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Antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin
An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin. Antitoxins are produced by certain animals, plants, and bacteria in response
Antitoxin
Human and animal disease
honey should not be fed to children under 12 months. Treatment is with an antitoxin. In those who lose their ability to breathe on their own, mechanical ventilation
Botulism
Bacterial disease
recommended every ten years. Protection can be verified by measuring the antitoxin level in the blood. Diphtheria can be prevented in those exposed, as well
Diphtheria
Biological process
A toxin-antitoxin system consists of a "toxin" and a corresponding "antitoxin", usually encoded by closely linked genes. The toxin is usually a protein
Toxin-antitoxin_system
Treatment for diphtheria
Diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) is a medication made up of antibodies used in the treatment of diphtheria. It is no longer recommended for prevention of diphtheria
Diphtheria_antitoxin
Medication made up of antibodies against the tetanus toxin
immunoglobulin, also known as tetanus immune globulin (TIG) and tetanus antitoxin, is a medication made up of antibodies against the tetanus toxin. It is
Anti-tetanus_immunoglobulin
Pharmaceutical compound
The Botulism Antitoxin Heptavalent (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) - (Equine) (trade name BAT), made by Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc. (formerly Cangene Corporation)
Heptavalent botulism antitoxin
Heptavalent_botulism_antitoxin
Medical condition
using a blood test and a urine test. It may be prevented by not using an antitoxin derived from animal serum, and through prophylactic antihistamines or
Serum_sickness
Source of the first botulinum antitoxin
production of the first botulism antitoxin. The horse was used as a research animal between 1978 and 1993 to produce antitoxin for military and civilian personnel
First Flight (medical research horse)
First_Flight_(medical_research_horse)
Protein family
The parDE type II toxin-antitoxin system is one example of the bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems that encode two proteins, one a potent inhibitor
ParDE type II toxin-antitoxin system
ParDE_type_II_toxin-antitoxin_system
Japanese physician and bacteriologist (1853–1931)
working together in Berlin in 1890, announced the discovery of diphtheria antitoxin serum. Von Behring was awarded the 1901 Nobel Prize because of this work
Kitasato_Shibasaburō
Bacterial system of proteins
The CcdA/CcdB Type II Toxin-antitoxin system is one example of the bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems that encode two proteins, one a potent inhibitor
CcdA/CcdB Type II Toxin-antitoxin system
CcdA/CcdB_Type_II_Toxin-antitoxin_system
German physiologist (1854–1917)
diphtheria antitoxin, but they were unsuccessful. Successful treatment started in 1894, after the production and quantification of antitoxin had been optimized
Emil_von_Behring
Type of bacterial toxin-antitoxin system
modules are toxin-antitoxin systems. Each consists of a pair of genes that specify two components: a stable toxin and an unstable antitoxin that interferes
Addiction_module
Transport of medication by dog-sled relay across Alaska
Great Race of Mercy and The Serum Run, was a transport of diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled relay across the US territory of Alaska by 20 mushers and
1925_serum_run_to_Nome
Neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum
preparations of botulinum antitoxins are available for treatment of botulism. Trivalent (serotypes A, B, E) botulinum antitoxin is derived from equine sources
Botulinum_toxin
Infection caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria
with antibiotics and possibly antitoxin. The type and number of antibiotics used depend on the type of infection. An antitoxin is recommended for those with
Anthrax
Protein family
In molecular biology, the epsilon antitoxin, produced by various prokaryotes, forms part of a post-segregational killing system, which is involved in
Epsilon_antitoxin
Canadian public health entity
by Dr. John G. FitzGerald in 1914 in Toronto to produce the diphtheria antitoxin. Contemporaneously, the institution was likened to the Pasteur Institutes
Connaught_Laboratories
Described as "the first modern medical disaster"
diphtheria antitoxin (antibodies against diphtheria toxin). Jim produced over 30 US quarts (7.5 US gallons; 28.5 litres) of diphtheria antitoxin in his career
1901 diphtheria antitoxin contamination incident
1901_diphtheria_antitoxin_contamination_incident
immunodiffusion. A strip of filter paper impregnated with diphtheria antitoxin is buried just beneath the surface of a special agar plate before the
Elek's_test
Occupational disease
patient in September 2024. Obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody anthrax antitoxin, was used to successfully treat Welder's anthrax in September 2024. Perio
Welder's_anthrax
Statue in Central Park, Manhattan, New York, U.S.
dogs on the final leg of the 1925 serum run to Nome, in which diphtheria antitoxin was transported from Anchorage, Alaska, to Nenana, Alaska, by train and
Statue_of_Balto
Transfer of antibodies between organisms
1890 discovery of an antitoxin-based immunity to diphtheria and tetanus by Emil Adolf von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburō, antitoxin became the first major
Passive_immunity
2019 American film
them. When he realizes it's diphtheria, he immediately looks for the antitoxin, but in vain. Welch then decides to warn the mayor of the town and so
The_Great_Alaskan_Race
TADB is a database of Type 2 toxin-antitoxin loci in bacterial and archaeal genomes. Toxin-antitoxin system Shao, Yucheng; Harrison Ewan M; Bi Dexi; Tai
Toxin-antitoxin_database
Siberian husky and sled dog (1919–1933)
Kaasen on the final leg of the 1925 serum run to Nome, in which diphtheria antitoxin was transported from Anchorage, Alaska, to Nenana, Alaska, by train and
Balto
Topics referred to by the same term
(horse), milk wagon horse used to produce serum containing diphtheria antitoxin Jim (Medal of Honor recipient) Jim (book), a book about Jim Brown written
Jim
Norwegian-American musher (1882–1960)
musher who delivered a cylinder containing 300,000 units of diphtheria antitoxin to Nome, Alaska, in 1925, as the last leg of a dog sled relay that saved
Gunnar_Kaasen
(virulence associated proteins B and C) is the largest family of type II toxin-antitoxin system genetic loci in prokaryotes. VapBC operons consist of two genes:
VapBC
2019 film by Ericson Core
titular sled dog in the 1925 serum run to Nome to transport diphtheria antitoxin serum through harsh conditions during an epidemic of diphtheria. The film
Togo_(film)
State of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process
1890 discovery by Behring and Kitasato of antitoxin based immunity to diphtheria and tetanus, the antitoxin became the first major success of modern therapeutic
Immunity_(medicine)
RNA antitoxin
antisense RNA antitoxin that overlaps 2 toxins: 3' end of yonT and yoyJ at its 5'end. In type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems the antitoxin is a small RNA
Bacillus subtilis type I antitoxin SR6
Bacillus_subtilis_type_I_antitoxin_SR6
City in Alaska, U.S.
blizzard conditions prevented the delivery of a life-saving diphtheria antitoxin serum by airplane from Anchorage. A relay of dog sled teams was organized
Nome,_Alaska
Protein domain
PIN-domain proteins found in prokaryotes are the toxic components of toxin-antitoxin operons. These loci provide a control mechanism that helps free-living
PIN_domain
Infectious disease
toxin-producing strains cause scarlet fever in people who do not already have antitoxin antibodies. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins – SPEs A, B, C, and F have
Scarlet_fever
Bacterial infection characterized by muscle spasms
without tetanus immunoglobulin (also called tetanus antibodies or tetanus antitoxin).) It can be given as intravenous therapy or by intramuscular injection
Tetanus
Aspect of immunity
animals in an attempt to demonstrate that immunized serum contained an antitoxin that could neutralize the activity of the toxin and could transfer immunity
Humoral_immunity
RNA family
small non-coding RNAs which repress the protein LdrD in a type I toxin-antitoxin system. It was discovered in Escherichia coli strain K-12 in a long direct
LdrD-RdlD toxin-antitoxin system
LdrD-RdlD_toxin-antitoxin_system
1928 medical disaster
in New Zealand and Cape Town, South Africa. All bottles of the toxin-antitoxin (TAT) serum used in Bundaberg were recalled within two days. However,
Bundaberg_tragedy
Substance or procedure that ends a medical condition
Behring and colleagues produced antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus toxins from 1890. The use of diphtheria antitoxin to treat diphtheria was considered
Cure
SprA1/SPrA1as toxin/antitoxin system identified in Staphylococcus aureus, belongs to the Type I system encoding toxin protein: SprA1 and antitoxin RNA: SprA1as
SprA1/SprA1as toxin/antitoxin system
SprA1/SprA1as_toxin/antitoxin_system
American bacteriologist
cultivated—later named Park-Williams No. 8—was instrumental in producing an antitoxin that helped bring the disease under control. Williams also developed the
Anna_Wessels_Williams
Chemical compound
paralysis. In the last few years there are some new developments to create an antitoxin or a vaccine for the toxic snake bites. In 2005 a genetic vaccine for
Cobratoxin
Pharmaceutical drug
Digoxin immune fab or digoxin-specific antibody is an antidote for overdose of digoxin. It is made from immunoglobulin fragments from sheep that have already
Digoxin_immune_fab
Blood serum containing antibodies; used to spread passive immunity
virology laboratories. The most common use of antiserum in humans is as antitoxin or antivenom to treat envenomation.[citation needed] Serum therapy, also
Antiserum
Australian pediatrician and entomologist (1861 – 1947)
missionary Frederick Storrs-Turner. He introduced the use of diphtheria antitoxin to Australia in 1895, and resided in Dauphin Terrace, Highgate Hill, Brisbane
Alfred_Jefferis_Turner
American microbiologist
1881 – August 21, 1963) was an American physician who co-developed an antitoxin and vaccine for scarlet fever with her husband, George F. Dick. Gladys
Gladys_Dick
The dinQ-agrB type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system was initially identified in Escherichia coli. This type I TA system is induced by the bacterial DNA damage
DinQ-agrB toxin-antitoxin system
DinQ-agrB_toxin-antitoxin_system
United States historic place
Nome, it was used to inform the residents of Nome that the diphtheria antitoxin was on its way. The three buildings are single-story frame structures
The_Wireless_Station
Biochemical process related to DNA damage
The TisB-IstR toxin-antitoxin system is the first known toxin-antitoxin system which is induced by the SOS response in response to DNA damage. IstR sRNA
TisB-IstR toxin-antitoxin system
TisB-IstR_toxin-antitoxin_system
Organisms used to study biology across species
disease. The diphtheria antitoxin is famously commemorated in the Iditarod race, which is modeled after the delivery of antitoxin in the 1925 serum run
Model_organism
Species of endospore forming bacterium
"Investigational Heptavalent Botulinum Antitoxin (HBAT) to Replace Licensed Botulinum Antitoxin AB and Investigational Botulinum Antitoxin E". Morbidity and Mortality
Clostridium_botulinum
hands (86.5 inches; 220 cm) high Jim, a horse used to produce diphtheria antitoxin but which contracted tetanus, causing contamination of some of the samples
List_of_historical_horses
School of public health at the University of Toronto
laboratory animals. Gooderham requested the antitoxin laboratories and farm facility be renamed the Connaught Antitoxin Laboratories and University Farm, in
Dalla Lana School of Public Health
Dalla_Lana_School_of_Public_Health
Toxin harmful to nervous tissue
aimed at attenuating neurotoxin-mediated injury, such as antioxidant and antitoxin administration. Exposure to neurotoxins in society is not new, as civilizations
Neurotoxin
Reluctance or refusal of vaccines
vaccines and the introduction of antitoxin treatment for diphtheria. Injection of horse serum into humans as used in antitoxin can cause hypersensitivity,
Vaccine_hesitancy
RNA family
The TxpA/RatA toxin-antitoxin system was first identified in Bacillus subtilis. It consists of a non-coding 222nt sRNA called RatA (RNA anti-toxin A)
TxpA-RatA toxin-antitoxin system
TxpA-RatA_toxin-antitoxin_system
Norwegian-American sled dog breeder, trainer, and musher (1877–1967)
diphtheria antitoxin serum. However, the town's supply was insufficient and of presumably low efficacy, being past its expiry date. Without the antitoxin, estimated
Leonhard_Seppala
Calendar year
1925 serum run to Nome (the "Great Race of Mercy") relays diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled across the U.S. Territory of Alaska to combat an epidemic
1925
Veterinary medical products classification subgroup
ATCvet code QI08 Immunologicals for Leporidae is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System for veterinary medicinal
ATCvet_code_QI08
Common soil bacterium and the causative agent of tetanus
theory of Kitasato Shibasaburō. In 1897, Edmond Nocard showed that tetanus antitoxin induced passive immunity in humans, and could be used for prophylaxis
Clostridium_tetani
Antibiotic resistance caused by a plasmid
contain addiction-inducing systems that are typically based on toxin-antitoxin factors and capable of killing daughter cells that don't inherit the plasmid
Plasmid-mediated_resistance
U.S.-based biopharmaceutical company
Canada approved the purchase of Emergent's new botulism antitoxin called Botulism Antitoxin Heptavalent (BAT). The CDC and Public Health Agency of Canada
Emergent_BioSolutions
City in Alaska, United States
was the starting point for the 1925 serum run to Nome, after diphtheria antitoxin had been transported by rail from Anchorage. It was carried by dog sled
Nenana,_Alaska
Weakened form of a toxin, often used for vaccines
before inactivation. Toxoids are also useful in the production of human antitoxins. Multiple doses of tetanus toxoid are used by many plasma centers in the
Toxoid
1897 painting by Pablo Picasso
diphtheria at the age of seven in 1895. Unfortunately, a newly discovered antitoxin for diphtheria was only available to wealthy Spanish families and therefore
Science_and_Charity
hospitals where the scarlet fever serum was not administered. Moser's antitoxin reduced the mortality of scarlet fever by 40%. At no time was the volume
Scarlet_fever_serum
Toxin from bacteria that destroys or disrupts cells
These retain their antigenic specificity and can be used to produce antitoxins and, in the case of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, are used as vaccines
Exotoxin
Group of antibiotics derived from fungi
human tetanus immune globulin), diphtheria (as an adjunctive therapy to antitoxin and for the prevention of the carrier state), erysipelothrix endocarditis
Penicillin
vest" as a fail safe, and when he disobeys orders to test an experimental antitoxin on himself—"Once he does that, and it doesn't work, then they put him
List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters
List_of_Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D._characters
Protein family
by the R1 plasmid in Escherichia coli. It was the first type I toxin-antitoxin pair to be identified through characterisation of a plasmid-stabilising
Hok/sok_system
Federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 was put in place after a diphtheria antitoxin derived from tetanus-contaminated serum caused the deaths of thirteen
Food_and_Drug_Administration
Hand game for two players or more
Heinemann, J. A.; Brown, S. P. (11 July 2012). "The coevolution of toxin and antitoxin genes drives the dynamics of bacterial addiction complexes and intragenomic
Rock_paper_scissors
Use of animals in experiments
to further medical advances, such as the production of the diphtheria antitoxin and the 1922 discovery of insulin and its use in treating diabetes, which
Animal_testing
Ruined castle in Romania
there was about a half an inch between the two wounds. He gave me an antitoxin shot, but I was sick with nausea, fever and malaise for about 24 hours
Poenari_Castle
United States Government Emergency Stockpile
States' national repository of antibiotics, vaccines, chemical antidotes, antitoxins, and other critical medical supplies. Its website states: "The Strategic
Strategic_National_Stockpile
Substance that can counteract a form of poisoning
venom cytotoxicity. Look up antidote in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Antitoxin Antivenom Snakebite Universal antidote Shapur ibn Sahl "antidote" at Dorland's
Antidote
Medication used to treat bites by venomous snakes
Snake antivenom is a medication made up of antibodies used to treat snake bites by venomous snakes. It is a type of antivenom. It is a biological product
Snake_antivenom
Fictional character in DC Comics
mercenaries, and aviators around the globe, including guns, poisons and antitoxins, martial arts, acrobatics, and bomb-making. Upon learning that the man
Jason_Todd
Fictional James Bond villain
spike Bond's drink with digitalis. Bond almost dies, but, thanks to an antitoxin kit in his car, a defibrillator, and Vesper's timely assistance, he is
Le_Chiffre
Italian bacteriologist, physician
on guinea pigs, identifying what was later called the Tizzoni-Cattani antitoxin which became a basis for the treatment of the disease. Giuseppina Cattani
Giuseppina Cattani (physician)
Giuseppina_Cattani_(physician)
University hospital in Berlin
known as a "saviour of children" for his 1894 discovery of a diphtheria antitoxin at a time when diphtheria was a major cause of child death (among many
Charité
Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux 1890 – First vaccine for tetanus (serum antitoxin) by Emil von Behring 1896 – First vaccine for typhoid fever by Almroth
Timeline_of_human_vaccines
Concept in biology, precursor to chemotherapy
had been investigating antibacterial agents and discovered a diphtheria antitoxin (that is, antibodies that target a biological toxin produced by the diphtheria
Magic_bullet_(medicine)
2024 film
urges Ella to seek out Lazarus and gives her the final ingredient for the antitoxin, before Ella jumps off and glides to safety, and O'Connors recaptures
The_Fix_(2024_film)
French veterinarian and biologist (1886–1963)
1038/nature.2016.20781. S2CID 165001434. "On the standardization of diphtheria antitoxin: in view of active immunization of man 1932". National Library of Medicine
Gaston_Ramon
RNA family
SymE-SymR toxin-antitoxin system consists of a small symbiotic endonuclease toxin, SymE, and a non-coding RNA symbiotic RNA antitoxin, SymR, which inhibits
SymE-SymR toxin-antitoxin system
SymE-SymR_toxin-antitoxin_system
Canadian immunologist
2021-10-04. Cinader B. The interaction of some problems in tetanus toxin and antitoxin. [Order No. U475881]. University of London, Lister Institute of Preventive
Bernhard_Cinader
Protein used in CRISPR
discussion postulated that Cas1-Cas2 had an evolutionary origin as a toxin-antitoxin complex. This could result in a change in the evolutionary model of the
Cas1
total, totality tox- arrow, bow, poison Greek τόξον (tóxon) anatoxin, antitoxin, autotoxin, exotoxin, intoxicate, neurotoxin, psychotoxic, toxic, toxin
List of Greek and Latin roots in English/P–Z
List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English/P–Z
Pharmaceutical company in Pennsylvania, United States
for the production of a diphtheria antitoxin. In 1895, it became the first commercial producer of diphtheria antitoxin in the United States. The company
H._K._Mulford_Company
Species of venomous cephalopod
decompose during heating or boiling and there is no known antidote or antitoxin for this toxin. It is believed that the TTX serves as a hunting tool for
Greater_blue-ringed_octopus
Couples awarded the Nobel Prize
by neutralization of the toxin with specific antitoxin, passive immunization and treatment with antitoxin, toxin test for susceptibility and active immunization)
List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize
List_of_couples_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize
Species of bacterium
spontaneously or as in two known cases improve with injected botulism antitoxin. As of 2015[update], the environmental source of this bacterium is unknown
Clostridium_baratii
American multinational pharmaceutical company
immunization of cavalry horses in World War I and delivery of a diphtheria antitoxin to Merck & Co. In 1943, streptomycin was discovered during a Merck-funded
Merck_&_Co.
Species of bacterium
for growth in artificial (axenic) culture. QpH1 also contains a toxin-antitoxin system, which may help the plasmid remain stable in the bacteria. Among
Coxiella_burnetii
Virus that infects bacteria
(September 2022). "Bacterial retrons encode phage-defending tripartite toxin-antitoxin systems". Nature. 609 (7925): 144–150. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..144B. doi:10
Bacteriophage
American politician
known for making the decision to use dog sleds to transport diphtheria antitoxin 674 miles rather than use a plane in the now-famous 1925 Serum Run, (also
Scott_Cordelle_Bone
Porcelain water filter
filtration. Identification of these toxins contributed to the development of antitoxins to treat such diseases. It was also discovered that a type of substance
Chamberland_filter
ANTITOXIN
ANTITOXIN
ANTITOXIN
ANTITOXIN
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Proof of the Religion Islam
Boy/Male
Australian, Indian
Thought
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Gods Lover
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Tamil
Wisdom
Girl/Female
Polish
Christian.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Calm; Dewdrop; Snowdrop; Peace; Lovely; Friendly
Girl/Female
Indian
A River Name
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Gift from God.
Girl/Female
Arabic
Beautiful; Pretty; Better; Acknowledge
ANTITOXIN
ANTITOXIN
ANTITOXIN
ANTITOXIN
ANTITOXIN
n.
Alt. of Antitoxine
n.
A substance (sometimes the product of a specific micro-organism and sometimes naturally present in the blood or tissues of an animal), capable of producing immunity from certain diseases, or of counteracting the poisonous effects of pathogenic bacteria.