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Key size for symmetric encryption
40-bit encryption refers to a (now broken) key size of forty bits, or five bytes, for symmetric encryption; this represents a relatively low level of security
40-bit_encryption
Key size for symmetric encryption
computing, 56-bit encryption refers to a key size of fifty-six bits, or seven bytes, for symmetric encryption. While stronger than 40-bit encryption, this still
56-bit_encryption
Transfer from the United States to another country of technology related to cryptography
for non-encryption use of cryptography (and satellite TV descramblers) and a deal between NSA and the Software Publishers Association made 40-bit RC2 and
Export of cryptography from the United States
Export_of_cryptography_from_the_United_States
RAM, which stores a 40-bit encryption key. This key is used to encipher a 40-bit challenge issued by the reader, producing a 40-bit ciphertext, which is
Digital_signature_transponder
Measure of cryptographic strength
Crypto (PDF). Real World Crypto Symposium. Computational hardness assumption 40-bit encryption Cipher security summary Hash function security summary
Security_level
Attempts to limit access to strong cryptography
in the U.S., ended up with the 'International' version, whose weak 40-bit encryption could be broken in a matter of days using a single personal computer
Crypto_Wars
Block cipher
but seldom found elsewhere. It gained popularity in Korea because 40-bit encryption was not considered strong enough, so the Korea Information Security
SEED
Term applied to cryptographic systems that are highly resistant to cryptanalysis
defined as a number of bits in the key. For example, the United States government, when dealing with export control of encryption, considered as of 1999[update]
Strong_cryptography
Cryptographic algorithm
IBM in 1992 to reduce the security strength of the 56-bit DES cipher to that of 40-bit encryption, at the time a requirement of U.S. restrictions on export
CDMF
private network (VPN) connections. 128-bit key (strong), 56-bit key, and 40-bit key (standard) MPPE encryption schemes are supported. MPPE provides data
Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption
Microsoft_Point-to-Point_Encryption
Type of data transmitted by a web browser
different encryption strengths. "U" stands for "USA" (for the version with 128-bit encryption), "I" stands for "International" – the browser has 40-bit encryption
User-Agent_header
Network communication protocol for providing shared access to resources
protocols initially used 40-bit encryption outside of the United States, because of export restrictions on stronger 128-bit encryption (subsequently lifted
Server_Message_Block
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
Encryption Standard (DES /ˌdiːˌiːˈɛs, dɛz/) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits
Data_Encryption_Standard
Radio standard
encryption or Tytera's Basic Encrypt encryption. The DMRA now manages an interoperable voice and data encryption scheme for DMR. 40 Bit ARC4, 64 bit DES
Digital_mobile_radio
Russian software company
recovery of Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel documents protected with 40-bit encryption. The technology first appeared in 2007 and employs the time–memory
ElcomSoft
Block cipher
In cryptography, the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA) is a block cipher which was used for securing mobile phones in the United States. CMEA
Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm
Cellular_Message_Encryption_Algorithm
Security bug
master secret (the other 88 bits can be any value sent by the client as plaintext). By brute forcing the 40-bit encryption, the ServerVerify message can
DROWN_attack
Digital rights management system used for DVD Video discs
management (DRM) and encryption system employed on many commercially produced DVD-Video discs. CSS utilizes a proprietary 40-bit stream cipher algorithm
Content_Scramble_System
Instruction set extensions accelerating AES operations
includes instructions for key expansion, encryption, and decryption using various key sizes (128-bit, 192-bit, and 256-bit). The instruction set is often implemented
AES_instruction_set
size (usually 128 or 256 bits). Because of this, disk encryption chiefly studies chaining modes, which expand the encryption block length to cover a whole
Disk_encryption_theory
Block cipher
cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits. It was one of the five finalists of the Advanced Encryption Standard contest, but it was
Twofish
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
would no longer use 1024-bit public keys and would switch instead to 2048-bit keys to increase the security of the TLS encryption it provides to its users
Transport_Layer_Security
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
"NIST Releases First 3 Finalized Post-Quantum Encryption Standards". NIST. 13 August 2024. "BIKE – Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation". bikesuite.org. Retrieved
Post-quantum_cryptography
Browser compatibility issues
standard 128-bit SSL encryption was unavailable in Korea. Web browsers were only available to Koreans with weakened 40-bit encryption. In the late 1990s
Web compatibility issues in South Korea
Web_compatibility_issues_in_South_Korea
Family of archive file formats
DES, RC2, RC4 supported for encryption (not published online until the publication of APPNOTE 5.2) 5.2: (2003) AES encryption support for SES (defined in
ZIP_(file_format)
Deprecated security algorithm for wireless networks
64-bit encryption. When the restrictions were lifted, the encryption was increased to 128 bits. Despite the introduction of 256-bit WEP, 128-bit remains
Wired_Equivalent_Privacy
Input to a cryptographic primitive
needs to be unpredictable or unique. Randomization is crucial for some encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage
Initialization_vector
Family of block ciphers
In cryptography, SAFER (Secure and Fast Encryption Routine) is the name of a family of block ciphers designed primarily by James Massey (one of the designers
Secure and Fast Encryption Routine
Secure_and_Fast_Encryption_Routine
what might be called classical cryptography — that is, of methods of encryption that use pen and paper, or perhaps simple mechanical aids. In the early
History_of_cryptography
Basic component of symmetric key algorithms
Twofish encryption algorithms). One good example of a fixed table is the S-box from DES (S5), mapping 6-bit input into a 4-bit output: Given a 6-bit input
S-box
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
for utilizing keys and encryption. Symmetric cryptography refers to the practice of the same key being used for both encryption and decryption. Asymmetric
Key_(cryptography)
Stream cipher
48 bits, while the West Germans wanted stronger encryption to protect against East German spying, so the compromise became a key length of 54 bits. The
A5/1
cryptovariable for the bits that control the stream cipher, what the public cryptographic community calls a key. Data encryption key (DEK) used to encrypt
Glossary of cryptographic keys
Glossary_of_cryptographic_keys
Data encryption and authentication program
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is an encryption program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication for data communication. PGP is used for signing
Pretty_Good_Privacy
Malicious software used in ransom demands
sophisticated RSA encryption schemes, with ever-increasing key-sizes. Gpcode.AG, which was detected in June 2006, was encrypted with a 660-bit RSA public key
Ransomware
Type of cipher
one for encryption, E, and the other for decryption, D. Both algorithms accept two inputs: an input block of size n bits and a key of size k bits; and both
Block_cipher
Two-way radio system
only) Encryption: Internal Type II COMSEC supporting AES, DES, DVP, ADP algorithms Encryption key fill: CPS for software-based 40-bit ADP encryption, Key
AN/PRC-153
Security feature in Microsoft Office
hashes in the encryption algorithm, making brute-force and rainbow table attacks slower.[citation needed] Office 2016 uses, by default, 256-bit AES, the SHA-2
Microsoft Office password protection
Microsoft_Office_password_protection
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
replay-attacks. ephemeral, static: For example, used in ElGamal encryption or Integrated Encryption Scheme (IES). If used in key agreement it could provide implicit
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Videoconferencing software
December 17, 2020. Zoom did not employ end-to-end encryption... Zoom did not employ 256-bit Encryption... recorded Messages are not stored encrypted in
Zoom_(software)
Arcade system board developed by Capcom
Salmoria. It has been determined that the encryption employs two four-round Feistel ciphers with a 64-bit key. The algorithm was thereafter implemented
CP_System_II
Stream cipher
generates a pseudorandom stream of bits (a keystream). As with any stream cipher, these can be used for encryption by combining it with the plaintext
RC4
Tables for the Data Encryption Standard
referenced in the Data Encryption Standard (DES) block cipher. All bits and bytes are arranged in big endian order in this document. That is, bit number 1 is always
DES_supplementary_material
Security protocol for wireless computer networks
Privacy) is an early encryption protocol for wireless networks, designed to secure WLAN connections. It supports 64-bit and 128-bit keys, combining user-configurable
Wi-Fi_Protected_Access
Apple disk encryption software
FileVault is a disk encryption program in Mac OS X 10.3 Panther (2003) and later. It performs on-the-fly encryption with volumes on Mac computers. FileVault
FileVault
Computer architecture bit width
disk-to-memory methods. Some 64-bit programs, such as encoders, decoders and encryption software, can benefit greatly from 64-bit registers,[citation needed]
64-bit_computing
Encrypted voice communication
the encryption of voice communication over a range of communication types such as radio, telephone or IP. The implementation of voice encryption dates
Secure_voice
Cryptographic hash function
which takes an input and produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message digest – typically rendered as 40 hexadecimal digits. It was designed
SHA-1
Type of symmetric key cipher
encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state of the cipher, it is also known as state cipher. In practice, a digit is typically a bit and
Stream_cipher
g. AES encryption, SHA hash calculation and random number generation. 6 new instructions. The SubBytes and ShiftRows steps of an AES encryption round may
List of x86 cryptographic instructions
List_of_x86_cryptographic_instructions
Classified National Security Agency Type 1 encryption algorithm
SAVILLE is a classified NSA Type 1 encryption algorithm, developed in the late 1960s, jointly by the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) in the
SAVILLE
File archiver
hashing that can replace the default 32-bit CRC-32 file checksum Optional encryption using AES with a 256-bit key in CBC mode, using key derivation function
WinRAR
Netscape, is a defunct mechanism that was used to step up from 40-bit or 56-bit to 128-bit cipher suites with SSL. It was created in response to United
Server-Gated_Cryptography
Block cipher
the predecessors of Rijndael (the Advanced Encryption Standard). SHARK has a 64-bit block size and a 128-bit key size. It is a six-round SP-network which
SHARK
Set of cryptographic hash functions
applications such as optimal asymmetric encryption padding. To ensure the message can be evenly divided into r-bit blocks, padding is required. SHA-3 uses
SHA-3
Block cipher
or 16-round Feistel network with a 64-bit block size and a key size of between 40 and 128 bits (but only in 8-bit increments). The full 16 rounds are used
CAST-128
Method for expanding key to round keys in AES
The Advanced Encryption Standard uses a key schedule to expand a short key into a number of separate round keys. The three AES variants have a different
AES_key_schedule
Computer architecture bit width
architecture, 256-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 256 bits (32 octets) wide. Also, 256-bit central processing
256-bit_computing
Method of overwriting data
overwriting the encryption keys. Presently, dedicated hardware/firmware encryption solutions can perform a 256-bit full AES encryption faster than the
Data_erasure
Message-digest hashing algorithm
message-digest algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier
MD5
Family of instruction set architectures
microprocessor and its 8-bit-external-bus variant, the 8088. The 8086 was introduced in 1978 as a fully 16-bit extension of Intel's 8-bit 8080 microprocessor
X86
Extension to File Transfer Protocol (FTP) that adds security
limited to 40-bit SSL due to previous United States high-encryption export laws. It may not be advantageous to use control channel encryption under the
FTPS
Software suite
algorithms, WEP was effectively limited to 64-bit encryption. Of this, 40 bits were allocated to the key and 24 bits to the initialization vector (IV), to form
Aircrack-ng
Block cipher
the cipher was approved for export in 1989. Along with RC4, RC2 with a 40-bit key size was treated favourably under US export regulations for cryptography
RC2
Cipher design construction
4 input and 4 output bits), which is different from S-boxes in general that could also change the length, as in Data Encryption Standard (DES), for example
Substitution–permutation network
Substitution–permutation_network
Web browser for Windows released in 1997
Explorer 4 supported 40-bit and later 128-bit encryption through an add-on, using Server Gated Cryptography (SGC). A 256-bit encryption would not become available
Internet_Explorer_4
Project by NIST to standardize post-quantum cryptography
announced at PQCrypto 2016. Twenty-three signature schemes and fifty-nine encryption/KEM schemes were submitted by the initial submission deadline at the end
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization
US standard for secure communications
a 42-bit counter allows a call over three thousand years long before the encryption repeats. For Type 1 security, SCIP uses BATON, a 128-bit block design
Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol
Secure_Communications_Interoperability_Protocol
image encryption scheme which was based on SCAN language. Later on, with the emergence of chaos-based cryptography hundreds of new image encryption algorithms
Chaotic_cryptology
measurement. Small variations input data prevent the use of traditional encryption or hashing. The introduction of a fuzzy extractor was a pioneering contribution
Private_biometrics
Set of telecommunications standards
Standard (AES) encryption at up to 256 bits keylength, RC4 (40 bits, sold by Motorola as Advanced Digital Privacy), or no encryption. The RC4 Advanced
Project_25
Laws relating to encryption
that the use of cryptography with short key-lengths (56-bit for symmetric encryption, 512-bit for RSA) would no longer be export-controlled. Cryptography
Cryptography_law
Brand of smart and proximity cards
system and is not fake. In its highest security level SL3, using 128-bit AES encryption, MIFARE Plus is secured from attacks.[citation needed] MIFARE Plus
MIFARE
Block cipher
Кузнечик) is a symmetric block cipher. It has a block size of 128 bits and key length of 256 bits. It is defined in the National Standard of the Russian Federation
Kuznyechik
8-bit microprocessor
Data Encryption/Decryption Unit + 1 O/P Port. It encrypts and decrypts 64-bit blocks of data using the Federal Information Processing Data Encryption Standard
Intel_8085
64-bit extension of x86 architecture
x86-64 (also known as x86_64, AMD64, Intel 64 and x64) is a 64-bit extension of the x86 instruction set. It was announced in 1999 and first available
X86-64
Block cipher
pre-permuted, in 4 1024×32 bit lookup tables. Matthew Kwan, The Design of the ICE Encryption Algorithm, Fast Software Encryption 1997, pp. 69–82 [1]. Bart
ICE_(cipher)
Standard for serial communication between devices without host computer
supports bit rates from 40 kbit/s to 1 Mbit/s and is the basis for higher-layer protocols. In contrast, low-speed CAN 2.0 supports bit rates from 40 kbit/s
CAN_bus
Network protocol for virtual terminals
significantly in favor of SSH. Some extensions to Telnet which would provide encryption have been proposed. The telnet protocol is a client-server protocol that
Telnet
File system used by MS-DOS and Windows 9x
parameter for MIDAS. Reportedly, MIDAS was also prepared to support 10-bit, 12-bit and 16-bit FAT variants. While the size of directory entries was 16 bytes in
File_Allocation_Table
Computer security professional
using a 21-bit algorithm instead of the more secure 40-bit encryption algorithm, but the router presents the key to the user as a 40-bit key. This method
Tim_Newsham
Encoding for a sequence of byte values using 64 printable characters
binary-to-text encoding that uses 64 printable characters to represent each 6-bit segment of a sequence of byte values. As for all binary-to-text encodings
Base64
Cryptographic hash function
improved collision attack could reach 40 rounds out of 80 round with a theoretical time complexity of 249.9. The 160-bit RIPEMD-160 hashes (also termed RIPE
RIPEMD
Attack model in cryptanalysis
the attacker has no channel providing access to the plaintext prior to encryption, in all practical ciphertext-only attacks, the attacker still has some
Ciphertext-only_attack
Digital copy protection
keys and KSVs gives both devices the same 56-bit number, which is later used to encrypt data. Encryption is done by a stream cipher. Each decoded pixel
High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection
High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection
Activist advocating widespread use of strong cryptography
suggested 75 bits was the minimum key size to allow an existing cipher to be considered secure and kept in service. At the time, the Data Encryption Standard
Cypherpunk
MagicGate encryption Read speeds of up to 130 KB/s Capacities of up to 128 MB or 256 MB (2x 128 MB) for some third-party memory cards Optional 40 GB hard
PlayStation 2 technical specifications
PlayStation_2_technical_specifications
1, 2, or 4 ECC 72-bit DDR3 controllers. Up to 24 PCIe 2.0 lanes. Optional built-in crypto accelerator with 40 Gbit/s encryption (small packet) and 20 Gbit/s
TILE-Gx
Suite of Microsoft security protocols
used either 40- or 56-bit encryption on non-U.S. computers, since the United States had severe restrictions on the export of encryption technology at
NTLM
Substitution box used in the Rijndael cipher
on which the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptographic algorithm is based. The S-box maps an 8-bit input, c, to an 8-bit output, s = S(c). Both
Rijndael_S-box
Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
communications. End-to-end encryption generally protects both confidentiality and integrity. Examples of end-to-end encryption include HTTPS for web traffic
Computer_network
Method of constructing a computer processor
Bit slicing is a technique for constructing a processor from modules of processors of smaller bit width, for the purpose of increasing the word length;
Bit_slicing
Decentralized microblogging software
peer-to-peer microblogging program which uses end-to-end encryption to safeguard communications. Based on BitTorrent and Bitcoin-like protocols, it has been likened
Twister_(software)
64-bit operating system for IBM mainframes
z/OS is a 64-bit operating system for IBM z/Architecture mainframes, introduced by IBM in October 2000. It derives from and is the successor to OS/390
Z/OS
Class of attack on cryptographic systems
the attacker but concealed in the software. A relatively short, say 24 to 40 bit, portion of the seed can be truly random to prevent tell-tale repetitions
Random number generator attack
Random_number_generator_attack
Code name of a decryption program run by the NSA
(stylized BULLRUN) is a clandestine, highly classified program to crack encryption of online communications and data, which is run by the United States National
Bullrun_(decryption_program)
Cellular telephone network standard since 1991
2021. It concluded that although using a 64-bit key, the GEA-1 algorithm actually provides only 40 bits of security, due to a relationship between two
GSM
Family of x86 central processing units for personal computers
The VIA Nano (formerly code-named VIA Isaiah) is a 64-bit CPU for personal computers. The VIA Nano was released by VIA Technologies in 2008 after five
VIA_Nano
Hiding messages in other messages
interest and may in themselves be incriminating in countries in which encryption is illegal. Whereas cryptography is the practice of protecting the contents
Steganography
Free and open source project building an anonymous network
wide variety of cryptographic protocols, with 2048-bit ElGamal/AES256/SHA256+Session Tags encryption and Ed25519 EdDSA/ECDSA signatures being the default
I2P
40 BIT-ENCRYPTION
40 BIT-ENCRYPTION
Boy/Male
American, British, Dutch, English, Greek, Latin, Swedish
Follower of Christ; Nickname for Christopher; Frontiersman Kit Carson; Anointed; Christian
Male
Scottish
Pet form of medieval Scottish Kester, KIT means "Christ-bearer." Compare with another form of Kit.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Courageous, Warrior
Male
Polish
Polish form of Roman Latin Vitus, WIT means "life."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Burt.German : habitational name for someone from any of several places in the Rhineland named Birth or Birten.
Female
Hebrew
(בַּת-ש×ֶבַע) Variant spelling of Hebrew Bath-Sheba, BAT-SHEVA means "daughter of the oath."
Male
English
Pet form of English Christopher, KIT means "Christ-bearer." Compare with another form of Kit.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Friend
Female
English
Pet form of English Katherine, KIT means "pure." Compare with masculine Kit.
Boy/Male
Dutch Latin Polish
White.
Female
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Greek Elisabet, ERZSÉBET means "God is my oath."
Girl/Female
Indian
Unique
Boy/Male
Hindu
Song
Female
English
Short form of English Elizabeth, BET means "God is my oath."Â
Female
Hebrew
(בַּת-×ֵל) Hebrew name BAT-EL means "daughter of God."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : see Bigg.
Male
Russian
(Тит) Russian form of Roman Latin Titus, TIT means "fire; to burn" or "straining."
Boy/Male
English
Man from Britain.
Boy/Male
British, Dutch, English, Greek
From the Pit
Girl/Female
Muslim
Unique
40 BIT-ENCRYPTION
40 BIT-ENCRYPTION
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sudhendra | ஸà¯à®¤à¯‡à®¨à¯à®¤à¯à®°
Indra to Sudhi (Bhoomi), Lord of nectar
Girl/Female
Tamil
As a Lakshmi
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Uttpatti of Chauhan
Boy/Male
Russian Slavic
Eagle.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Satisfied; Loved; Joyful
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Faultless; Pure; Intact; One who doesn't have Any Bad Habits
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Sindhi, Telugu, Traditional
Beloved of the Gods
Girl/Female
Danish, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Homage
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Basque, French, Latin
Lady; Feminine of Martin; Warlike
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Glory
40 BIT-ENCRYPTION
40 BIT-ENCRYPTION
40 BIT-ENCRYPTION
40 BIT-ENCRYPTION
40 BIT-ENCRYPTION
v. t.
To put into a bin; as, to bin wine.
superl.
Having greatness, fullness, importance, inflation, distention, etc., whether in a good or a bad sense; as, a big heart; a big voice; big looks; to look big. As applied to looks, it indicates haughtiness or pride.
v. t.
To seize with the teeth, so that they enter or nip the thing seized; to lacerate, crush, or wound with the teeth; as, to bite an apple; to bite a crust; the dog bit a man.
imp. & p. p.
of Hit
v. t.
To strike or hit with a bat or a pole; to cudgel; to beat.
inf.
of Wit
n.
A morsel; a bit.
n.
A symbol expressing forty units; as, 40, or xl.
imp.
of Bite
v.
Somewhat; something, but not very great.
v.
A part of anything, such as may be bitten off or taken into the mouth; a morsel; a bite. Hence: A small piece of anything; a little; a mite.
n.
Pepsin modified by exposure to a temperature of from 40¡ to 60¡ C.
v. t.
To put a bridle upon; to put the bit in the mouth of.
imp. & p. p.
of Bet