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Approximation of the figure of Earth as a sphere
Spherical Earth or Earth's curvature refers to the approximation of the figure of the Earth as a sphere. The earliest documented mention of the concept
Spherical_Earth
Multiple proofs regarding Earth's approximately spherical shape
The roughly spherical shape of Earth can be empirically evidenced by many different types of observation, ranging from ground level, flight, or orbit.
Empirical evidence for the spherical shape of Earth
Empirical_evidence_for_the_spherical_shape_of_Earth
Archaic conception of Earth's shape
a flat-Earth cosmography. The model has undergone a recent resurgence as a conspiracy theory in the 21st century. The idea of a spherical Earth appeared
Flat_Earth
Directional planes
of the Earth is taken into account, the concepts of vertical and horizontal take on yet another meaning. On the surface of a smoothly spherical, homogenous
Vertical_and_horizontal
Hypothetical planet on the other side of the Sun from Earth
as Earth, orbiting the same central point but 180 degrees from Earth—the Counter-Earth. In the 1st century AD, after the idea of a spherical Earth had
Counter-Earth
Antarctic expedition to test Flat Earth
flat Earthers, of having faked the expedition and of being part of a larger conspiracy to promote the spherical Earth model. Earth's roughly spherical shape
The Final Experiment (expedition)
The_Final_Experiment_(expedition)
Anti-scientific belief
that Earth is roughly spherical. Flat Earth beliefs are classified by experts in philosophy and physics as a form of science denial. Flat Earth groups
Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs
Distance from the Earth surface to a point near its center
the Earth" or "the radius of the Earth at that point". It is also common to refer to any mean radius of a spherical model as "the radius of the earth".
Earth_radius
Size and shape used to model the Earth for geodesy
depends on application, including the precision needed for the model. A spherical Earth is a well-known historical approximation that is satisfactory for geography
Figure_of_the_Earth
Shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere
way-points. Because the Earth is nearly spherical, great-circle distance formulas applied to longitude and geodetic latitude of points on Earth are accurate to
Great-circle_distance
Theme in J. R. R. Tolkien's writing
with pre-modern cosmological concepts in the flat Earth paradigm, along with the modern spherical Earth view of the Solar System. The created world, Eä
Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium
Cosmology_of_Tolkien's_legendarium
Superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center
philosophers usually combined the geocentric model with a spherical Earth, in contrast to the older flat-Earth model implied in some mythology. However, the Greek
Geocentrism
Type of medieval world map
writings by Isidore make it clear that he considered the Earth to be spherical. Indeed, the spherical Earth had been the prevailing scholarly assumption since
T_and_O_map
Rotation of Earth around its axis
the spherical Earth rotates about its axis daily and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth. He
Earth's_rotation
Apparent curve that separates earth from sky
objects. The geometric horizon assumes a spherical earth. The true horizon takes into account the fact that the earth is an irregular ellipsoid. When refraction
Horizon
conceptions of the Earth held it to be flat, with the heavens being a physical dome spanning over it. Early arguments for a spherical Earth pointed to various
History_of_geodesy
Scale model of a celestial body
A globe is a spherical model of Earth, of some other celestial body, or of the celestial sphere. Globes serve purposes similar to maps, but, unlike maps
Globe
Astronomical symbols for the planet Earth, alchemical symbol for the element Earth
the spherical shape of the Earth in the Hellenistic period, the main attribute of the Earth was its being flat. The Egyptian hieroglyph for "earth, land"
Earth_symbol
Diametrically opposite points on Earth's surface
word is attested in Plato's dialogue Timaeus, already referring to a spherical Earth, explaining the relativity of the terms "above" and "below": For if
Antipodes
Third planet from the Sun
the planet. Initial belief in a flat Earth was gradually displaced in Ancient Greece by the idea of a spherical Earth, which was attributed to both the philosophers
Earth
Misconception that people in the Middle Ages believed Earth to be flat
not acknowledge [Earth's] sphericity and even know its approximate circumference". Historian Jeffrey Burton Russell says the flat-Earth error flourished
Myth_of_the_flat_Earth
List of early depictions of the world
6th to 5th centuries BCE still based on the flat Earth paradigm. World maps assuming a spherical Earth first appear in the Hellenistic period. The developments
Early_world_maps
Disproven hypothesis
heaven caused an enormous funnel to appear in previously solid and spherical earth, as well as an enormous mountain opposite it, "Purgatory". In Native
Hollow_Earth
terminology): The heavens are spherical The Heavenly Sphere rotates The Earth is spherical The Earth is the center of the cosmos "the Earth in size and distance
Ancient_Greek_astronomy
Humorous concept in scientific models
The spherical cow is a humorous metaphor for highly simplified scientific models of complex phenomena. Originating in theoretical physics, the metaphor
Spherical_cow
Continent in Tolkien's legendarium
Tolkien's legendarium addresses the spherical Earth paradigm by depicting a catastrophic transition from a flat to a spherical world, known as the Akallabêth
Middle-earth
Book by Sacrobosco
its importance as a university text. The 'sphere of the world' is not the earth but the heavens, and Sacrobosco quotes Theodosius saying it is a solid body
De_sphaera_mundi
Line between the poles with the same longitude
Assuming a spherical Earth, a meridian is a great semicircle on Earth's surface. Adopting instead a spheroidal or ellipsoid model of Earth, the meridian
Meridian_(geography)
Historical concept in cosmology
proposed that the center of the Universe lies at the center of a spherical, stationary Earth, around which the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars rotate. With
Center_of_the_universe
Mathematical puzzle
puzzle, string is tightly wrapped around the equator of a perfectly spherical Earth. If the string should be raised 1 metre (roughly 3 ft 3 in) off the
String_girdling_Earth
Mercator variant map projection
official geodetic system". This definition used a spherical (rather than ellipsoidal) model of the Earth. Later that year, EPSG provided an updated identifier
Web_Mercator_projection
Italian narrative poem by Dante Alighieri
Virgil arrive. The Purgatorio demonstrates the medieval knowledge of a spherical Earth. During the poem, Dante discusses the different stars visible in the
Divine_Comedy
Solid dome dividing the primal waters
theoreticians like Aristotle and Ptolemy ushered in the notions of a spherical Earth and an Earth floating in the center of the cosmos as opposed to resting on
Firmament
Hierarchical outline list of articles related to the physical sciences
asteroids, and meteors The shape and structure of Earth (roughly spherical, see also Spherical Earth) Earth in the Solar System Time measurement The composition
Outline_of_physical_science
Angle between the rotational axis and orbital axis of a body
rotational axis of Earth, for example, is the imaginary line that passes through both the North Pole and South Pole, whereas the Earth's orbital axis is
Axial_tilt
System to specify locations on Earth
coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude
Geographic_coordinate_system
Straight path on a curved surface or a Riemannian manifold
geodesic was the shortest route between two points on the Earth's surface. For a spherical Earth, it is a segment of a great circle (see also great-circle
Geodesic
Units for measuring angles
defined as the arc length of a minute of latitude on a spherical Earth; therefore, the actual Earth's circumference is approximately 21600 nmi. A minute of
Minute_and_second_of_arc
Coordinates comprising a distance and two angles
In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system specifies a given point in three-dimensional space by using a distance and two angles as its three coordinates
Spherical_coordinate_system
Treatise by Aristotle
composed of the four elements: water, earth, fire, and air These elements were arranged in spherical strata, with Earth as its center and the Moon on the
Meteorology_(Aristotle)
three-level cosmology in large measure gave way to the Greek concept of a spherical Earth suspended in space at the center of a number of concentric heavens
Biblical_cosmology
Set of points equidistant from a center
and nearly-spherical shapes also appear in nature and industry. Bubbles such as soap bubbles take a spherical shape in equilibrium. The Earth is often approximated
Sphere
Apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere
is the apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere, resulting from Earth's orbit around the Sun. It was a central concept in a number of ancient sciences
Ecliptic
Medieval European scholars did not believe the Earth was flat. Scholars have known the Earth is spherical since at least the sixth century BCE. Medieval
List of common misconceptions about history
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_history
Chinese scientist and writer (1192–1279)
4th-century Chinese astronomer Yu Xi, Li Ye proposed the idea of a spherical Earth instead of a flat one before the advances of European science in the
Li_Ye_(mathematician)
Methods in geodesy
assumption that the figure of the Earth is an oblate spheroid, and hence are more accurate than methods that assume a spherical Earth, such as great-circle distance
Vincenty's_formulae
Horizontal angle from north or other reference cardinal direction
declination and hour angle at a specific location, modify the formula for a spherical Earth. Replace φ2 with declination and longitude difference with hour angle
Azimuth
Pseudocylindrical equal-area map projection
The features of the Equal Earth projection include: The curved sides of the projection suggest the spherical form of Earth. Straight parallels make it
Equal_Earth_projection
Geometry of figures on the surface of a sphere
Spherical trigonometry is the branch of spherical geometry and trigonometry that deals with the metrical relationships between the sides and angles of
Spherical_trigonometry
Theorem in geometry
small. For example, consider an equilateral spherical triangle with sides of 60 km on a spherical Earth of radius 6371 km; the side corresponds to an
Legendre's theorem on spherical triangles
Legendre's_theorem_on_spherical_triangles
Nahuatl-speaking Indigenous people of the Valley of Mexico
Tenochtitlan in 1337. Calling their new home Tlatelolco ("Place of the Spherical Earth Mound"), the Tlatelolca were to become Tenochtitlan's persistent rivals
Mexica
Evolution of the art and science of mapmaking
and even suggest the possibility that the Phoenicians knew about the spherical Earth model. However, nothing certain about their knowledge of geography
History_of_cartography
Geographic coordinate system
interplanetary spaceflight), the Earth ellipsoid may be simplified as a spherical Earth, in which case the geocentric and geodetic latitudes are equal and
Geodetic_coordinates
setting the bulge of the earth is the cause. (Ch. 1.9) Among many of the other medieval writers describing the sphericity of the Earth is Thomas Aquinas, who
List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages
ellipsoid Empirical evidence for the spherical shape of Earth Flat Earth Spherical Earth Geodesy Earth's circumference Earth radius Geodetic datum History of
Timeline_of_Earth_estimates
Experiment to determine the shape of the Earth
refraction, Alfred Russel Wallace found a curvature consistent with a spherical Earth. At the point chosen for all the experiments, the river is a slow-flowing
Bedford_Level_experiment
Geometry of the surface of a sphere
Spherical geometry or spherics (from Ancient Greek σφαιρικά) is the geometry of the two-dimensional surface of a sphere or the n-dimensional surface of
Spherical_geometry
Islamist terrorist leader (1970–2009)
2009 BBC interview, Yusuf stated his belief that the concept of a spherical Earth is contrary to Islamic teaching and should be rejected. He also rejected
Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)
Topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space
used when discussing analytic manifolds in algebraic geometry. The spherical Earth is navigated using flat maps or charts, collected in an atlas. Similarly
Manifold
Painting attributed to Leonardo da Vinci
fixed celestial crystalline sphere (composed of aether), with the spherical Earth at the center of the universe. "So what you've got in the Salvator
Salvator_Mundi_(painting)
Inertial navigation design principle
"north", "east" and "down", so it gives correct directions on the near-spherical Earth. It is widely used in electronic control systems. As first explained
Schuler_tuning
Distance measured along the surface of the Earth
irregularity in the surface of the Earth. Common abstractions for the surface between two geographic points are: Flat surface; Spherical surface; Ellipsoidal surface
Geographical_distance
Brahmana text
the sun does not move and it is the earth that moves, suggesting heliocentrism and rotation of a spherical Earth. According to Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta
Aitareya_Brahmana
4th century CE astronomical treatise Surya Siddhanta postulated a spherical Earth. The book described a custom of the prime meridian or zero longitude
Time_in_India
Divisions of the inhabited portion of the Earth by geographic latitude
inhabited portion of the spherical Earth by geographic latitude. Starting with Aristotle (Meteorology 2.5,362a32), the Earth was divided into five zones
Clime
Outermost moving sphere in the geocentric model of the universe
Earth every 24 hours. Astronomers believed that the seven naked-eye planets (including the Moon and the Sun) were carried around the spherical Earth on
Primum_Mobile
Italian navigator and explorer (1451–1506)
nearly all educated Westerners of Columbus's time knew that the Earth is spherical, a concept that had been understood since antiquity. The techniques
Christopher_Columbus
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
the sphericity of the Moon. Ptolemy (90–168 AD) greatly improved on the numbers of Aristarchus, calculating a mean distance of 59 times Earth's radius
Moon
Sun-centered astronomical model
philosopher Philolaus had the thought on different occasions that Earth was spherical and revolving around a "mystical" central fire, and that this fire
Heliocentrism
Study of the universe
and those preceding it was the Copernican principle—that the bodies on Earth obey the same physical laws as all celestial bodies. This was a crucial
Cosmology
Term for the Early Middle Ages
Medieval artistic illustration of the spherical Earth in a 14th-century copy of L'Image du monde (c. 1246)
Dark_Ages_(historiography)
point on the Earth of coordinates latitude: B 2 {\displaystyle B_{2}} , and longitude: L 2 {\displaystyle L_{2}} . In a terrestrial spherical model, the
Isoazimuth
at a distance r from the center of the Earth can be obtained by assuming that the Earth's density is spherically symmetric. The force of gravity at a radius
Gravity_of_Earth
also argued for spherical celestial bodies by using evidence of lunar eclipses and solar eclipses, which promoted the spherical Earth theory and went
Timeline_of_Chinese_astronomy
1988 book by Stephen Hawking
history of astronomy, starting with Aristotle's conclusions about a spherical Earth and a circular geocentric model of the universe, later elaborated upon
A_Brief_History_of_Time
Geography of a fictional continent
between Aman and Middle-earth; it was destroyed in a cataclysm near the end of the Second Age, in which Arda was remade as a spherical world, and Aman was
Geography_of_Middle-earth
Area on a sphere bounded by two semicircles joined at antipodal points
In spherical geometry, a spherical lune (or biangle) is an area on a sphere bounded by two half great circles which meet at antipodal points. It is an
Spherical_lune
Ancient Greek analogue astronomical computer
mean Sun pointer, to track the elliptical anomaly of the Sun (the orbit of Earth around the Sun), but there is no evidence of it among the fragments found
Antikythera_mechanism
Grid on a map, depicting a coordinate system
graticule is of ancient origin, being almost as old as the concept of the spherical Earth, coordinate system for measuring geographic locations, and the map
Graticule
Cylindrical equidistant map projection
location on Earth or other spherical solar system bodies. In addition it is frequently used in panoramic photography to represent a spherical panoramic
Equirectangular_projection
Lunar mansion in Hindu astronomy
Nakshatra Nityayoga Orbital eccentricity Parallax Precession Ritu Spherical Earth Sunlight Tithi Vāra Yuga Centres Birla Planetarium Chennai Hyderabad
Nakshatra
Branch of astronomy about the celestial sphere
seen at a particular date, time, and location on Earth. It relies on the mathematical methods of spherical trigonometry and the measurements of astrometry
Spherical_astronomy
Class of star chart
second century by Claudius Ptolemy to describe the representation of a spherical Earth by a map drawn in the plane. This usage continued into the Renaissance:
Planisphere
Earth's dry surface
the circular surface of the Earth, is the begetter of all life and possibly of all gods." The spherical form of the Earth was suggested by early Greek
Land
Art installation
spherical replica of the Earth, with a diameter of 7 metres (23 ft), and named after the Greek primordial goddess Gaia, personification of the Earth.
Gaia_(Jerram)
European history from the 5th to 15th centuries
a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge [Earth's] sphericity and even know its approximate circumference". Other misconceptions
Middle_Ages
Third month of the Hindu lunar calendar
celebrated to commemorate the descent of the Ganges river from heaven to earth. It is celebrated on Dashami (tenth day) tithi of the Shukla paksha (waxing
Jyeshtha_(month)
Records of Earth's development
material became a more spherical body: the Moon. Plate tectonics is driven by mantle convection, the flow of heated rock from Earth's interior to the surface
History_of_Earth
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
Retrieved 17 July 2018. Region A, Low Earth Orbit (or LEO) Region – spherical region that extends from the Earth's surface up to an altitude (Z) of 2,000
Low_Earth_orbit
in his computation. The Earth's shape deviates from spherical by flattening, but by only about 0.3%. Measurement of Earth's circumference has been important
Earth's_circumference
East-West geographic coordinate
Hipparchus (2nd century BC) used a coordinate system that assumed a spherical Earth, and divided it into 360° as is still done today. His prime meridian
Longitude
Geographic coordinate specifying north-south position
gravity field of the Earth. The geocentric latitude θ is the complement of the polar angle or colatitude θ′ in conventional spherical polar coordinates in
Latitude
Distance along a portion of a meridian, for use in geodesy
fit the entire world. The earliest determinations of the size of a spherical Earth required a single arc. Accurate survey work beginning in the 19th century
Meridian_arc
Greco-Roman astronomer and geographer (c. 100–170)
(Ptolemy): Representation, understanding, and mathematical labeling of the spherical Earth". Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science. Archived from the
Ptolemy
Cultural perspectives about Earth
Earth is square shaped and the heavens are round, as in the Circular Mound Altar, the axis mundi of imperial China. The spherical form of the Earth was
Earth_in_culture
Obsolete theory of continent locations
for a given volume, and makes a reasonable endpoint for a shrinking spherical Earth. The theory was first proposed by William Lowthian Green in 1875. It
Tetrahedral_hypothesis
flat Earth. Vedic texts proposed a number of shapes, including a wheel (flat) and a bag (concave), though they likely promote a spherical Earth, which
Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System
Gravitational force holding a body or system of bodies together
significantly different when using a flat Earth model that does not take self-gravity into account, as opposed to a spherical Earth where self-gravity is taken into
Self-gravitation
in the Earth's magnetic field is to fit the measurements to a set of spherical harmonics. This was first done by Carl Friedrich Gauss. Spherical harmonics
Earth's_magnetic_field
later developed for calculating this projection by computer for a spherical Earth. The Chamberlin trimetric projection is neither conformal nor equal-area
Chamberlin trimetric projection
Chamberlin_trimetric_projection
SPHERICAL EARTH
SPHERICAL EARTH
Girl/Female
Tamil
The earth, Cardamom tree, Daughter of Manu
Girl/Female
Tamil
Earth
Girl/Female
English American German
Worldly. Earth, from the Old English eorthe. Famous bearer: American creole singer Eartha Kitt.
Girl/Female
African, American, Australian, British, Christian, English, German, Indian
Earthy; Born of the Earth; Child of the World
Girl/Female
Tamil
The earth, Alive
Girl/Female
Tamil
Earth
Girl/Female
Tamil
Earth
Girl/Female
Tamil
In Hindi Yug, Earth, Muse
Female
English
Old English name EARTHA means "earth, ground."
Boy/Male
Tamil
Parthiv | பாரà¯à®¤à®¿à®µ
Son of the earth, Brave, Prince of earth, Earthly
Parthiv | பாரà¯à®¤à®¿à®µ
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sharp, Earth, Ganges
Girl/Female
Tamil
The earth, Cardamom tree, Daughter of Manu
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
The Sun is the Star at the Centre of the Solar System; It is Almost Perfectly Spherical and Consists of Hot Plasma Interwoven with Magnetic Fields; Sun
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English diche, dike, Old English dīc ‘dike’, ‘earthwork’, hence a metonymic occupational name for a ditcher or a topographic name for someone who lived by a ditch or dike. The medieval dike was larger and more prominent than the modern ditch, and was usually constructed for purposes of defense rather than drainage.Americanized spelling of Dutch Dijk (see Dyck).
Girl/Female
Tamil
Earth
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English diche, dike ‘dike’, ‘earthwork’ + man ‘man’, hence an occupational name for a ditch digger or a topographic name for someone who lived by a ditch or dike. See also Dyke.English : occupational name meaning ‘servant (Middle English man) of Dick’.Dutch : elaborated form of Dyck.Americanized spelling of German Dickmann.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : nickname meaning ‘fat man’, a noun formation from Dick 2.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Dharnitha | தரநிதா
Earth
Dharnitha | தரநிதா
Boy/Male
Tamil
Paarthiv | பாரà¯à®¤à®¿à®µ
Prince of earth
Paarthiv | பாரà¯à®¤à®¿à®µ
Boy/Male
Tamil
Poorvesh | பூரà¯à®µà¯‡à®·Â ,பூரà¯à®µà¯‡à®·Â Â
Earth
Poorvesh | பூரà¯à®µà¯‡à®·Â ,பூரà¯à®µà¯‡à®·Â Â
Boy/Male
Tamil
Parthivendra | பாரà¯à®¤à¯€à®µà¯‡à®¨à¯à®¤à¯à®°
Greatest of the kings of the earth
SPHERICAL EARTH
SPHERICAL EARTH
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Latin
From Brittany; Great Britain; Celtic Britons Emigrated from France to Become the Britons of England
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived on or by a ridge, Middle English rigge, or a habitational name from any of the places named with this word, as for example Ridge in Hertfordshire. The surname is also fairly common in Ireland, in County Galway, having been taken to Connacht in the early 17th century. The name is sometimes Gaelicized as Mac Iomaire; iomaire is modern Irish for ‘ridge’.
Boy/Male
Greek
Earth-lover. Of Demeter. Demeter is the mythological Greek goddess of corn and harvest. She...
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh
Truth of God
Girl/Female
Tamil
Noble, Secret, Righteous
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord Shiva, Shapely, Diverse, Changed
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Beauty; Grace; Handsome
Female
Italian
 Feminine form of Latin Robertus, ROBERTA means "bright fame." In use by the Italians, Portuguese and Spanish. Compare with another form of Roberta.
Boy/Male
Indian
Powerful
SPHERICAL EARTH
SPHERICAL EARTH
SPHERICAL EARTH
SPHERICAL EARTH
SPHERICAL EARTH
n.
A portion of a spherical or other convex surface.
a.
Alt. of Spheric
v. t.
To form into roundness; to make spherical, or spheral; to perfect.
n.
A rudimentary form of crystallite, spherical in shape.
a.
Having the form of a bunch of grapes; like a cluster of grapes, as a mineral presenting an aggregation of small spherical or spheroidal prominences.
a.
Globular; spherical; orbicular.
a.
See Spheroidal.
a.
Having the form of a globe; spherical.
a.
Made convex; protuberant in a spherical form.
a.
Alt. of Schetical
a.
Round; spherical; starlike.
n.
The eye, as luminous and spherical.
a.
Exactly spherical; globular.
a.
Spherical; orbicular; orblike; circular.
adv.
Spherically.
a.
Spherical.
a.
Having the form of a sphere; like a sphere; globular; orbicular; as, a spherical body.
n.
Freedom from spherical aberration.
n.
The doctrine of the sphere; the science of the properties and relations of the circles, figures, and other magnitudes of a sphere, produced by planes intersecting it; spherical geometry and trigonometry.
a.
Round; circular; spherical.