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Excess energy at the surface of a material relative to its interior
In surface science, surface energy (also interfacial free energy or surface free energy) quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occurs
Surface_energy
Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area
Surface tension is the energy per unit area due to having a surface in a liquid. It has the dimension of force per unit length, or energy per unit area
Surface_tension
Function describing the energy of a physical system in terms of certain parameters
A potential energy surface (PES) or energy landscape describes the energy of a system, especially a collection of atoms, in terms of certain parameters
Potential_energy_surface
Molecular property
Process of attachment of a substance to the surface of another substance. Note 1: Adhesion requires energy that can come from chemical and/or physical
Adhesion
Concept for energy flows to and from Earth
is Earth's climate. Earth's energy budget depends on many factors, such as atmospheric aerosols, greenhouse gases, surface albedo, clouds, and land use
Earth's_energy_budget
Study of propagation of cracks in materials
growth of a crack, the extension of the surfaces on either side of the crack, requires an increase in the surface energy. Griffith found an expression for the
Fracture_mechanics
Technique used to study the properties of some materials
of a solid surface; analogous to surface tension of a liquid. Also, the surface energy can be defined as the excess energy at the surface of a material
Inverse_gas_chromatography
Overview of titanium's biocompatible properties
proliferation) to the material. Titanium's microstructure and high surface energy enable it to induce angiogenesis, which assists in the process of osseointegration
Titanium_biocompatibility
the surface energy of the substrate is greater than the surface energy of the adhesive. However, high strength adhesives have high surface energy. Thus
Plasma_activation
Preparatory coating put on materials before painting
the substrate area. This happens when the surface energy of the substrate is greater than the surface energy of the adhesive. However, high-strength adhesives
Primer_(paint)
Lowest energy shape of a single crystal
will arrange itself such that its surface Gibbs free energy is minimized by assuming a shape of low surface energy. He defined the quantity Δ G i = ∑
Wulff_construction
Surface energy transfer (SET) is a dipole-surface energy transfer process involving a metallic surface and a molecular dipole. The SET rate follows the
Surface_energy_transfer
incorporation of oxygen into the surface creates a higher surface energy allowing the substrate to be coated. Corona treatment is a surface modification method using
Polymeric_surface
Lizards belonging to the suborder Gekkota
setae, as well as on the surface, increase the surface energy of both, therefore the energy gain in getting these surfaces in contact is enlarged, which
Gecko
Physical quantity
and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not
Energy
Structure found in atomic clusters and nanoparticles
where they have lower total surface energy than other configurations. This is balanced by an elastic deformation (strain) energy, which dominates at larger
Icosahedral_twins
Liquid, gas, or other continuously deforming and flowing material
surface area is called surface energy, whereas for liquids the same quantity is called surface tension. In response to surface tension, the ability of
Fluid
Type of surface modification technique
the surface energy of the material. All materials have an inherent surface energy. Surface treatment systems are available for virtually any surface format
Corona_treatment
Atmospheric heat retention
because their surface temperatures are different. The Sun has a surface temperature of 5,500 °C (9,900 °F), so it emits most of its energy as shortwave
Greenhouse_effect
Primitive cell in the reciprocal space lattice of crystals
electron momentum values) that have the same energy. The Fermi surface is a special constant-energy surface that separates the unfilled orbitals from the
Brillouin_zone
Airtight seal
good adhesive strength is whether the surface energy of the substrate is close to or higher than the surface energy of the cured adhesive. Certain epoxy
Hermetic_seal
Study of the deformation of solids that touch each other
adhesive contact using a balance between the stored elastic energy and the loss in surface energy. The JKR model considers the effect of contact pressure
Contact_mechanics
Influences on the shape of small crystals
minimization of the volume free energy, and the thermodynamic regime, where growth is controlled by minimization of the surface free energy. High concentration,
Shape control in nanocrystal growth
Shape_control_in_nanocrystal_growth
Act of modifying the surface of a material
characteristics of the surface, such as: roughness, hydrophilicity, surface charge, surface energy, biocompatibility and reactivity. Surface engineering is the
Surface_modification
Chemical compound
[citation needed] As a dehydrohalogenation agent. In surface activation products (primers) for low-surface energy plastics and elastomers (such as PTFE, HDPE,
1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene
1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene
Crystal that develops with a typical multi-branching form
highest effective surface energy. Taking into account attachment kinetics, we can derive that both for spherical growth and for flat surface growth, the growth
Dendrite_(crystal)
Obsolete metric unit prefix for 10^-14
(2013-07-01) [1922]. The Orientation of Molecules in Surfaces, Surface Energy, Adsorption, and Surface Catalysis. V. The Adhesional Work Between Organic
Micri-
Curve in a liquid's surface due to adhesion to the container walls
mechanism of side-wall surface adhesion Sessile drop technique – Method of determining the surface energy of a solid Tensiometer (surface tension) – Instrument
Meniscus_(liquid)
Heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials
(often just below the solubility limit) so that the kinetic barrier of surface energy can be more easily overcome and the maximum number of precipitate particles
Precipitation_hardening
Water located on top of land forming terrestrial bodies of water
swamps. The surface water held by dams can be used for renewable energy in the form of hydropower. Hydropower is the forcing of surface water sourced
Surface_water
Non-metallic material used to bond various materials together
the surface energy of the substrate is greater than the surface energy of the adhesive. However, high-strength adhesives have high surface energy. Thus
Adhesive
Ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface
types of solid surfaces. Traditionally, solid surfaces have been divided into high-energy and low-energy solids. The relative energy of a solid has to
Wetting
Chemical compound
such as the surfaces of glass, ceramics, or silica. Due to its heavily fluorinated tail group, a FDTS monolayer reduces surface energy. Deposition of
Perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane
Scales to describe earthquake strength
the energy of the earthquake, and are the most destructive. Deeper earthquakes, having less interaction with the surface, produce weaker surface waves
Seismic_magnitude_scales
Method for measuring contact angle between a liquid and a solid
analysis. The method is particularly suitable for solids with high surface energy, where liquids spread out. Hydrogels, such as those that comprise soft
Captive_bubble_method
modification and applying coatings to the substrate. Surface modifications can be used to affect surface energy, adhesion, biocompatibility, chemical inertness
Biomaterial surface modifications
Biomaterial_surface_modifications
Coating that prevents sticking
component provides the roughness and the other provides low surface energy. A liquid-impregnated surface consists of two distinct layers. The first is a highly
Non-stick_surface
the interfacial angles depend on the ratios of surface energies. Because these three surface energies form the sides of a triangle, they are constrained
Ideal_surface
The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) uses the '''surface''' energy balance to estimate aspects of the hydrological cycle. SEBAL maps
SEBAL
Process for selectively separating of hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic
γlv is the surface energy of the liquid/vapor interface γsv is the surface energy of the solid/vapor interface γsl is the surface energy of the solid/liquid
Froth_flotation
Change of surface energy with strain
needed to create a new surface, is sometimes confused with "surface stress". Although surface stress and surface free energy of liquid–gas or liquid–liquid
Surface_stress
Flat surface of a gem, crystal, etc
small increase in energy over the unbroken crystal. Equivalently, these planes have a low surface energy. The planes with the lowest energy will form the
Facet
Form of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces
where induced energy, pressure, and temperature allow bonding between the surfaces on a much larger scale than cohesive surface energy. In metallic compounds
Galling
Chemical mechanism of spontaneous passivation
for a free metal surface to bind an oxygen dimer via oxidation is a function of the partial pressure of oxygen, the surface energy between the crystal
Metal_oxide_adhesion
In thermodynamics, Stefan's formula says that the specific surface energy at a given interface is determined by the respective enthalpy difference Δ H
Stefan's_formula
Overview article
Young's relation and tabulated values for interfacial energy, we can estimate the surface energy of the solid. •Young's Relation: γ S G = γ S L − γ L G
Chemistry_of_photolithography
Tree-like structure of crystals
The solid then attempts to minimize the area of those surfaces with the highest surface energy. The dendrite thus exhibits a sharper and sharper tip as
Dendrite_(metal)
where two fluids or a fluid in a vacuum form a free surface with surface energy. If more surface area is present than the minimum required to contain
Fluid_thread_breakup
Five crystals arranged around a common axis
a substance Surface energy – Excess energy at the surface of a material relative to its interior Surface stress – Change of surface energy with strain
Fiveling
Method of determining the surface energy of a solid
used for the characterization of solid surface energies, and in some cases, aspects of liquid surface energies. The main premise of the method is that
Sessile_drop_technique
Type of non reactive adhesive
pressure which is used to apply the adhesive to the surface. Surface factors such as smoothness, surface energy, cleanliness, etc. also affect the resulting
Pressure-sensitive_adhesive
Force distributed over an area
to one surface element (the normal stress) being negative, and positive for surface elements perpendicular to this. In cosmology, dark energy creates
Pressure
Abstract boundary in condensed matter physics
of the Fermi surface is derived from the periodicity and symmetry of the crystalline lattice and from the occupation of electronic energy bands. The existence
Fermi_surface
Fine pattern of dense cracking on the surface of materials
opposed by an unfavorable increase in surface energy as the crack elongates and promoted by a release in the elastic energy of the material near the crack.
Craquelure
available in different colors, with or without printing under the low surface energy coating or on the backside of the liner. Release is separation of the
Release_liner
Mineral form of titanium dioxide
first titanium dioxide phase to form in many processes due to its lower surface energy, with a transformation to rutile taking place at elevated temperatures
Anatase
Equation relating the concentration of a component and surface tension
component in contact with a surface with changes in the surface tension, which results in a corresponding change in surface energy. For a binary system, the
Gibbs_isotherm
Third planet from the Sun
liquid surface water and water vapor to persist via the capturing of energy from the Sun's light. This process maintains the current average surface temperature
Earth
Chemical science associated with pressure-sensitive adhesives
Because of the inherent tackiness of the adhesive material and low surface energy, these tapes can be placed onto a variety of substrates when light pressure
Chemistry of pressure-sensitive adhesives
Chemistry_of_pressure-sensitive_adhesives
Electron diffraction by reflection from surfaces
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is a technique used to characterize the surface of crystalline materials. RHEED systems gather information
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction
Reflection_high-energy_electron_diffraction
Equation describing the penetration length of a liquid into a capillary tube with time
a constant flow rate independent of the liquid sample viscosity and surface energy". 2017 IEEE 30th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical
Washburn's_equation
BAITSSS (Backward-Averaged Iterative Two-Source Surface temperature and energy balance Solution) is biophysical Evapotranspiration (ET) computer model
BAITSSS
Form of electromagnetic radiation
low-surface-energy polymers for adhesives. Polymers exposed to UV will oxidize, thus raising the surface energy of the polymer. Once the surface energy of the
Ultraviolet
Wafer bonding process in semiconductor production
diagram of surface energy). In case one wafer contains a layer of thermal oxide and the other wafer is covered by a native oxide, the surface energy development
Direct_bonding
non-polymer surfaces form when a positive net amount of energy is required to break self-interactions and form non-self-interactions. Therefore, the energy of
Polymer_adsorption
CGS unit of energy and mechanical work
(2013-07-01) [1922]. The Orientation of Molecules in Surfaces, Surface Energy, Adsorption, and Surface Catalysis. V. The Adhesional Work Between Organic
Erg
Vaporization of a liquid from its surface
collide, they transfer energy to each other based on how they collide. When a molecule near the surface absorbs enough energy to overcome the vapor pressure
Evaporation
Earth's surface where water is frozen
climate system. These feedbacks come from the cryosphere's influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, the water cycle, atmospheric and oceanic
Cryosphere
US strategic petroleum reserve
costs. The Department of Energy claims that it is approximately ten times more cost effective to store oil below the surface, with the added advantages
Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States)
Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve_(United_States)
Cellulose-based paper used in baking and cooking
coated paper, onto which a suitable release agent—a coating with a low surface energy and the capability to withstand the temperatures involved in the baking
Parchment_paper
Surface representing the interface between two different fluids
capillary surface is a surface that represents the interface between two different fluids. As a consequence of being a surface, a capillary surface has no
Capillary_surface
Natural processes of water movement within the water cycle
bodies of water. Secondly, the amount of energy present in the air and soil (e.g. heat, measured by the global surface temperature); and thirdly the ability
Evapotranspiration
Wafer bonding technique
boundary layer; the surface energy of the adherend should be higher than the surface energy of the adhesive for good wetting; and the surface profile can be
Adhesive bonding of semiconductor wafers
Adhesive_bonding_of_semiconductor_wafers
Activation energy required for a nucleus of an atom to undergo fission
nuclear Coulomb energy decreases while the nuclear surface energy increases. At the saddle point, the rate of change of the Coulomb energy is equal to the
Fission_barrier
Study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases
It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics. Some related practical applications are classed as surface engineering. The science encompasses
Surface_science
Coherent delocalized electron oscillations
details see surface plasmon polariton. As an SPP propagates along the surface, it loses energy to the metal due to absorption. It can also lose energy due to
Surface_plasmon
Shapes for crystals with interfaces and twins
experimental data. The thermodynamic cases involve the surface energy of different facets; the term surface tension refers to liquids, not solids. The shapes
Extended_Wulff_constructions
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
higher than the Sun's energy alone could explain. Earth's atmosphere is transparent to sunlight, so sunlight reaches the surface where it is converted
Climate_change
Water-repellant coating
where one component provides the roughness and the other provides low surface energy. Superhydrophobic coatings are also found in nature; they appear on
Superhydrophobic_coating
Physical effect of surfactants on materials
explanation for this effect is the disruption of surface oxide films, and the reduction of surface energy by surfactants. The effect is of particular importance
Rehbinder_effect
Type of energy
thermodynamic work (i.e., energy) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface. Here "immediately"
Work_function
Transport of energy by wind waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work
exploits wave power is a wave energy converter (WEC). Waves are generated primarily by wind passing over the sea's surface and also by tidal forces, temperature
Wave_power
Representation of a chemical process as a single energetic pathway
progress; thus, energy profiles are also called reaction coordinate diagrams. They are derived from the corresponding potential energy surface (PES), which
Energy_profile_(chemistry)
Phase transition of liquid to solid
form this interface, based on the surface energy of each phase. If a hypothetical nucleus is too small, the energy that would be released by forming its
Freezing
Force resisting sliding motion
front of it. Since all surfaces involve the thermodynamic surface energy, work must be spent in creating the new surface, and energy is released as heat
Friction
Type of energy transfer
In thermodynamics, heat is defined as energy in transfer between a body and its surroundings, other than through thermodynamic work or through transfer
Heat
Radiant light and heat from the Sun, harnessed with technology
masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis, green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces
Solar_energy
Short-term state of the atmosphere
and distribution of solar energy received by Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change. Surface temperature differences in
Weather
Phenomenon of surface adhesion
gaseous phase. Like surface tension, adsorption is a consequence of surface energy. In a bulk material, all the bonding requirements (be they ionic, covalent
Adsorption
Thermodynamic phase transition energy
liquid on a surface, then the vapor's latent energy absorbed during evaporation is released as the liquid's sensible heat onto the surface. The large value
Latent_heat
dioxide. Transition metal oxides have a wide variety of surface structures which affect the surface energy of these compounds and influence their chemical properties
Surface properties of transition metal oxides
Surface_properties_of_transition_metal_oxides
Concept in celestial mechanics
energy is greater than or equal to zero. The existence of escape velocity can be thought of as a consequence of conservation of energy and an energy field
Escape_velocity
Core of an atom composed of nucleons
binding energy is less. This surface energy term takes that into account and is therefore negative and is proportional to the surface area. Coulomb energy. The
Atomic_nucleus
the Willmore energy is a quantitative measure of how much a given surface deviates from a round sphere. Mathematically, the Willmore energy of a smooth
Willmore_energy
Industrial process for ammonia production
the binding of nitrogen atoms to the catalyst surface overcompensates for the necessary dissociation energy so that the reaction is finally exothermic.
Haber_process
Surface Evolver is an interactive program for the study of surfaces shaped by surface tension and other energies, and subject to various constraints. A
Surface_Evolver
Altering the properties of solid surfaces
corresponding to those components. Applying innovative surface engineering technologies to the energy sector has the potential of reducing annual CO2-eq emissions
Surface_engineering
Seismic intensity scale used to quantify the degree of shaking during earthquakes
less interaction with the surface, their energy is spread throughout a larger volume, and the energy reaching the surface is spread across a larger area
Modified Mercalli intensity scale
Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale
Dimensionless number in particle technology
cohesive powders, lack of a robust criterion for tuning the level of the surface energy of the particles can waste enormous amount of time during the process
Cohesion_number
Overview of and topical guide to energy
timescale Rest energy – (≥0) given by E = mc2, where m is an object's rest mass Solar energy Surface energy Sustainable energy Thermal energy – a microscopic
Outline_of_energy
SURFACE ENERGY
SURFACE ENERGY
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