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Informal fallacy
Special pleading is an informal fallacy wherein a person claims an exception to a general or universal principle, but the exception is unjustified. It
Special_pleading
Informal logical fallacy
fallacy Moving the goalposts Persuasive definition Reification (fallacy) Special pleading Whataboutism "Fallacies". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved
No_true_Scotsman
significant and negative event and, therefore, should not be permitted. Special pleading – the arguer attempts to cite something as an exemption to a generally
List_of_fallacies
Type of informal fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Internet adage about Nazi comparisons
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Godwin's_law
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Straw_man
Exclusive reliance on quantitative observations in decision-making
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
McNamara_fallacy
Type of trolling or harassment
Indigenous voices". The Conversation. Retrieved 5 June 2022. Sealioning (a special kind of trolling) Grace Chappell, Sophie (March 2022). Epiphanies: An Ethics
Sealioning
Question containing an unjustified assumption
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Loaded_question
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
kind of hasty generalization that appeals to the senses. Statistical special pleading occurs when the interpretation of the relevant statistic is "massaged"
Faulty_generalization
Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
Metaphor originating from goal sports
true Scotsman "They Just Keep Moving the Line", song Overton window Special pleading Setting up to fail Slippery slope Texas sharpshooter fallacy "Moving
Moving_the_goalposts
Evidence relying on personal testimony
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Anecdotal_evidence
Management attitude for innovation or development
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Not_invented_here
Logical fallacy of inconsistency
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
False_equivalence
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
context Selection bias Selective exposure theory Simpson's paradox Special pleading Survivorship bias Sven Ove Hansson (2017). "Science denial as a form
Cherry_picking
Formal fallacy, aka Linda Problem
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Conjunction_fallacy
Idea that everyone faces consequence as they deserve
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Just-world_fallacy
Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
appear logical, but when placed together are shown to be incorrect. A special case is a mathematical fallacy, an intentionally invalid mathematical proof
Formal_fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Muhammad_Wang_fallacy
Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
so that the opponent appears hypocritical. This specious reasoning is a special type of ad hominem attack. The Oxford English Dictionary cites John Cooke's
Tu_quoque
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
position. Formal fallacies are deductively invalid arguments. They are of special interest to the field of formal logic but they can only account for a small
Informal_fallacy
Fallacious approach to mislead an audience
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Red_herring
Misleading use of a term with multiple meanings
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Equivocation
Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
a function a special function; instead, the term special function is defined by consensus. Functions generally considered to be special functions include
Argumentum_ad_populum
Attacking the person rather than their argument
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Ad_hominem
Logical fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Reductio_ad_Hitlerum
Pleading in United States Federal courts is governed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. According to Rule 7, only these pleadings are allowed: A
Pleading_(United_States)
Informal fallacy
ignorance is always fallacious. It is generally accepted that there are only special circumstances in which this argument may not be fallacious. For example
Argument_from_ignorance
Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Reification_(fallacy)
Internet rage incitement technique
Katherine (27 November 2018). "Charlie Brown Thanksgiving — No, the Peanuts Special Isn't Racist". National Review. Retrieved 30 August 2022. Vosoughi, Soroush;
Rage-baiting
Unclear communication
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Obfuscation
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Affirming_the_consequent
Rhetorical argument
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Slippery_slope
Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Circular_reasoning
Logical fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Argument_from_authority
Statistical fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Logical paradox from vague predicates
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Sorites_paradox
Mistakenly drawing statistical inference from independent events
akin to gambling, particularly for games aimed at youth. Some games use a special "pity-timer" mechanism, that if the player has opened several loot boxes
Gambler's_fallacy
Logical reasoning method
comparisons. The concept is associated with misunderstanding metaphor and special pleading. Philosophy portal Case-based reasoning Casuistry Conversation theory
Argument_from_analogy
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Argument
Logic founded on unproven premises
natural order of epistemic justification and the recognition that it takes special (dialectical) training to make that natural order also known to us. Fowler
Begging_the_question
Methods of mind manipulation, often based on logical fallacies
("Propaganda is a major form of manipulation by symbols" ). Thus, propaganda is a special form of communication, which is studied in communication research, and
Propaganda_techniques
Formation of beliefs based on what might be pleasing to imagine
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Wishful_thinking
Overused, unoriginal phrase or opinion
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Cliché
Purported fallacy in explaining good reductively
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Naturalistic_fallacy
Bias towards recently acquired information
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Availability_heuristic
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Base_rate_fallacy
Rhetorical tactic and potential fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Appeal_to_nature
Fallacy where validity is determined by origin
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Genetic_fallacy
Type of logical fallacy
one of the makers of the Twentieth Century. — C. S. Lewis, Bulverism The special threat of this fallacy lies in that it applies equally to the person who
Bulverism
Formal fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Association_fallacy
Logical fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Specious_reasoning
Fallacy
and so he does not commit the fallacy. I'm entitled to my opinion Special pleading Informal fallacy Law, Stephen (2005) Thinking Tools: The Relativist
Relativist_fallacy
Parable by French economist Frédéric Bastiat
Bennett, Drake (6 July 2008). "How disasters help". The Boston Globe. "Special Report: Advanced economies cope better with disasters". Reuters. 13 March
Parable_of_the_broken_window
Informal fallacy involving falsely limited alternatives
contraries, i.e. exclusive options, are a very common form, this is just a special case: there are also arguments with non-exclusive disjunctions that are
False_dilemma
2023 book by Katja Hoyer
when her book comes over as special pleading for the lost state. But that is to miss the point. Rather, she displays a special understanding and wants to
Beyond_the_Wall_(book)
Type of fallacy in modal logic
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Modal_fallacy
Attempt made at introducing alternatives where there are none
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Denying_the_correlative
Fallacy of inferring on the whole from a part
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Fallacy_of_composition
Philosophical problem
misunderstanding or a strawman of the other, especially in instances where special pleading occurs. Osho writes: No, don't ask that. That's what all the religions
Problem_of_the_creator_of_God
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
(and should) be defined in a deterministic and unambiguous way. Several special functions still do not have established notations. Usually, the conversion
Ambiguity
Informal logical fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Appeal_to_emotion
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
containing informal fallacies may be formally valid, but still fallacious. A special case is a mathematical fallacy, an intentionally invalid mathematical proof
Fallacy
Logical fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Denying_the_antecedent
Soviet catchphrase against the United States
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
And_you_are_lynching_Negroes
Informal logical fallacy
2016-11-26. The divine fallacy is a kind of non sequitur but it warrants a special mention. It often happens that when we cannot explain a phenomenon, we
Argument_from_incredulity
Refutation of a logical fallacy
possible cause, and eliminating the possibility of common and alternative ("special") causes. Such analysis usually involves one or more controlled or natural
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Informal fallacy and propaganda strategy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Whataboutism
Assumption of a single cause where multiple factors may be necessary
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Fallacy_of_the_single_cause
Fallacy in which a word's history defines its meaning
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Etymological_fallacy
Cognitive bias of experimental subject
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Observer-expectancy_effect
Question that has a built-in supposition
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Complex_question
Fallacy that the critic lacks knowledge
the existence of God is not established), as a case of fallacious special pleading, and points out that asserting that the "average believer" is not well
Courtier's_reply
Art. "Special Pleading (59.533.6(a))". Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Special Pleading (59.533.6(b))". Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Special Pleading (1970
List of erotica by Thomas Rowlandson
List_of_erotica_by_Thomas_Rowlandson
Fallacy that intent acts to cause events
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Animistic_fallacy
Fallacy that since an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false
then Q. P is a fallacious argument. Therefore, Q is false. Thus, it is a special case of denying the antecedent where the antecedent, rather than being
Argument_from_fallacy
Branch of logic
their formal system: the special symbol ⊤ {\displaystyle \top } , called "truth", which always evaluates to True, and the special symbol ⊥ {\displaystyle
Propositional_logic
Pseudoscholarship that attempts to distort historical record
thesis being promoted while ignoring valid sources that contradict it (special pleading). Some works adopt a position of historical relativism, insisting that
Pseudohistory
Informal fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
I'm_entitled_to_my_opinion
Logical fallacy in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis of tradition
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Appeal_to_tradition
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Denominator_neglect
Logical fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Appeal_to_fear
Concept asserting that feelings of disgust can indicate moral truth or wisdom
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Wisdom_of_repugnance
Philosophical expression
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Two_wrongs_don't_make_a_right
Logical fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Questionable_cause
Distraction technique and anti-debate tactic
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Tone_policing
Belief that a species, group, or era is 'extraordinary'
justifications.[citation needed] If unwarranted, this represents an example of special pleading, a form of spurious argumentation that ignores relevant bases for meaningful
Exceptionalism
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Appeal_to_loyalty
Distortion or fabrication of feminist arguments
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Straw_feminism
Type of logical fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Appeal_to_the_law
Fallacy in which validity is determined based on novelty
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Appeal_to_novelty
Logical fallacy
undesirable. Therefore, P is false. Appeal to force (argumentum ad baculum) is a special instance of this form. This form somewhat resembles modus tollens but is
Appeal_to_consequences
Logical fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
Affirmative_conclusion_from_a_negative_premise
1995 book by Carl Sagan
that whatever has not been proved false must be true, and vice versa. Special pleading. An arguer responds to a deeply complex or rhetorical question or statement
The_Demon-Haunted_World
Emotion based fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Appeal_to_flattery
Informal fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Suppressed_correlative
Type of informal fallacy
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Irrelevant_conclusion
Informal fallacy of generalization
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Overwhelming_exception
Argument based on lack of statements
/ Naturalistic Motte-and-bailey fallacy Psychologist's fallacy Rationalization Red herring Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Category
Argument_from_silence
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