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Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area
Surface tension is the energy per unit area due to having a surface in a liquid. It has the dimension of force per unit length, or energy per unit area
Surface_tension
Instrument which measures surface tension
In surface science, a tensiometer is a measuring instrument used to measure the surface tension (γ) of liquids or surfaces. Tensiometers are used in research
Tensiometer_(surface_tension)
2020 video game
halted the production of the mod due to health issues. In Surface Tension Uncut, the "Surface Tension" chapter was expanded to include certain areas of the
Black_Mesa_(video_game)
Curve in a liquid's surface due to adhesion to the container walls
the curve in the upper surface of a liquid close to the surface of the container or another object, produced by surface tension. A concave meniscus occurs
Meniscus_(liquid)
Substance that lowers surface tension
surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid. The word surfactant is a blend of "surface-active
Surfactant
Small unit of liquid
surface tension. A simple way to form a drop is to allow liquid to flow slowly from the lower end of a vertical tube of small diameter. The surface tension
Drop_(liquid)
Pulling force transmitted axially
system.The C.G.S unit of Surface tension is dynespercentimeters Tension in a string is a non-negative vector quantity. Zero tension is slack. A string or
Tension_(physics)
Complex of different phospholipids and proteins
breathing by minimizing alveolar surface tension, allowing alveoli to expand more easily during inspiration. The surface tension acts at the air-water interface
Pulmonary_surfactant
Physical phenomenon
to consider is the surface tension. The proportional relationship between the minimum film boiling temperature and surface tension is to be expected,
Leidenfrost_effect
Science fiction short story by James Blish
"Surface Tension" is a science fiction short story by American writer James Blish, originally published in the August 1952 of Galaxy Science Fiction.
Surface_Tension_(short_story)
Type of heat transfer within fluids
patterns develop. Liquids flow from places of lower surface tension to places of higher surface tension. This is called the Marangoni effect. When applying
Rayleigh–Bénard_convection
Surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress
unless disturbed (except near solids dipping into them, where surface tension distorts the surface in a region called the meniscus). In a free liquid that is
Free_surface
Oil spread from ships to calm waves
Agnes Pockels, collectively deepening the scientific knowledge of surface tension and wave dynamics. Steamships and lifeboats from many countries were
Storm_oil
State of matter
forces tend to have large surface tensions. A practical implication of surface tension is that liquids tend to minimize their surface area, forming spherical
Liquid
Force distributed over an area
at constant temperature. Surface tension is another example of surface pressure, but with a reversed sign, because "tension" is the opposite to "pressure"
Pressure
Physical quantity related to surface tension
Parachor is a quantity related to surface tension that was proposed by S. Sugden in 1924. It is defined according to the formula: P = γ 1 / 4 M / ( ρ
Parachor
Molecular property
energy, surface energy, and surface tension is very helpful for understanding the physical state and the events that happen at a given surface, but as
Adhesion
Surface tension is one of the areas of interest in biomimetics research. Surface tension forces will only begin to dominate gravitational forces below
Surface_tension_biomimetics
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
interface, where surface tension is a critical factor in lung function. Beyond arranging lipids in a way that reduces surface tension, SP-B actually directly
Surfactant_protein_B
Outermost layer of a physical object
dynamics, the shape of a free surface may be defined by surface tension. However, they are surfaces only at macroscopic scale. At microscopic scale, they
Surface
surface tension to stay afloat. There are two types of animal locomotion on water, determined by the ratio of the animal's weight to the water's surface tension:
Animal locomotion on the water surface
Animal_locomotion_on_the_water_surface
Wave on the surface of a fluid, dominated by surface tension
whose dynamics and phase velocity are dominated by the effects of surface tension. Capillary waves are common in nature, and are often referred to as
Capillary_wave
Water transport tissue in vascular plants
form in the mesophyll cell wall. The resulting surface tension causes a negative pressure or tension in the xylem that pulls the water from the roots
Xylem
Physical phenomenon between two fluids
high surface tension pulls more strongly on the surrounding liquid than one with a low surface tension, the presence of a gradient in surface tension will
Marangoni_effect
Branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at rest
surface tension, drops would not be able to form. The dimensions and stability of drops are determined by surface tension. The drop's surface tension
Hydrostatics
Heating a liquid to a temperature above its boiling point without boiling
The cause is an additional force, the surface tension, which suppresses the growth of bubbles. Surface tension makes the bubble act like an elastic balloon
Superheating
Method for producing electronic circuits
The surface tension of the molten solder helps keep the components in place. If the solder pad geometries are correctly designed, surface tension automatically
Surface-mount_technology
Abrupt increase in depth and decrease in speed of a stream
Lienhard showed that surface tension sets the shape of these jumps. Many subsequent studies have explored the role of surface tension in such jumps. When
Hydraulic_jump
1981 studio album by Rupert Hine
Jeannette Obstoj "I Hang On to My Vertigo" "Misplaced Love" "Samsara" "Surface Tension" "I Think a Man Will Hang Soon" "Immunity" "Another Stranger" "Psycho
Immunity_(Rupert_Hine_album)
Liquid, gas, or other continuously deforming and flowing material
surface area is called surface energy, whereas for liquids the same quantity is called surface tension. In response to surface tension, the ability of liquids
Fluid
Fluid breakup of a falling stream
Plateau–Rayleigh instability is that liquids, by virtue of their surface tensions, tend to minimize their surface area. Work has been done in the 1990s on the final
Plateau–Rayleigh_instability
Dimensionless number in fluid dynamics
number measuring the importance of gravitational forces compared to surface tension forces for the movement of liquid front. Alongside the capillary number
Eötvös_number
Class of polymers
(599 °F). PPEs have high surface tension; hence these fluids have a lower tendency to wet metal surfaces. The surface tension of the commercially available
Polyphenyl_ether
Angle measuring instrument
Contact angle goniometers can also determine the surface tension for any liquid in gas or the interfacial tension between any two liquids. If the difference
Goniometer
Upward force that opposes the weight of an object immersed in fluid
as the object's weight. Archimedes' principle does not consider the surface tension (capillarity) acting on the body, but this additional force modifies
Buoyancy
romanized: stálagma, lit. 'drop') is one of the most common methods for measuring surface tension. The principle is to measure the weight of drops of a fluid of interest
Stalagmometric_method
Branch of physics
a control surface—the rate of change of the mass contained in that volume is equal to the rate at which mass is passing through the surface from outside
Fluid_mechanics
Property of substances whose particles stick together
a macroscopic structure such as a water drop. Cohesion allows for surface tension, creating a "solid-like" state upon which light-weight or low-density
Cohesion_(chemistry)
Thin layers of liquid surrounded by air
the effect of adherent wetting (causing surface maximization) and the effect of surface tension (causing surface minimization) would balance each other
Soap_film
Method of measuring surface tension
or in short bubble pressure method, is a technique to measure the surface tension of a liquid, with surfactants. When the liquid forms an interface with
Maximum bubble pressure method
Maximum_bubble_pressure_method
Physical and chemical properties of pure water
atmospheres or to extracellular freezing. Water has an unusually high surface tension of 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C which is caused by the strength of the hydrogen
Properties_of_water
Describing pressure difference over an interface in fluid mechanics
water and air, due to the phenomenon of surface tension or wall tension acting against the curvature of the surface (although use of the latter is only applicable
Young–Laplace_equation
Device that facilitates dispersion of liquid into a spray
The surface tension of a liquid tends to assume the smallest possible size, acting as a membrane under tension. Any portion of the liquid surface exerts
Spray_nozzle
Law of physics
converge to zero. That is, its surface tension would become constant at low temperatures. In particular, the surface tension of 3He is well-approximated
Third_law_of_thermodynamics
Wave where gravity is the main restoring force
frequencies between 3 Hz and .03 Hz). Shorter waves are also affected by surface tension and are called gravity–capillary waves and (if hardly influenced by
Gravity_wave
Equation relating the concentration of a component and surface tension
component in contact with a surface with changes in the surface tension, which results in a corresponding change in surface energy. For a binary system
Gibbs_isotherm
Method of measuring a liquid's surface tension
In surface science, the du Noüy ring method is a technique for measuring the surface tension of a liquid. This technique was proposed by Pierre Lecomte
Du_Noüy_ring_method
Buoyancy principle in fluid dynamics
with in the same way. Archimedes' principle does not consider the surface tension (capillarity) acting on the body. Moreover, Archimedes' principle has
Archimedes'_principle
Ordinary differential equation
surrounding liquid, assumed to be constant σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is the surface tension of the bubble-liquid interface Δ P ( t ) = P ∞ ( t ) − P B ( t ) {\displaystyle
Rayleigh–Plesset_equation
Metal or alloy that is liquid at room temperature
size and shape with no loss. Due to their unique combination of high surface tension and fluidic deformability, liquid metals are useful for creating soft
Liquid_metal
Form of matter
stabilising agents, and their stability depends on factors such as surface tension, the Marangoni effect, drainage, and gas diffusion. Foams have numerous
Foam
Type of hydrogel
surface instability can occur. This instability depends on the thickness of the hydrogel layers and the surface tension. A higher surface tension stabilizes
Self-healing_hydrogels
Dispersion of waves on a water surface
propagating on the water surface, with gravity and surface tension as the restoring forces. As a result, water with a free surface is generally considered
Dispersion_(water_waves)
Part of a watercraft's prow or stem
of a watercraft around the waterline. Its purpose is to break the surface tension of the water ahead and make the vessel move through more easily. Dear
Cutwater
Concentration of surfactants above which micelles form
reaching the CMC, the surface tension changes strongly with the concentration of the surfactant. After reaching the CMC, the surface tension remains relatively
Critical micelle concentration
Critical_micelle_concentration
Ring of liquid and droplets in a wineglass
The effect is a consequence of the fact that alcohol has a lower surface tension than water. If alcohol is mixed with water inhomogeneously, a region
Tears_of_wine
Device used to measure surface tension
Wilhelmy plate is a thin plate that is used to measure equilibrium surface or interfacial tension at an air–liquid or liquid–liquid interface. In this method
Wilhelmy_plate
Quick freezing by exposure to cryogenic temperatures
{\displaystyle \sigma } ) is the surface tension. The surface tension can be defined in terms of force or energy. The surface tension of a liquid is the ratio
Flash_freezing
Ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces
liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion
Capillary_action
Crystal that develops with a typical multi-branching form
stability parameter σ which depended on the thermal diffusivity, the surface tension and the radius of the tip of the dendrite. They claimed a system would
Dendrite_(crystal)
2025 album by Lights
vulnerable and utterly in charge as ever.". He praised the songs "Surface Tension", "Alive Again", "Damage", and "White Paper Palm Trees". All tracks
A6_(album)
Small accumulation of liquid, usually water, on a surface
usually water, on a surface. It can form either by pooling in a depression on the surface, or by surface tension upon a flat surface. Puddles are often
Puddle
then graphing it against the surface tension of the liquid wetting the solid substrate yields the critical surface tension. Wettability is a measure of
Zisman_Plot
Type of hypothetical particle
stars) depends on their size, because of surface tension or charge screening. Strange matter's natural surface tension at the interface between quark matter
Strangelet
American artist and journalist
of 2017, EUQINOMprojects in San Francisco exhibited work from the Surface Tension series, in which all images were photographed using 8 x 10 sheets of
Tabitha_Soren
Species of mollusc
pelagic zone (open ocean), where they float upside-down by using the surface tension of the water to stay afloat. In addition, they have a gas bubble in
Glaucus_atlanticus
oscillations. The Keller–Miksis equation takes into account the viscosity, surface tension, incident sound wave, and acoustic radiation coming from the bubble
Mechanism_of_sonoluminescence
Separation of electric charge in a molecule
bonds. Polarity underlies a number of physical properties including surface tension, solubility, and melting and boiling points. Not all atoms attract
Chemical_polarity
Physical property
and surface tension. It is a fundamental physical property that governs the behavior of menisci, and is found when body forces (gravity) and surface forces
Capillary_length
Concept in fluid dynamics
due to gradients in the surface tension of the liquid. Diffusion is of whatever is creating the gradient in the surface tension. Thus as the Marangoni
Marangoni_number
Unstable behavior of two contacting fluids of different densities
occurs due to surface tension, which acts to break a cylindrical jet into a stream of droplets having the same total volume but higher surface area. Many
Rayleigh–Taylor_instability
Process of forming and bonding material by heat or pressure
them at the surface compared to the bulk (i.e. surface tension). When the surface area becomes bigger the bonds stretch more and the GB tension increases
Sintering
Ratio of inertial to viscous forces acting on a liquid
the pipe. Tansley & Marshall 2001, pp. 3274–3283. Bush, John W. M. "Surface tension module" (PDF). "Reynolds number | Definition & History | Britannica"
Reynolds_number
Boundary between volumes of matter of different types or states
mostly flat. Surface tension is the physical property which rules interface processes involving liquids. For a liquid film on flat surfaces, the liquid-vapor
Interface_(matter)
Result of a liquid droplet striking a solid or liquid surface
size, velocity, surface tension, viscosity, and also upon the surface roughness and the contact angle between the drop and the surface. Droplet impact
Drop_impact
Partial collapse of a lung causing reduced gas exchange
surfactant, which normally functions to reduce alveolar surface tension. The increased surface tension in the alveoli then results in alveolar instability
Atelectasis
Principle in fluid mechanics
pressure produced by an air compressor is transmitted through the air to the surface of oil in an underground reservoir. The oil, in turn, transmits the pressure
Pascal's_law
Ratio of viscous drag forces to surface tension in fluids
quantity representing the relative effect of viscous drag forces versus surface tension forces acting across an interface between a liquid and a gas, or between
Capillary_number
Relation between gas pressure and volume
other particles through collision theory, the application of force to a surface may not be infinitely constant for such values of V, but will have a limit
Boyle's_law
US musical group
national tours in support of the release. In 2015 band released their LP Surface tension. EP 001 was released on September 1, 2011. For the initial release
Hidden_Hospitals
Synthetic ultralight solid material
is crucial that the gel is dried in such a way as to minimize the surface tension within the pores of the solid network. This is typically accomplished
Aerogel
Ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface
as the surface tension (γLV) of the liquid decreased. Thus, he was able to establish a linear function between cos θ and the surface tension (γLV) for
Wetting
physicist Loránd (Roland) Eötvös (1848–1919) enables the prediction of the surface tension of an arbitrary liquid pure substance at all temperatures. The density
Eötvös_rule
Type of fluid
mustard. The surface of a Bingham plastic can hold peaks when it is still. By contrast Newtonian fluids have flat featureless surfaces when still. There
Non-Newtonian_fluid
Forensic method
droplets as they fall, as well as the way they react when they hit a surface. Surface tension can also be affected by outside factors such as temperature and
Bloodstain_pattern_analysis
American soul musician
her debut EP Revival in 2023. Annahstasia released her second EP, Surface Tension, in 2024. Annahstasia released her debut album, Tether, in 2025 to
Annahstasia
Liquid that is attracted by poles of a magnet
gravity and surface tension. It requires energy both to move fluid out of the valleys and up into the spikes, and to increase the surface area of the
Ferrofluid
Unit of force in the CGS system
centimetre is a unit traditionally used to measure surface tension. For example, the surface tension of distilled water is 71.99 dyn/cm at 25 °C (77 °F)
Dyne
Third letter of the Greek alphabet
theory Gamma radiation in nuclear physics Shear strain in physics Surface tension in physics The photon, the elementary particle of light and other electromagnetic
Gamma
Vortices at the ocean's surface
Daniela (August 2012). "A numerical estimate of the plankton-induced sea surface tension effects in a Langmuir circulation". Mathematics and Computers in Simulation
Langmuir_circulation
Number that relates the viscous forces to inertial and surface tension forces
dimensionless number that relates the viscous forces to inertial and surface tension forces. The number was defined by Wolfgang von Ohnesorge in his 1936
Ohnesorge_number
Machine that washes dishes automatically
several drying methods. Typically a rinse-aid, a chemical to reduce the surface tension of the water, is used to reduce water spots from hard water or other
Dishwasher
Excess energy at the surface of a material relative to its interior
Based on the contact angle results and knowing the surface tension of the liquids, the surface energy can be calculated. In practice, this analysis
Surface_energy
Biological system in animals and plants for gas exchange
water's surface tension. The surface tension of a watery surface (the water-air interface) tends to make that surface shrink. When that surface is curved
Respiratory_system
Eruption caused by mixing Diet Coke and Mentos
State University, suggested that aspartame in diet drinks lowers the surface tension in the water and causes a bigger reaction, but that caffeine does not
Soda_geyser
Fluid dynamics theory on gravity waves
{g}}=g+{\frac {\gamma }{\rho }}k^{2}.} As a result of surface tension, the waves propagate faster. Surface tension only has influence for short waves, with wavelengths
Airy_wave_theory
Chemical compound
a 5% solution in alkaline lysis buffer) in DNA extraction Reducing surface tension of aqueous solutions during immunostaining (usually at a concentration
Triton_X-100
Surface representing the interface between two different fluids
\scriptstyle \gamma } is the surface tension associated with the interface, and ∇ S {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \nabla _{S}} is the surface gradient. Note that
Capillary_surface
Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
This model was based on studies of surface tension between oils and echinoderm eggs. Since the surface tension values appeared to be much lower than
Cell_membrane
Branch of robotics
work of surface tension. Cohesion between molecules of a liquid creates surface tension, which otherwise creates 'skin' over the water's surface, letting
Microbotics
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