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Language with no grammatical marks on dependents or modifiers
A zero-marking language is one with no grammatical marks on either the dependents (or the modifiers) or the heads (or the nuclei) that show the relationship
Zero-marking_language
Linguistic feature
suffix). The most common types of zero-marking in English involve zero articles, zero relative pronouns, and zero subordinating conjunctions. Examples
Zero-marking_in_English
Grammar where inflection "agrees" with primary components of phrases
Dependent-marking language Double-marking language Head Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time Linguistic typology Phrase Verb phrase Zero-marking language See
Head-marking_language
Classification of natural languages
(linguistics) Dependency grammar Double-marking language Head (linguistics) Head-marking language Zero-marking language See Nichols (1986, 1992). Dependency
Dependent-marking_language
Language whose grammar rarely uses word inflection
Kra-Dai languages Thai Lao Hmong-Mien languages Hmong Maybrat Mixtec Sango Yoruba Auxiliary verb Free morpheme Isolating language Zero-marking language Synthetic
Analytic_language
Language with a very low morpheme per word ratio
Moluccan Malay Papuan Malay Analytic language Free morpheme Linguistic typology Synthetic language Zero-marking language "A Computerized Identification System
Isolating_language
Absence in linguistics
Ø instead. Empty string Zero consonant Silent letter Zero-marking in English Zero-marking language Markedness What is a zero morph? @ SIL International
Zero_(linguistics)
Dependent-marking language Head-marking language Zero-marking language Nichols, J. 1986. Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar. Language 62, 1, 56-119
Double-marking_language
Subfamily of the Japonic languages
Hateruma Yaeyama stands out in that it is a zero-marking language, where word order rather than case marking is important: pïtu=Ø person=CORE budur-ja-ta-n
Ryukyuan_languages
Free or bound morpheme
Dependent-marking language Head-marking language Double-marking language Zero-marking language Maddieson, Ian. "Locus of Marking: Whole-Language Typology"
Marker_(linguistics)
Topics referred to by the same term
A zero marker is a null morpheme being used as linguistic marker, see: Zero (linguistics) Zero-marking language Zero-marking in English Zero marker is
Zero_marker
Upcoming American film
Zero A. D. is an upcoming American epic biblical drama film set during the Massacre of the Innocents as told in the Gospel of Matthew from the Bible. Directed
Zero_A._D.
Lacking or omission of a "to be" verb, common in some languages and stylistic in others
Zero copula, also known as null copula, is a linguistic phenomenon whereby the subject is joined to the predicate without overt marking of this relationship
Zero_copula
Language where one kind of inflection indicates multiple changes of aspect
However, many descendants of fusional languages tend to lose their case marking. In most Romance and Germanic languages, including Modern English (with the
Fusional_language
Type of morphosyntactic alignment in linguistic typology
indicated by zero-inflection, it is often the patientive. Additionally, active languages differ from ergative languages in how split case marking intersects
Active–stative_alignment
Number
cipher have also been used. The word zero came into the English language via French zéro from the Italian zero, a contraction of the Venetian zevero
0
Proposed parameter in linguistics
phrase structure grammar Head-marking language Minimalist grammar Transformational grammar Word order Zero-marking language Polish notation Contemporary
Head-directionality_parameter
Topics referred to by the same term
to languages that forbid codas. Null onset (or empty onset, or zero onset), the onset of syllables beginning in a vowel; forbidden in some languages. Null-onset
Null
Highly inflected language with many morphemes per word
term polysynthetic to languages with high morpheme-to-word ratios, but others use it for languages that are highly head-marking, or those that frequently
Polysynthetic_language
Type of synthetic language
An agglutinative language is a type of language that primarily forms words by stringing together morphemes (word parts)—each typically representing a single
Agglutinative_language
absence of inflectional morphology, Classical Chinese is largely a zero-marking language, except that possessors and relative clauses are usually dependent-marked
Classical_Chinese_grammar
Tibeto-Burman language
Burmese is distinguished from other major Southeast Asian languages by its extensive case marking system and rich morphological inventory. It is a member
Burmese_language
Sentence structure; the default word order in English
SVO languages of West Africa, the Hmong–Mien languages, some Sino-Tibetan languages, and European languages like Swedish, Danish, Lithuanian, and Latvian
Subject–verb–object word order
Subject–verb–object_word_order
Ancestor of the Indo-European languages
descendants, was a highly inflected, fusional language. Suffixation and ablaut were the main methods of marking inflection, both for nominals and verbs. The
Proto-Indo-European_language
Origin point beneath an air explosion
A hypocenter or hypocentre, also called ground zero or surface zero, is the point on the Earth's surface directly below a nuclear explosion, meteor air
Hypocenter
Meridian passing through Greenwich, London
show that the marking strip for the prime meridian at Greenwich is not exactly at zero longitude (zero degrees, zero minutes, and zero seconds) but at
Prime_meridian_(Greenwich)
Type of language morphology
tense, mood, person, gender, number, and evidential marking. Bulgarian is a fusional inflecting language with some analyticity (including prepositions in
Synthetic_language
Morpheme with no phonetic form
languages, and the absolutive case in ergative–absolutive languages). English is unusual in its marking of the third person singular with a non-zero morpheme
Null_morpheme
Pattern relating to the subject and object of verbs
transitive verb. In ergative–absolutive languages with grammatical case, the ergative case refers to the marking of agents of transitive verbs, distinguishing
Ergative–absolutive_alignment
Location from which distances are traditionally measured
Kilometre zero (or km 0), also known as zero mile marker or zero milepost, is a particular location (usually in the nation's capital city) from which traveled
Kilometre_zero
System of word ordering
Mesoamerican languages, such as the Mayan languages and Oto-Manguean languages many Nilotic languages (including Nandi and Maasai) Many languages, such as
Verb–subject–object word order
Verb–subject–object_word_order
Grammatical relationship between arguments
with the O argument distinct (S = A; O separate). In a language with morphological case marking, an S and an A may both be unmarked or marked with the
Morphosyntactic_alignment
Way of classifying the world's languages
classifying the languages of the world that groups languages according to their common morphological structures. The field organizes languages on the basis
Morphological_typology
Class of language where a sentence subject is not required
In linguistic typology, a null-subject language is a language whose grammar permits an independent clause to lack an explicit subject; such a clause is
Null-subject_language
Language classification
most languages, it does occur as the unmarked or neutral order in a few Amazonian languages, including Xavante and Apurinã. In many other languages, OSV
Object–subject–verb word order
Object–subject–verb_word_order
Concept of sentence structure in linguistics
case-marking, verb agreement and/or word order. It has a wide global distribution and is the most common alignment system among the world's languages (including
Nominative–accusative alignment
Nominative–accusative_alignment
Definite article in English
word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived
The
Feature of language
in dependent-marking SOV languages, and hence they usually follow the nouns. In most SOV languages with a significant level of head-marking or verb-like
Subject–object–verb word order
Subject–object–verb_word_order
Order of syntactic constituents
the most frequent and obligatory when case marking fails to disambiguate argument roles. Just as languages may have different word orders in different
Word_order
Rare permutation of word order
of case marking such as Romanian, Croatian, Basque, Esperanto, Hungarian, Finnish, Russian, and to some extent German and Dutch. Some languages like Swedish
Object–verb–subject word order
Object–verb–subject_word_order
Type of morphosyntactic alignment in linguistic typology
and agreement marking: A functional perspective', in Simon-Vandenberg, A.M., Kristin Davidse, and Dirk Noel (eds.), Reconnecting Language: Morphology and
Tripartite_alignment
Language in which certain pronouns may sometimes be omitted
conditions vary from language to language, and can be quite intricate. The phenomenon of "pronoun-dropping" is part of the larger topic of zero or null anaphora
Pro-drop_language
Proposed concept in linguistic typology
of marking the proximate–obviative distinction between two (or more) third-person arguments of a sentence. However, there are at least two languages with
Direct–inverse_alignment
Study of words and their formation
within a language. Most approaches to morphology investigate the structure of words in terms of morphemes, which are the smallest units in a language with
Morphology_(linguistics)
English embedded clause type marking non-real possibilities
grammatical marking can be observed, nevertheless coming to varying definitions. In particular, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language narrows the
English_subjunctive
English language suffix
The adjective to which the suffix is added may have been lost from the language, as in the case of early, in which the Anglo-Saxon word aer only survives
-ly
Feature in the typology of certain languages
languages. Languages with such a marking are known as split-S languages and are formally a subtype of active languages. Pragmatic considerations or for
Split_ergativity
Japanese carrier-based fighter aircraft
The Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" is a long-range carrier-capable fighter aircraft that was manufactured by Mitsubishi Aircraft Company, which was part of Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero
General-purpose programming language
C is a general-purpose programming language created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie. By design, C gives the programmer relatively direct access to the features
C_(programming_language)
Processing of natural language by a computer
corpora d is the non-zero location of the token along the sequence of N tokens PF is the probability function specific to a language Ties with cognitive
Natural_language_processing
which sentences "revolve" in a given language. This usually means the following: If the verb has more than zero arguments, then one argument is the syntactic
Syntactic_pivot
Branch of linguistics
some languages with bound case markings for nouns, such as Language X, varying degrees of freedom in constituent order are observed. These languages exhibit
Linguistic_typology
Phrase in linguistics
"restricted" meaning it is marked explicitly by a preposition or a case marking). Themes map to [-r], second themes map to [+o] and non-themes map to [-o]
Theta_role
Prepositions in the English language
most common of these are grammaticalized and correspond to case markings in languages such as Latin. For example, of typically corresponds to the genitive
English_prepositions
Possessive words and phrases in the English language
originated in Old English as an inflexional suffix marking genitive case. In the modern language, it can often be attached to the end of an entire phrase
English_possessive
monotransitive verbs, and the themes get distinct marking. Secundative languages contrast with indirective languages, where the recipient is treated in a special
Secundative_language
Determiners in the English language
(indefinite) Other articles have been posited, including unstressed some, a zero article (indefinite with mass and plural) and a null article (definite with
English_determiners
Sentences of the form "if x, then y"
I would have come. In English language teaching, conditional sentences are often classified under the headings zero conditional, first conditional (or
English_conditional_sentences
Languages which place objects before verbs
In linguistics, languages with object–verb word order are those in which the object comes before the verb. Such languages compose approximately forty-seven
Object–verb_word_order
2002 video game
Resident Evil Zero (or Resident Evil 0) is a 2002 survival horror game developed and published by Capcom for the GameCube. It is a prequel to Resident
Resident_Evil_Zero
Brand of carbonated drinks
Fanta Klassik ("classic") was sold in Germany in 2015, marking the 75th anniversary of the drink.
Fanta
Indo-Aryan language
minor differences in syntax. Bengali differs from most Indo-Aryan Languages in the zero copula, where the copula or connective be is often missing in the
Bengali_language
Survivors of atomic bombings in Japan
double hibakusha. Yamaguchi was confirmed to be 3 km (1.9 mi) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated. He was seriously
Hibakusha
English words "the", "a(n)", and sometimes "some"
and indefinite article below. For more cases where no article is used, see Zero article in English. In most cases, the article is the first word of its noun
English_articles
Word order in which the verb comes before the object
object. About 53% of documented languages have this order. For example, Japanese would be considered an OV language, and English would be considered
Verb–object_word_order
Subordinators in the English language
Huddleston argues against this position in The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, but Robert Levine counters these arguments. Bettelou Los calls Pullum's
English_subordinators
Japanese fighter aircraft
The Akutan Zero, also known as Koga's Zero (古賀のゼロ) and the Aleutian Zero, was a Mitsubishi A6M2 Model 21 Zero Japanese fighter aircraft piloted by Petty
Akutan_Zero
parameters. However, the Yuman language Havasupai is reported to have a purely syntactic case system, with a suffix -č marking all subjects of transitive
Marked_nominative_alignment
Type of word order
order among natural languages. Languages with predominant OS word order display properties that distinguish them from languages with subject–object (SO)
Object–subject_word_order
Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines
pronunciation: [tɐˈɡaːloɡ] ; Baybayin: ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people, who make up a quarter of the
Tagalog_language
English language suffix
cognate with the -ing suffix of Dutch, West Frisian, and the North Germanic languages, and with German -ung. The -ing of Modern English in its participial (adjectival)
-ing
Nahuan language of El Salvador and Nicaragua
also known as Náhuat and academically referred to as Pipil, is a Nahuan language native to Central America. It is the southernmost extant member of the
Nawat_language
Austronesian language family of Borneo and the Philippines
Research Council. Himmelmann, Nikolaus (1999). "The Lack of Zero Anaphora and Incipient Person Marking in Tagalog". Oceanic Linguistics. 38 (2): 231–269. doi:10
Sama–Bajaw_languages
Sino-Tibetan language
Chinese languages spread to neighbors through a variety of means. Northern Vietnam was incorporated into the Han dynasty in 111 BCE, marking the beginning
Chinese_language
Marks to indicate pacing of written text
the punctus, marking a minor pause within the sentence, punctus elevatus, marking a major pause within the sentence, punctus versus, marking the end of
Punctuation
Language of ancient Sumer and Babylon
romanized: eme-gir15, lit. 'native language') was the language of ancient Sumer. It is the oldest attested language, dating back to at least 3100 BC, perhaps
Sumerian_language
Brittonic language
Welsh (Cymraeg [kəmˈraːiɡ] or y Gymraeg [ə ɡəmˈraːiɡ]) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people. Welsh is spoken
Welsh_language
Linguistic classification
languages (a V1 language being a language where the word order is obligatorily or predominantly verb-initial). V1 clauses only occur in V1 languages and
Verb-initial_word_order
Dravidian language
system, genders in marking on the Telugu verb only occur in the third person. The Telugu gender system differs from other Dravidian languages such as Tamil
Telugu_language
Word used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun
geen: een hond – a dog geen hond – no dog The zero article is the absence of an article. In languages having a definite article, the lack of an article
Article_(grammar)
Language isolate of north-central Tanzania
needed] A grammar of Hadza is given by Miller (2008). Hadza is a head-marking language in both clauses and noun phrases. Word order is flexible; the default
Hadza_language
Dravidian language
language has a distinct grammatical structure, with agglutinative morphology that allows for complex word formations. Tamil is the official language of
Tamil_language
2021 film by Simon McQuoid
Sub-Zero. Special Forces Major Jackson "Jax" Briggs rescues the Youngs, directing them to find his partner, Sonya Blade. Jax stays to battle Sub-Zero, but
Mortal_Kombat_(2021_film)
Courtesy form of address
In the English language, an honorific is a form of address conveying esteem, courtesy or respect. These can be titles prefixing a person's name, e.g.:
English_honorifics
Grammatical construction in the English language
... Not! is a grammatical construction in the English language used as a function word to make negative a group of words or a word. It became a sardonic
..._Not!
Grammatical phenomenon in Austronesian
Patient Voice and Instrument Voice. Unlike other languages presented here, Kelabit does not use case-marking or word-ordering strategies to indicate the subject
Symmetrical_voice
Syllable-based writing system
complication is syllables that consist of just a vowel (V). In some languages, a zero consonant letter is used as though every syllable began with a consonant
Abugida
Nilotic language spoken in western Ethiopia and South Sudan
lengthening, vowel shortening, suppletion, and zero or null formation, among other processes when the entire language is taken into account. The most basic plural
Nuer_language
Minimalist language by Sonja Lang
(particle) toki (language) sama (same) Toki Pona's word order is subject–verb–object. The particle li introduces the predicate (marking the main verb phrase
Toki_Pona
Extinct Indo-European languages in Asia
case marking, the loss of the dative case, and others. In historic times, the Tocharian language stood in contact with various surrounding languages, including
Tocharian_languages
Adjectives in the English language
following tree diagram in the style of The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language shows the AdjP very happy to try, with the adverb very as a modifier and
English_adjectives
Grammatical number
denote two or more of something, although they may also denote fractional, zero or negative amounts. An example of a plural is the English word boys, which
Plural
English words that indicate a question is being asked, as a grammatical category
Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43146-0. Aarts,
English_interrogative_words
Indian actress (born c. 1985/1987)
Balakrishna and marking her comeback to Tollywood. Her next project was Pandaga Chesko. In early 2015, she signed two Telugu films: Size Zero opposite Arya
Sonal_Chauhan
2026 film by David Frankel
million on its opening day, which added up to $114.6 million globally, marking the best opening day of 2026 in 16 countries. It grossed $156.6 million
The_Devil_Wears_Prada_2
Memorial and museum in New York City
of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in the center marking where the Twin Towers stood. In August 2006, the World Trade Center Memorial
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
National_September_11_Memorial_&_Museum
Grammatical voice in the English language
additional passive constructions that are not possible in many other languages with analogous passive formations to the above. A sentence's indirect
English_passive_voice
Extinct East Germanic language
most Old Germanic languages are unusual in that they preserved it only for pronouns. Gothic preserves an older system with dual marking on both pronouns
Gothic_language
2022 single by the Weeknd
2022, in the country. "Less than Zero" served as one of the two official theme songs for WWE's WrestleMania 39, marking the fourth straight year a song
Less than Zero (The Weeknd song)
Less_than_Zero_(The_Weeknd_song)
International song competition
participate in protest at Israel's inclusion in the context of the Gaza war, marking the largest number of boycotting countries in the contest's history since
Eurovision_Song_Contest_2026
ZERO MARKING-LANGUAGE
ZERO MARKING-LANGUAGE
Female
English
Feminine form of Latin Martinus, MARTINA means "of/like Mars."Â
Male
Finnish
Short form of Finnish Antero, TERO means "man; warrior."
Female
French
French feminine form of Latin Martinus, MARTINE means "of/like Mars."Â
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, from a form of the Old English surname Hearding, from heard, HARDING means "brave, hardy, strong."
Male
Italian
 Short form of Italian Raniero, NERO means "wise warrior." Compare with another form of Nero.
Boy/Male
Latin Spanish Italian
Warring.
Female
Greek
(ἩÏá½¼) Greek name derived form the word hÄ“rÅs, HERO means "hero." In mythology, this is the name of the lover of Leandros (Latin Leander).
Boy/Male
Arabic
Empty.
Boy/Male
Australian, French, German, Italian, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish
Warrior of Mars; Warlike; Dedicated to Mars; Warring; Mars; Like Mars; Roman God of Mars
Male
Italian
Italian form of Latin Martinus, MARTINO means "of/like Mars."
Male
Spanish
Spanish name derived from Latin juniperus, JUNÃPERO means "juniper tree."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, German, Greek, Kurdish
Empty; Void
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, English
Son of the Hero
Female
Hebrew
(×žÖ·×¨Ö°× Ö´×™× Ö¸×”) Hebrew name MARNINA means "rejoice."
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of German Erich, EERO means "ever-ruler."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Markin.
Boy/Male
English American
Son of a hero.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metronymic or patronymic from Markin.
Girl/Female
Swedish American Spanish Latin
Warring.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Barling in Essex.
ZERO MARKING-LANGUAGE
ZERO MARKING-LANGUAGE
Boy/Male
French
Bow strength. Famous Bearer: late U.S. film star Humphrey Bogart.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Power; Type of Shakti; Sensitive
Girl/Female
Indian
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Tamil
Glorious
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Borne for Performing the Great Things
Girl/Female
Arabic
Wise
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, British, Christian, Dutch, English, Hebrew, Indian, Swedish
Dove
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Popular
Girl/Female
Australian, Italian, Latin, Portuguese
Purple
Girl/Female
Indian
Beauteous, Beloved
ZERO MARKING-LANGUAGE
ZERO MARKING-LANGUAGE
ZERO MARKING-LANGUAGE
ZERO MARKING-LANGUAGE
ZERO MARKING-LANGUAGE
n.
That which establishes or places in a desirable state or condition; the material of which something may be made; as, early misfortune was the making of him.
n.
The common cero; also, the spotted cero. See Cero.
n.
The act of one who, or that which, marks; the mark or marks made; arrangement or disposition of marks or coloring; as, the marking of a bird's plumage.
n.
The act or process of making seems tight, as in ships, or of furnishing with calks, as a shoe, or copying, as a drawing.
n.
A shaking; a tremulous motion; as, the jarring of a steamship, caused by its engines.
n.
A cipher; zero.
v. t.
A roll of wool or other fiber as it comes from the carding machine.
n.
A large and valuable fish of the Mackerel family, of the genus Scomberomorus. Two species are found in the West Indies and less commonly on the Atlantic coast of the United States, -- the common cero (Scomberomorus caballa), called also kingfish, and spotted, or king, cero (S. regalis).
a.
Affording profitable returns; lucrative; as, a money-making business.
n.
The act or process of making money; the acquisition and accumulation of wealth.
pl.
of Zero
n.
A cipher; nothing; naught.
n.
Fig.: The lowest point; the point of exhaustion; as, his patience had nearly reached zero.
n.
The act of one who makes; workmanship; fabrication; construction; as, this is cloth of your own making; the making of peace or war was in his power.
a.
Pertaining to agriculture; devoted to, adapted to, or engaged in, farming; as, farming tools; farming land; a farming community.
a.
Pertaining to the harp; as, harping symphonies.
pl.
of Zero
n.
The act or practice of making mischief, inciting quarrels, etc.
n.
The point from which the graduation of a scale, as of a thermometer, commences.
a.
Distressing; worrying; perplexing; corroding; as, carking cares.