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Formal fallacy, aka Linda Problem
be similar to the misleading vividness fallacy. More recently, Kahneman has argued that the conjunction fallacy is a type of extension neglect. In some
Conjunction_fallacy
Tool for assisting judgement in uncertainty
cited in the similar effect of the gambler's fallacy, the regression fallacy and the conjunction fallacy. The use of the representativeness heuristic
Representativeness_heuristic
Application of quantum theory mathematics to cognitive phenomena
quantum probability theory has advantages include the conjunction fallacy, the disjunction fallacy, the failures of the sure-thing principle, and question-order
Quantum_cognition
contain fallacies. Because of their variety, fallacies are challenging to classify. They can be classified by their structure (formal fallacies) or content
List_of_fallacies
Simple strategies or mental processes involved in making quick decisions
; Bonini, N.; Osherson, D. (1 May 2004). "The conjunction fallacy: a misunderstanding about conjunction?". Cognitive Science. 28 (3): 467–477. doi:10
Heuristic_(psychology)
2011 book by Daniel Kahneman
reveals the prevalence of one kind of unwarranted optimism. The planning fallacy is the tendency to overestimate benefits and underestimate costs, impelling
Thinking,_Fast_and_Slow
Statistical fallacy
The Texas sharpshooter fallacy is the informal fallacy of focusing on evidence that supports a conclusion, while disregarding evidence that does not.
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Logical fallacy
The package-deal fallacy (also known as false conjunction) is the logical fallacy of assuming that things often grouped together by tradition or culture
Package-deal_fallacy
judgment, including (but not limited to) recurrent logical fallacies (e.g., the conjunction fallacy), innumeracy, and emotionally motivated shortcuts in reasoning
Intuitive_statistics
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
number of informal fallacies have been identified, including the fallacy of equivocation, the fallacy of amphiboly, the fallacies of composition and division
Informal_fallacy
Informal fallacies based on correlative conjunctions
philosophy, correlative-based fallacies are informal fallacies based on correlative conjunctions. A correlative conjunction is a relationship between two
Correlative-based_fallacies
Misleading use of a term with multiple meanings
equivocation ("calling two different things by the same name") is an informal fallacy resulting from the failure to define one's terms, or knowingly and deliberately
Equivocation
Fallacy of inferring on the whole from a part
The fallacy of composition is an informal fallacy that arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some
Fallacy_of_composition
Informal logical fallacy
No true Scotsman, or appeal to purity, is an informal fallacy in which one modifies a prior claim in response to a counterexample by asserting the counterexample
No_true_Scotsman
Fallacy that since an argument contains a logical fallacy, its conclusion must be false
(argumentum ad logicam), the fallacy fallacy, the fallacist's fallacy, and the bad reasons fallacy. An argument from fallacy has the following general argument
Argument_from_fallacy
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The
Fallacy
Mistakenly drawing statistical inference from independent events
The gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that an independent and equally
Gambler's_fallacy
Attributing events to improbable causes
conspiracy theories is associated with biases in reasoning, such as the conjunction fallacy. Clare Birchall at King's College London describes conspiracy theory
Conspiracy_theory
Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing
(also known as concretism, hypostatization, or the fallacy of misplaced concreteness) is a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief
Reification_(fallacy)
Exclusive reliance on quantitative observations in decision-making
The McNamara fallacy (also known as the quantitative fallacy), named for Robert McNamara, the U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1968, involves making
McNamara_fallacy
Faulty deductive reasoning due to a logical flaw
formal fallacy is contrasted with an informal fallacy. A formal fallacy must have an invalid logical form and thus be unsound. An informal fallacy, however
Formal_fallacy
Informal fallacy involving falsely limited alternatives
binary, is an informal fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available. The source of the fallacy lies not in an invalid
False_dilemma
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
A faulty generalization is an informal fallacy wherein a conclusion is drawn about all or many instances of a phenomenon on the basis of one or a few
Faulty_generalization
Formal fallacy in statistical interpretation
An ecological fallacy (also ecological inference fallacy or population fallacy) is a formal fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data that occurs
Ecological_fallacy
Steps in reasoning
example, involving probabilistic reasoning, is the conjunction fallacy, where people judge a conjunction A ∧ B {\displaystyle A\wedge B} to be more probable
Inference
Fallacy of assumption of causation based on sequence of events
this') is an informal fallacy that states "Because event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X". It is a fallacy in which an event
Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
The base rate fallacy, also called base rate neglect or base rate bias, is a type of fallacy in which people tend to ignore the base rate (e.g., general
Base_rate_fallacy
Type of informal fallacy
motte-and-bailey fallacy (named after the motte-and-bailey castle), also called the castle and courtyard, is a form of argument and an informal fallacy where an
Motte-and-bailey_fallacy
Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
statistically less likely than answer (a). This is an example of the conjunction fallacy: respondents chose (b) because it seemed more "representative" or
Cognitive_bias
Purported fallacy in explaining good reductively
In metaethics, the naturalistic fallacy is the claim that it is possible to define good in terms of merely described entities, properties, or processes
Naturalistic_fallacy
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
A straw man fallacy (sometimes written as strawman) is the informal fallacy of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion,
Straw_man
Kind of cognitive bias
ISSN 0010-0277. Hertwig, Ralph; Gigerenzer, Gerd (December 1999). "The 'conjunction fallacy' revisited: how intelligent inferences look like reasoning errors"
Frequency_illusion
Informal fallacy in comparing actualities with ideals
The nirvana fallacy is the informal fallacy of comparing actual things with unrealistic, idealized alternatives. It can also refer to the tendency to
Nirvana_fallacy
Idea that everyone faces consequence as they deserve
The just-world fallacy, or just-world hypothesis, is the cognitive bias that assumes that "people get what they deserve" – that actions will necessarily
Just-world_fallacy
Fallacy regarding hypocrisy
to hypocrisy, "you too" fallacy, "two wrongs" fallacy, "pot calling the kettle black" fallacy, and "look who's talking" fallacy. "tu quoque". Oxford English
Tu_quoque
Question containing an unjustified assumption
narrows the respondent to a single answer, and the fallacy of many questions has been committed. The fallacy relies upon context for its effect: the fact that
Loaded_question
Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)
(also known as converse error, fallacy of the converse, or confusion of necessity and sufficiency) is a formal fallacy (or an invalid form of argument)
Affirming_the_consequent
Informal logical fallacy
from personal incredulity, appeal to common sense, or the divine fallacy, is a fallacy in informal logic. It asserts that a proposition must be false because
Argument_from_incredulity
Rhetorical argument
this is called the slippery-slope fallacy. This is a type of informal fallacy, and is a subset of continuum fallacy,[citation needed] in that it ignores
Slippery_slope
and the imputation of importance to those examples over others. Conjunction fallacy, the tendency to assume that specific conditions are more probable
List_of_cognitive_biases
Fallacy where validity is determined by origin
The genetic fallacy (also known as the fallacy of origins or fallacy of virtue) is a fallacy of irrelevance in which arguments or information are dismissed
Genetic_fallacy
Certain type of mistaken proof
of a concept called mathematical fallacy. There is a distinction between a simple mistake and a mathematical fallacy in a proof, in that a mistake in
Mathematical_fallacy
Logic founded on unproven premises
question or assuming the conclusion (Latin: petītiō principiī) is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion
Begging_the_question
Formal fallacy
The association fallacy is a formal fallacy in which it is assumed that if a concept, whether physical or abstract, has certain properties, any other
Association_fallacy
Logical fallacy
cause—also known as causal fallacy, false cause, or non causa pro causa ("non-cause for cause" in Latin)—is a category of informal fallacies in which the cause
Questionable_cause
German psychologist (born 1963)
principles are violated. In his Ph.D. dissertation, he showed that the conjunction fallacy, a seemingly logical error often illustrated by the Linda problem
Ralph_Hertwig
Informal fallacy that the truth is always a compromise
compromise, argument from middle ground, fallacy of gray, middle ground fallacy, or golden mean fallacy—is the fallacy of assuming that the truth or best solution
Argument_to_moderation
Assumption of a single cause where multiple factors may be necessary
fallacy of the single cause, also known as complex cause, causal oversimplification, causal reductionism, root cause fallacy, and reduction fallacy,
Fallacy_of_the_single_cause
Refutation of a logical fallacy
questionable-cause logical fallacy, in which two events occurring together are taken to have established a cause-and-effect relationship. This fallacy is also known
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Rhetorical cliché phrase
that is used as an appeal to emotion, and therefore may become a logical fallacy. Art, Argument, and Advocacy (2002) argued that the appeal substitutes
Think_of_the_children
German psychologist (born 1947)
cognitive fallacies are better understood as adaptive responses to a world of uncertainty, including the conjunction fallacy, the base rate fallacy, and overconfidence
Gerd_Gigerenzer
Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
circular logic) is a fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. Circular reasoning is not a formal fallacy, but a pragmatic
Circular_reasoning
Logical fallacy
known as denial of the antecedent, inverse error, or fallacy of the inverse) is a formal fallacy of inferring the inverse from an original statement.
Denying_the_antecedent
Logical fallacy of inconsistency
fallacy in which an equivalence is drawn between two subjects based on flawed, faulty, or false reasoning. This fallacy is categorized as a fallacy of
False_equivalence
Israeli-American psychologist and economist (1934–2024)
rate fallacy Cognitive bias Conjunction fallacy Dictator game Framing (social sciences) Loss aversion Optimism bias Peak–end rule Planning fallacy Prospect
Daniel_Kahneman
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
Cherry picking, suppressing evidence, or the fallacy of incomplete evidence is the act of pointing to individual cases or data that seem to confirm a
Cherry_picking
Type of informal fallacy
informal fallacy of presenting an argument whose conclusion fails to address the issue in question. It falls into the broad class of relevance fallacies. The
Irrelevant_conclusion
Fallacious approach to mislead an audience
distracts from a relevant or important question. It may be either a logical fallacy or a literary device that leads readers or audiences toward a false conclusion
Red_herring
Attacking the person rather than their argument
categorized among informal fallacies, more precisely as a genetic fallacy, a subcategory of fallacies of irrelevance. Ad hominem fallacies can be separated into
Ad_hominem
Formal fallacy about knowledge of objects
In philosophical logic, the masked-man fallacy (also known as the intensional fallacy or epistemic fallacy) is the false assumption that knowledge or
Masked-man_fallacy
Formal fallacy that occurs when a syllogism has four (or more) terms
The fallacy of four terms (Latin: quaternio terminorum) is the formal fallacy that occurs when a syllogism has four (or more) terms rather than the requisite
Fallacy_of_four_terms
Informal fallacy
ignorance, is an informal fallacy where something is claimed to be true or false because of a lack of evidence to the contrary. The fallacy is committed when
Argument_from_ignorance
Distraction technique and anti-debate tactic
instead focuses on the emotion with which it is expressed. This is a logical fallacy because a person can be angry while still being rational. The notion of
Tone_policing
Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
is an informal fallacy that asserts a claim is true, good, or correct because many people allegedly think so. Other names for the fallacy include: appeal
Argumentum_ad_populum
Logical paradox from vague predicates
The continuum fallacy (also known as the fallacy of the beard, line-drawing fallacy, or decision-point fallacy) is an informal fallacy related to the
Sorites_paradox
Informal fallacy
material fallacies, cognitive fallacies, and formal fallacies, special pleading most likely falls within the category of cognitive fallacy, because it
Special_pleading
Metaphor originating from goal sports
of football) has already started. Moving the goalposts is an informal fallacy in which evidence presented in response to a specific claim is dismissed
Moving_the_goalposts
Parable by French economist Frédéric Bastiat
good for the economy is consequently known as the broken window fallacy or glazier's fallacy. Bastiat's original parable of the broken window from "Ce qu'on
Parable_of_the_broken_window
Logical fallacy
be a very weak defeasible argument or an outright fallacy. This argument is a form of genetic fallacy, in which the conclusion about the validity of a
Argument_from_authority
Fallacy in which a word's history defines its meaning
An etymological fallacy is an argument of equivocation, arguing that a word is defined by its etymology, and that its customary usage is therefore incorrect
Etymological_fallacy
Method of deriving conclusions
expressions are equivalent and can be freely swapped. They contrast with formal fallacies—invalid argument forms involving logical errors. Logicians construct formal
Rule_of_inference
Error in thinking due to under-valuing the size of a set
sample size scope neglect duration neglect the peak–end rule the conjunction fallacy the less-is-better effect The extension effect is "neither universal
Extension_neglect
Logical fallacy
ad Hitlerum (Latin for 'reduction to Hitler'), also known as the Hitler fallacy or playing the Nazi card, is an attempt to invalidate someone else's argument
Reductio_ad_Hitlerum
Argumentative fallacy
The regression (or regressive) fallacy is an informal fallacy. It assumes that something has returned to normal because of corrective actions taken while
Regression_fallacy
Theory of cognition
biases of probability judgment, including the conjunction and disjunction fallacies. The conjunction fallacy occurs when people mistakenly judge a specific
Fuzzy-trace_theory
Type of logical fallacy
Bulverism is a rhetorical fallacy that combines circular reasoning, the genetic fallacy and ad hominem with presumption or condescension. The Bulverist
Bulverism
Hypothetical global-scale disaster risk
insensitivity, hyperbolic discounting, the availability heuristic, the conjunction fallacy, the affect heuristic, and the overconfidence effect. Scope insensitivity
Global_catastrophic_risk
Evidence relying on personal testimony
argument from anecdote is an informal fallacy and is sometimes referred to as the "person who" or anecdotal fallacy, with statements like "I know a person
Anecdotal_evidence
Type of formal fallacy
The existential fallacy, or existential instantiation, is a formal fallacy. In the existential fallacy, one presupposes that a class has members when one
Existential_fallacy
Logical fallacy
The fallacy of the undistributed middle (Latin: non distributio medii) is a formal fallacy that is committed when the middle term in a categorical syllogism
Fallacy of the undistributed middle
Fallacy_of_the_undistributed_middle
Logical fallacy in syllogisms
The fallacy of exclusive premises is a syllogistic fallacy committed in a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative
Fallacy_of_exclusive_premises
Type of fallacy in modal logic
The modal fallacy or modal scope fallacy is a type of formal fallacy that occurs in modal logic. It is the fallacy of placing a proposition in the wrong
Modal_fallacy
Generalized belief about people
Archetype Attribute substitution Attribution bias Base rate fallacy Cognitive bias Conjunction fallacy (Linda problem) Counterstereotype (antonym) Echo chamber
Stereotype
Type of informal fallacy
Poisoning the well (or attempting to poison the well) is a type of informal fallacy where adverse information about a target is preemptively presented to an
Poisoning_the_well
Philosophical expression
philosophical norms. "Two wrongs make a right" has been considered as a fallacy of relevance, in which an allegation of wrongdoing is countered with a
Two_wrongs_don't_make_a_right
Bias in the sampling of a population
health of the general population will likely be overestimated. Berkson's fallacy, when the study population is selected from a hospital and so is less healthy
Sampling_bias
Proposed theory on the origins of COVID-19
coincidence as a priori evidence for a lab leak typifies a kind of conjunction fallacy. Furthermore, they observe that it is ironic lab leak proponents
COVID-19_lab_leak_theory
Informal fallacy
This type of fallacy is often used in conjunction with one of the fallacies of definition.[citation needed] It is an informal fallacy. The Scottish logician
Suppressed_correlative
Fallacy
The fallacy of division is an informal fallacy that occurs when one reasons that something that is true for a whole must also be true of all or some of
Fallacy_of_division
Question that has a built-in supposition
A complex question, trick question, multiple question, fallacy of presupposition, or plurium interrogationum (Latin, 'of many questions') is a question
Complex_question
Assertion without proof
is an assertion without proof, or a dogmatic expression of opinion. The fallacy of defending a proposition by baldly asserting that it is "just how it
Ipse_dixit
Informal fallacy
The fallacy of accident (also called destroying the exception or a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid) is an informal fallacy where a general rule
Accident_(fallacy)
Israeli psychologist (1937–1996)
measurement anchoring and adjustment availability heuristic base rate fallacy conjunction fallacy framing behavioral finance clustering illusion loss aversion
Amos_Tversky
Internet adage about Nazi comparisons
trivialize the Holocaust. It is an example of the reductio ad Hitlerum fallacy. In 2021, Harvard researchers published an article showing that the Nazi-comparison
Godwin's_law
Informal fallacy
A fallacy of illicit transference is an informal fallacy occurring when an argument assumes there is no difference between a term in the distributive (referring
Fallacies of illicit transference
Fallacies_of_illicit_transference
Formation of beliefs based on what might be pleasing to imagine
informal fallacy in an argument when it is assumed that, because one wishes something to be true or false, it is actually true or false. This fallacy has the
Wishful_thinking
Formal fallacy
The formal fallacy of affirming a disjunct, also known as the fallacy of the alternative disjunct or a false exclusionary disjunct, occurs when a deductive
Affirming_a_disjunct
Fallacy in which validity is determined based on novelty
(also called appeal to modernity or argumentum ad novitatem) is a logical fallacy in which one prematurely claims that an idea or proposal is correct or
Appeal_to_novelty
Deductive fallacy of circularity where the person refuses to believe the argument
The invincible ignorance fallacy, also known as argument by pigheadedness, is a deductive fallacy of circularity where the person in question simply refuses
Invincible_ignorance_fallacy
Discussion that has continued to the point of nausea
been discussed extensively and those involved have grown sick of it. The fallacy of dragging the conversation to an ad nauseam state in order to then assert
Ad_nauseam
CONJUNCTION FALLACY
CONJUNCTION FALLACY
CONJUNCTION FALLACY
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a dealer in feathers, from Middle English, Old French plume ‘feather’ (Latin pluma).English and North German : variant of Plum.Catalan (Plumé) : variant of plomer, occupational name for a worker in lead, from a derivative of plom ‘lead’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the places, in various parts of England, called Ratcliff(e), Radcliffe, Redcliff, or Radclive, all of which derive their names from Old English rēad ‘red’ + clif ‘cliff’, ‘slope’, ‘riverbank’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin; it may be, as Reaney suggests, a voiced variant of the habitational name Catterall.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Power of Guru
Boy/Male
English
Fern field.
Male
Italian
Italian form of Latin Ambrosius, AMBROGIO means "immortal."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old French personal name Jaques, a vernacular form of Latin Jacobus (see Jacob). In English this surname is traditionally pronounced as two syllables, jay-kwez. Compare Jacques.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Kananbala | காநநபாலா
Nymph of the forest
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
A Cuckoo in a Garden
CONJUNCTION FALLACY
CONJUNCTION FALLACY
CONJUNCTION FALLACY
CONJUNCTION FALLACY
CONJUNCTION FALLACY
a.
Implying concession; as, a concessive conjunction.
n.
A disjunctive conjunction.
adv.
With compunction.
n.
A copulative conjunction.
n.
The meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the zodiac; as, the conjunction of the moon with the sun, or of Jupiter and Saturn. See the Note under Aspect, n., 6.
n.
A connective or connecting word; an indeclinable word which serves to join together sentences, clauses of a sentence, or words; as, and, but, if.
a.
Disjunctive; as, an alternative conjunction.
n.
Same as Conjugation.
a.
relating to conjugation.
a.
Relating to a conjunction.
n.
Remorse; compunction; compassion.
n.
Command; precept; injunction.
a.
Without compunction.
n.
Conjuration.
n.
A command; injunction.
n.
A magisterial injunction.
adv.
In conjunction or union; together.
n.
Concurrence; conjunction; combination; association; union.
n.
The act of conjoining, or the state of being conjoined, united, or associated; union; association; league.
adv.
In connjunction; jointly.