenneth Waltz
human nature more generally. That is basically consistent with classical realism, which then dominated international relations but would be discussed by
Man,_the_State,_and_War
American political scientist
field, as he seeks to carry out a profound critique of realism and liberalism. He argues that realism and liberalism are both fragments of a broader tradition
Daniel_Deudney
American academic and former diplomat
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Stephen_D._Krasner
International relations book by E. H. Carr
century. Mearsheimer argues that the book gives a great defense of defensive realism. However, Mearsheimer argues that "there is no theory" in the book:
The_Twenty_Years'_Crisis
Study of global economic governance
1177/1354066120969800. ISSN 1354-0661. S2CID 228821591. Jervis, Robert (1998). "Realism in the Study of World Politics". International Organization. 52 (4): 971–991
International political economy
International_political_economy
Theory regarding international relations
Hegemony has been described as regime theory's "fullest expression." While realism predicts that conflict should be the norm in international relations, regime
Regime_theory
1984 book by Robert Keohane
After Hegemony as follows during the late 1970s, In a world of structural Realism and hegemony, the institutionalized policy coordination that we were increasingly
After_Hegemony
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Marxist international relations theory
Marxist_international_relations_theory
1979 book by Kenneth Waltz
Politics Lobell, Steven E. (2010). "Structural Realism/Offensive and Defensive Realism". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. doi:10
Theory of International Politics
Theory_of_International_Politics
Less developed, poorer countries
2022-04-08. Retrieved 2022-04-08. Escudé, Carlos; Schenoni, Luis L. "Peripheral Realism Revisited". Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional. 59 (1): 1–18
Periphery_countries
American political scientist (born 1955)
Kenneth N. Waltz Lecture in International Relations with Dr. Stephen Walt 'Realism and American Grand Strategy: The Case for Offshore Balancing'". Institute
Stephen_Walt
Blend of Western Realism and Chinese historical concepts
Chinese scholars to describe a theoretical framework which draws from Realism and Chinese historical concepts including tianxia, Confucian ethics, and
Chinese school of international relations
Chinese_school_of_international_relations
Polish-American diplomat and political scientist (1928–2017)
human rights as a means of placing the Soviet Union on the ideological defensive. With Jimmy Carter in Camp David, he assisted in the attainment of the
Zbigniew_Brzezinski
Hypothesis about depression
Depressive realism is the hypothesis developed by Lauren Alloy and Lyn Yvonne Abramson that depressed individuals make more realistic inferences than
Depressive_realism
American academic
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Ted_Hopf
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Youth_bulge_theory
International relations theory
moved the theory into the mainstream of social science. Supporters of realism in international relations and others responded by raising many new objections
Democratic_peace_theory
Industrialized/developed countries
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Core_countries
Concept in international relations theory
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Regionalism (international relations)
Regionalism_(international_relations)
Environmental theory of international relations
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Green_theory
Theory of international relations
sense, it is similar to constructivism, and differs from liberalism and realism, which are substantive theories of world politics. Rationalist analyses
Rationalism (international relations)
Rationalism_(international_relations)
1990 book by Cynthia Enloe
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Bananas,_Beaches_and_Bases
Book by Alexander Wendt
In a review essay called "The Constructivist Challenge to Structural Realism" Dale Copeland argues from a structural realist perspective and states
Social Theory of International Politics
Social_Theory_of_International_Politics
Industrializing, low-income countries
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Semi-periphery_countries
Theory of international relations
in world history, produced hegemonic stability. Power transition theory Realism (international relations) Joshua S. Goldstein. International Relations
Hegemonic_stability_theory
German political scientist
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Klaus_Schlichte
relations. For instance the following theories might be adaptable: the realism, the neofunctionalist Europe-science, or even a Marxist imperialism theory
State_cartel_theory
American international relations scholar
Theory (Westview, 1997) edited with John Ikenberry Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism (W.W. Norton, 1997) Keeping the Peace (Cambridge
Michael_W._Doyle
Australian academic
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Hedley_Bull
American political scientist
Book Award for the best book in political science Neorealism Neoclassical realism "Obituary for Robert (Bob) George Gilpin, Jr. at Perkins-Parker Funeral
Robert_Gilpin
1946 book by Hans Morgenthau
relations scholarship. Despite the contemporary association between (neo)realism and positivism Scientific Man has been considered a critique of attempts
Scientific Man versus Power Politics
Scientific_Man_versus_Power_Politics
1992 article by Alexander Wendt
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Anarchy Is What States Make of It
Anarchy_Is_What_States_Make_of_It
American academic
After Hegemony as follows during the late 1970s, In a world of structural Realism and hegemony, the institutionalized policy coordination that we were increasingly
Robert_Keohane
American political scientist (born 1954)
princeton.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-13. McKeil, Aaron (2021). "The Limits of Realism after Liberal Hegemony". Journal of Global Security Studies. 7. doi:10
John_Ikenberry
Concept in international relations theory
thought in international relations theory and their neo-counterparts (Realism, Neorealism, Liberalism, Neoliberalism and Constructivism) agree that the
Anarchy (international relations)
Anarchy_(international_relations)
British political theorist (1923–1998)
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Susan_Strange
Border dispute between China and India
Choices in Handling Border Disputes (1949–2009) — Verification of Defensive Realism", He Hanjie (2013), p. 154 "If this can be tolerated, what cannot
Sino-Indian_border_dispute
Aspect of balance of power theory
(1978): 160 Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, "Security Seeking under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Revisited", International Security, 25: 3 (2000): 129. Mearsheimer
Balancing (international relations)
Balancing_(international_relations)
Aspect of International Relations theory
may affect – might change – social reality itself. Some critics of (neo-)realism have raised the possibility that realist theories, for instance, may act
Reflectivism
American Japanologist
security policy, and here Midford introduced the concept of attitudinal defensive realism for understanding Japanese public attitudes toward security, and how
Paul_Midford
Critical theory approach to international relations
mainstream IR theories such as realism, power derives from the state and its tangible forces. For example, in realism, power relates directly to the high
Postcolonial international relations
Postcolonial_international_relations
International relations theory
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Feminist_constructivism
Ontological debate
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Rationalist–constructivist debate
Rationalist–constructivist_debate
Academic field of study in international politics
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Feminism in international relations
Feminism_in_international_relations
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Postinternationalism
American political scientist
Controversy (1986). Van Evera is considered a defensive realist, which is a branch of structural realism. In Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict
Stephen_Van_Evera
Ethics in International Relations
anti-cosmopolitanism. Realism, Liberalism, and Marxism are ethical traditions that conceptually address moral issues in international relations. Realism's position
International_ethics
International relations theory
development World-systems theory Realism Classical realism Neoclassical realism Neorealism Offensive realism Defensive realism Territorial peace theory Democratic
Territorial_peace_theory
Cognitive strategy for preparation
Defensive pessimism is a cognitive strategy in which an individual sets a low expectation for their performance, regardless of how well they have done
Defensive_pessimism
Hungarian philosopher and critic (1885–1971)
influential as a critic due to his theoretical developments of literary realism and of the novel as a literary genre. In 1919, he was appointed the Hungarian
György_Lukács
Hellenistic Greek bronze sculpture
an exploration of emotional as well as psychological themes and greater realism. These traits are typical of Hellenistic art and thoroughly displayed in
Boxer_at_Rest
United States Navy commander (1886–1941)
picture of it all- but you might take the chaotic effect simply as a bit of realism, for life is indeed chaos here; it resembles reasonable conditions just
Hugo_W._Koehler
DEFENSIVE REALISM
DEFENSIVE REALISM
DEFENSIVE REALISM
DEFENSIVE REALISM
DEFENSIVE REALISM
DEFENSIVE REALISM
DEFENSIVE REALISM
DEFENSIVE REALISM
DEFENSIVE REALISM