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Type of cascade reaction of the complement system
The alternative pathway is a type of cascade reaction of the complement system and is a component of the innate immune system, a natural defense against
Alternative complement pathway
Alternative_complement_pathway
Aspect of the immune system
classical complement pathway is one of three pathways which activate the complement system, which is part of the immune system. The classical complement pathway
Classical_complement_pathway
Part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells
biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the lectin pathway. The alternative
Complement_system
Class of serine proteases
formation can occur in three different pathways: the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. Cleavage of complement C3 by a free floating convertase,
C3-convertase
Type of cascade reaction in the complement system
lectin pathway or MBL pathway is a type of cascade reaction in the complement system, similar in structure to the classical complement pathway, in that
Lectin_pathway
Class of enzymes
the bloodstream. The encoded protein is a component of the alternative complement pathway best known for its role in humoral suppression of infectious
Factor_D
Protein found in humans
activation of the complement system. Its activation is required for both classical and alternative complement activation pathways. People with C3 deficiency
Complement_component_3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
encoded by the CFP (complement factor properdin) gene. Properdin and factor H are regulatory proteins in the alternative complement pathway. Properdin is an
Properdin
Protein family
response. Different complement receptors can participate in either the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, or both. White blood
Complement_receptor
Alternative-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase (EC 3.4.21.47, complement component C3/C5 convertase (alternative), proenzyme factor B, properdin factor
Alternative-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase
Alternative-complement-pathway_C3/C5_convertase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
alternative pathway of complement activation. Factor B circulates in the blood as a single chain polypeptide. Upon activation of the alternative pathway, it is
Complement_factor_B
American physician
was an American immunologist, an early investigator of the alternative complement pathway (a system of defense not dependent upon antibodies). Pillemer
Louis_Pillemer
Protein complex
classical complement pathway of the complement system. The antibodies IgM and all IgG subclasses except IgG4 are able to initiate the complement system.
Complement_component_1q
Antisense oligonucleotide therapy under development
(mRNA) of the complement factor B (CFB) gene, preventing CFB protein production. CFB is a key component of the alternative pathway of complement activation
Sefaxersen
Infectious disease caused by Borrelia bacteria, spread by ticks
disease spirochetes to the bacteriolytic activities of the alternative complement pathway of various host species may determine its reservoir host association
Lyme_disease
Protein found in humans
H is to regulate the alternative pathway of the complement system, a key component of innate immunity. It ensures that complement activation is directed
Factor_H
Medical diagnostic method
"Simplified assays of hemolytic activity of the classical and alternative complement pathways". Journal of Immunological Methods. 72 (1): 49–59. doi:10
Total_complement_activity
Protein complex
(complement component 1, C1) is a protein complex involved in the complement system. It is the first component of the classical complement pathway and
C1_complex
Medical condition
immunoglobulins inhibit factor H (a complement regulatory protein) causing uninhibited activation of the alternative complement pathway and C3 deposition in the
Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance
Monoclonal_gammopathy_of_renal_significance
Species of bacterium that can cause meningitis
species is the main inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway. fHbp protects meningococci from complement-mediated death in human serum experiments
Neisseria_meningitidis
than the alternative pathway, which is constantly active, C3a formation is triggered by pathogenic infection. The classical pathway of complement activation
C3a_(complement)
Linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell
energy (anabolic pathway), or break down complex molecules and release energy in the process (catabolic pathway). The two pathways complement each other in
Metabolic_pathway
Lebanese physician
the complement C3bBb convertase that activates the alternative complement pathway, a finding that suggested the potential of B cell or complement C5 depletion
M._Amin_Arnaout
Species of bacterium
M protein also inhibits opsonization by the alternative complement pathway by binding to host complement regulators. The M protein found on some serotypes
Streptococcus_pyogenes
Part of the innate immune system
cleavage can occur via three mechanisms (classical pathway, alternative pathway and lectin pathway) that ultimately lead to the formation of a C3 convertase
C3b
Once deposited the complexes cause type III HS activating the alternative complement pathway (reduces C3, normal C4) inducing leukocyte proliferation alongside
Endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis
Endocapillary_proliferative_glomerulonephritis
Type of immune system molecule
even be required. Complement proteins involved in innate opsonization include C4b, C3b and iC3b. In the alternative pathway of complement activation, circulating
Opsonin
Key component of arthropod innate immune system
complement pathway in particular the alternative complement pathway is evolutionary ancient. The TEP1 cascade most closely resembles the alternative pathway
Thioester-containing protein 1
Thioester-containing_protein_1
Autoimmune vascular inflammatory disease
type III hypersensitivity reaction). The activation of the alternative complement pathway results in the deposition of IgA aggregates or IgA complexes
Henoch–Schönlein_purpura
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
the C3bBb C3 convertase of the alternative pathway. Thus, by limiting the amplification convertases of the complement cascade, DAF indirectly blocks the
Decay-accelerating_factor
Chemical compound
the alternative complement pathway and regulates the cleavage of C3, generation of downstream effectors, and the amplification of the terminal pathway. In
Iptacopan
Medical condition
is caused by a problem with alternative complement pathway regulation, rather than activation of the complement system by other diseases. In addition,
CFHR5_nephropathy
Medical condition
associated with the dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. DDD is associated with deposition of complement C3 within the glomeruli with little
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Membranoproliferative_glomerulonephritis
Medical condition
entire complement pathway. Consequently, levels of all complement proteins become low. The complement pathway is composed of several subset pathways: the
Urticarial_vasculitis
Protein complex
three pathways of the complement system (classical, lectin and alternative pathways) initiate the formation of MAC. Another complement protein, C6, binds
Complement membrane attack complex
Complement_membrane_attack_complex
Serine protease that plays key role in innate immunity
physiological complement enzymes, associate to the cell-surface and mediate the classical pathway (C4b2b3b, or C4b2a3b depending on source) or the alternative pathway
C5-convertase
Norwegian immunologist
documented the same for the lectin pathway, emphasizing the crucial role of the alternative pathway in complement-mediated inflammation and tissue damage
Tom_Mollnes
Index of enzymes associated with the same name
The term C3 convertase may refer to: C3-convertase, an enzyme Alternative-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase, an enzyme This set index page lists enzyme
C3_convertase
Tendency of material in contact with blood to produce a clot
Side-by-side, the alternative complement pathway is often engaged, especially on hydrophobic or amine-rich polymers, when complement component C3 becomes
Thrombogenicity
Disease of blood and kidneys after bacterial infection
the alternative complement pathway and also interferes with complement regulation by binding to complement factor H, an inhibitor of the complement system
Hemolytic–uremic_syndrome
Causes of tick-borne disease
important in allowing B. burgdorferi to evade killing by the alternative complement pathway of a broad range of potential animal hosts, as individual Erp
Microbiology_of_Lyme_disease
Protein involved in the immune system
participates in all three of the complement pathways (classical, alternative, and lectin); the alternative pathway is "triggered spontaneously," while
Complement_component_4
Parasitic disease that results in diarrhea
trophozoites as well as excystation and encystation. The lectin pathway of complement is activated by mannose-binding lectin (MBL), which binds to N-acetylglucosamine
Giardiasis
Overview of and topical guide to immunology
Innate immune system Complement system Classical complement pathway Mannan-binding lectin pathway Alternate complement pathway Complement membrane attack complex
Outline_of_immunology
Independent education without the guidance of teachers
a subject through self-study. Autodidacticism may involve, complement, or be an alternative to formal education. Formal education itself may have a hidden
Autodidacticism
American medical immunologist
antigens. To support this thesis, he has 1) determined how the alternative complement pathway of innate immunity attaches C3 to microbial antigens; 2) demonstrated
Douglas_Fearon
Biopharmaceutical company
in tissues. Complement Factor D is a member of the trypsin family of peptidases and is a component of the alternative complement pathway. When Genentech
Tanox
Doctor, academic, and author
of ANCA disease, including the discovery of a key role for alternative complement pathway activation and C5a receptor engagement, which can be targeted
J._Charles_Jennette
with pattern recognition molecules of the complement system and regulating the lectin pathway of complement activation". Journal of Immunology. 183 (11):
Map44
Protein
(March 1980). "Biosynthesis of the complement components and the regulatory proteins of the alternative complement pathway by human peripheral blood monocytes"
Complement_factor_I
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
lectin pathway of the complement system and is responsible for activating MASP-2 and MASP-3. It is also involved in the process of cleaving complement proteins
MASP1
Medical condition
three of these pathways (see the pages for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway). Each of these pathways involves the formation
Complement_3_deficiency
Protein found in humans
subprimate mammals produces two types of complement receptor (CR1, ca. 200 kDa; CR2, ca. 145 kDa) via alternative mRNA splicing. The murine Cr2 gene contains
Complement_receptor_1
classical-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase EC 3.4.21.45: complement factor I EC 3.4.21.46: complement factor D EC 3.4.21.47: alternative-complement-pathway C3/C5
List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)
Topics referred to by the same term
an initialism for B factor, a triggering protein of the alternative pathway of complement activation Bellman–Ford algorithm, a graph and tree search
BF
Immunity strategy in living beings
Berche P, Colomb MG (December 1993). "Activation of the human complement alternative pathway by Listeria monocytogenes: evidence for direct binding and proteolysis
Innate_immune_system
Protein part of the complement system
factor B, thus preventing amplification of the complement cascade through the alternative pathway. Complement factor I can further cleave iC3b into a protein
IC3b
Protein found in humans
formation of the MAC occurs through three distinct pathways: the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways. Pore formation by C9 is an important way that
Complement_component_9
Cascade of intracellular and molecular events for transmission/amplification of signals
which is a chain of biochemical events known as a signaling pathway. When signaling pathways interact with one another they form networks, which allow cellular
Signal_transduction
Protein-coding gene in humans
innate immune system called the alternative complement pathway. Like complement factor H, CFHR5 is able to bind to complement C3. A mutation in CHFR5 was
CFHR5
Medication
It is a complement inhibitor which reversibly binds to factor D to prevent alternative pathway-mediated hemolysis and deposition of complement C3 proteins
Danicopan
Antibody isotype
elimination of the pathogen itself; IgG activates the classical pathway of the complement system, a cascade of immune protein production that results in
Immunoglobulin_G
Reaction occurring within an organism as a defence against a pathogen
pathways ensures that complement will still be functional if one pathway ceases to work or a foreign invader is able to evade one of these pathways (defense
Immune_response
Protein found in humans
into the phospholipid bilayer of the pathogen. Terminal complement pathway deficiency Complement+C7 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject
Complement_component_7
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
phagocytes. The complement system can be activated through three pathways: the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway. One way the
Mannan-binding_lectin
Protein found in humans
(1992). "Formation and structure of the C5b-7 complex of the lytic pathway of complement". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (24): 17087–94. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)41897-2
Complement_component_5
Overreaction of the immune system to an antigen
is a poor activator of complement. In contrast, IgM is among the most potent activators of the classical pathway of complement activation of all the isotypes
Hypersensitivity
idea that the ancestors of modern humans took a divergent evolutionary pathway from the other great apes by becoming adapted to a more aquatic habitat
List_of_pseudoscience_topics
Complement control proteins are proteins that interact with components of the complement system. The complement system is tightly regulated by a network
Complement_control_protein
Energy collected from renewable resources
101667. PMC 7326412. PMID 32835007. World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5°C Pathway. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency. 2021. p. 24. ISBN 978-92-9260-334-2
Renewable_energy
Protein found in humans
subprimate mammals produces two types of complement receptor (CR1, ca. 200 kDa; CR2, ca. 145 kDa) via alternative mRNA splicing. The murine Cr2 gene contains
Complement_receptor_2
British immunologist (1931–2020)
elucidates the spontaneous activation of complement component C3 and its amplification via the alternative pathway. This concept has been pivotal in understanding
Peter_Lachmann
Medical condition
Activating complement pathways plays a large role in mediating inflammation. The classical pathway, lectin pathway, and alternative pathway of complement are
Diffuse proliferative nephritis
Diffuse_proliferative_nephritis
Technology used to validate protein interactions
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (also known as BiFC) is a technology typically used to validate protein interactions. It is based on the association
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation
Bimolecular_fluorescence_complementation
Mammalian protein found in humans
increasingly adopted by the community of scientists working on the mTOR pathway to refer to the protein and in homage to the original discovery of the
MTOR
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
nuclear protein complex. This gene encodes the protein for complementation group B. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding the
FANCB
Antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes
IgG, which activate complement through the classical pathway, IgA can activate complement via the alternative and lectin pathways. The high prevalence
Immunoglobulin_A
Vision loss due to damage to the macula of the eye
Kunchithapautham K, et al. (2010). "A Targeted Inhibitor of the Complement Alternative Pathway Reduces RPE Injury and Angiogenesis in Models of Age-Related
Macular_degeneration
Medical diagnostic method
anemia. False-negative results can occur when complement activity is absent in the serum. A simpler alternative called the sugar water test also involves
Sucrose_lysis_test
Signal to activate immune cells
for B cells is provided alternatively by complement receptors. Microbes may activate the complement system directly and complement component C3b bind to
Co-stimulation
turn), and the adhesive head. Pilus biogenesis proceeds via the strand complementation mechanism, the mechanism functions as a direct consequence of the structures
Chaperone-usher_fimbriae
Different forms of the table of elements
spiral periodic table: In hexagonal form 2003 — Chemical galaxy II: Starry pathway to link the elements, express the astronomical reach of chemistry, stimulate
Types_of_periodic_tables
Energy that responsibly meets social, economic, and environmental needs
and the economies of developing countries. Climate change mitigation pathways have been proposed to limit global warming to 2 °C (3.6 °F). These include
Sustainable_energy
Type of autoimmune arthritis
Goeldner I, de Messias-Reason IJ (2012). "Relevance of the lectin pathway of complement in rheumatic diseases". In Makowski G (ed.). Advances in Clinical
Rheumatoid_arthritis
Form of biological modelling
modelling, also known as metabolic network reconstruction or metabolic pathway analysis, allows for an in-depth insight into the molecular mechanisms
Metabolic_network_modelling
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
regulator of T-cell responses. This protein is also a receptor for the complement component 3 fragments C3b and iC3b. Alternate splicing results in multiple
V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 4
V-set_and_immunoglobulin_domain_containing_4
Type of stable macromolecular complex
Homooligomers are responsible for the diversity and specificity of many pathways, may mediate and regulate gene expression, activity of enzymes, ion channels
Protein_complex
Protein found in humans
Complement component 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C6 gene. Complement component 6 is a protein involved in the complement system. It
Complement_component_6
Species of bacterium
itself against the complement system (or complement cascade), whose components are found with human serum. There are three different pathways that activate
Neisseria_gonorrhoeae
Autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks healthy tissue
RNASEH2C, Complement component 1qA, Complement component 1qB, Complement component 1r, Complement component 1s, Complement component 2, Complement component
Lupus
Biological system protecting an organism against disease
immunity. The complement system and phagocytic cells are also used by most forms of invertebrate life. Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway are conserved
Immune_system
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
protein complex. The FANCA gene encodes the protein for complementation group A. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding
FANCA
Disease characterized by rapid swelling
angioedema, bradykinin formation is caused by continuous activation of the complement system due to a deficiency in one of its prime inhibitors, C1-esterase
Angioedema
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
upon the alternative NHEJ pathway for the repair of DNA double strand breaks. Although the increased activity of the alternative NHEJ pathway causes genomic
DNA_ligase_3
Vaccine development via genomics to find antigens
complement factor H in humans. Binding to the complement factor H allows for meningococcus to grow in human blood while blocking alternative pathways
Reverse_vaccinology
Aggressive type of brain cancer
controlling cell survival. The third pathway is defined by p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor pathway inactivation. Glioblastoma cells with
Glioblastoma
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
a number of proteins involved in the complement pathway, as well as extracellular matrix proteins. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding
THSD1
antibodies, if they are produced, which activate the classical pathway of the complement system. The cascade begins to work from C1 to C3b through C4b
Immune_adherence
Transplantation of cells or tissue across species
family. The binding of XNAs initiate complement activation through the classical complement pathway. Complement activation causes a cascade of events
Xenotransplantation
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
tumor progression. Alternatively, LRP1 may regulate focal adhesion disassembly of cancer cells through the ERK and JNK pathways to aid invasion. Moreover
LRP1
ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT-PATHWAY
ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT-PATHWAY
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Compliments happiness
Girl/Female
Tamil
Fit, Competent, Administrator
Boy/Male
Hindu
Competent, Powerful
Boy/Male
Muslim
Competent
Boy/Male
Hindi
Competent.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Compliments, Happiness
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Competent.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, German
Alternative of God
Girl/Female
Indian
Competent.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Competent
Boy/Male
Indian
Compliments, Happiness
Boy/Male
Japanese
Complacent; satisfied.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Competent. Well disposed.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Competent
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Competent
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Competent
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Competent
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sakshain | ஸாகà¯à®·à¯€à®¨
Competent, Powerful
Sakshain | ஸாகà¯à®·à¯€à®¨
Girl/Female
Indian
Competent
Girl/Female
Hindu
Fit, Competent, Administrator
ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT-PATHWAY
ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT-PATHWAY
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sahastrabahu | ஸஹஸà¯à®¤à¯à®°à®ªà®¾à®¹à¯
One with thousand arms
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
True
Boy/Male
Tamil
A message or tidings or that which is heard, Rock that can penetrate metal
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Coldest
Boy/Male
Muslim
Supporter. Protector. Granting victory.
Girl/Female
Indian
Successful
Male
English
English unisex form of Norman French Josce, JOYCE means "lord." In the Middle Ages, this was a masculine name, now it is almost strictly feminine.Â
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Sweet
Boy/Male
British, English
Place Name; The Brook
Boy/Male
Hindu
Shri
ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT-PATHWAY
ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT-PATHWAY
ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT-PATHWAY
ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT-PATHWAY
ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT-PATHWAY
a.
Alternate; reciprocal.
n.
Alternate succession; alternation; a mingling.
adv.
In the manner of alternatives, or that admits the choice of one out of two things.
v. t.
A compliment.
v. t.
To praise, flatter, or gratify, by expressions of approbation, respect, or congratulation; to make or pay a compliment to.
v. i.
To happen, succeed, or act by turns; to follow reciprocally in place or time; -- followed by with; as, the flood and ebb tides alternate with each other.
a.
Self-satisfied; contented; kindly; as, a complacent temper; a complacent smile.
v. t.
To compliment.
n.
The reciprocal succession of things in time or place; the act of following and being followed by turns; alternate succession, performance, or occurrence; as, the alternation of day and night, cold and heat, summer and winter, hope and fear.
n.
An argument which presents an antagonist with two or more alternatives, but is equally conclusive against him, whichever alternative he chooses.
a.
Designating the members in a series, which regularly intervene between the members of another series, as the odd or even numbers of the numerals; every other; every second; as, the alternate members 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. ; read every alternate line.
n.
An expression, by word or act, of approbation, regard, confidence, civility, or admiration; a flattering speech or attention; a ceremonious greeting; as, to send one's compliments to a friend.
a.
Disjunctive; as, an alternative conjunction.
v. t.
To provide with an implement or implements; to cause to be fulfilled, satisfied, or carried out, by means of an implement or implements.
v. i.
To pass compliments; to use conventional expressions of respect.
v. t.
To supply a lack; to supplement.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Alternate
n.
An alterative.
n.
Either of two things or propositions offered to one's choice. Thus when two things offer a choice of one only, the two things are called alternatives.
v. t.
The interval wanting to complete the octave; -- the fourth is the complement of the fifth, the sixth of the third.