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Tabular summary of genetic combinations
The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C
Punnett_square
British geneticist (1875–1967)
Bateson, the Journal of Genetics in 1910. Punnett is probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a tool still used by biologists to
Reginald_Punnett
Type of biological inheritance
recessive characters. Punnett squares are a well known genetics tool that was created by an English geneticist, Reginald Punnett, which can visually demonstrate
Mendelian_inheritance
One gene variant masking the effect of another in the other copy of the gene
concept in Mendelian inheritance and classical genetics. Letters and Punnett squares are used to demonstrate the principles of dominance in teaching, and
Dominance_(genetics)
Principle in genetics
different ways to form genotypes for the next generation can be shown in a Punnett square, where the proportion of each genotype is equal to the product of the
Hardy–Weinberg_principle
Part of the genetic makeup of a cell which determines one of its characteristics
recessive allele. One way this can be illustrated is using a Punnett square. In a Punnett square, the genotypes of the parents are placed on the outside.
Genotype
Scientific study of life
parents to offspring; its principles are called Mendelian inheritance. A Punnett square can be used to predict the results of a test cross. The chromosome theory
Biology
Variety of cockatiel
in lutino females and wild-type heterozygous males, as shown in the Punnett square. All cockatiel colour genetic mutations have the same calls. The male
Lutino_cockatiel
Proto-psychological theory
relates to moist, and negative relates to dry. If one were to make a Punnett square of these characters, one can find an Active–Positive, Passive–Positive
Four_temperaments
Composite of the organism's observable characteristics or traits
the relation between genotype and phenotype is illustrated, using a Punnett square, for the character of petal color in pea plants. The letters B and b
Phenotype
Cats with genetic anomaly that causes extra toes
polydactyly depending on the parent cats' genotypes (determined via a simple punnett square): Affected (homozygous dominant) x Affected (homozygous dominant): 100%
Polydactyl_cat
Science of genes, heredity and variation
common diagrams used to predict the result of cross-breeding is the Punnett square. When studying human genetic diseases, geneticists often use pedigree
Genetics
Genetics behind dog coat
issues. Punnett square: Inheritance with one carrier of a recessive gene Litter of a Boxer Genotype S si mated with another si carrier. Punnett square: Inheritance
Dog_coat_genetics
Number measuring the chance an event occurs
biology (e.g., disease spread) as well as ecology (e.g., biological Punnett squares). As with finance, risk assessment can be used as a statistical tool
Probability
Progressive disease in dogs
Breeding risks for degenerative myelopathy can be calculated using the Punnett Square: If both parents are clear (N/N) then all of the puppies will be clear
Canine degenerative myelopathy
Canine_degenerative_myelopathy
Concept in classical genetics
predictions of the combinations of the gametes will be constructed on a Punnett square.[citation needed] In conducting a monohybrid cross, Mendel initiated
Test_cross
Genetic pattern in a dog's coat
Punnett square showing potential consequences of breeding two merle dogs together
Merle_(dog_coat)
Variant of DNA sequence at a locus
Mendelian error Mendelian inheritance Mitosis Penetrance Polymorphism Punnett square Single-nucleotide polymorphism UK: /ˈæliːl, əˈliːl/; modern formation
Allele
Most common genetic condition leading to color blindness
this way, colorblindness is often said to 'skip a generation'. The Punnett square and this section assume each chromosome only has one affected gene.
Congenital red–green color blindness
Congenital_red–green_color_blindness
Graphical representation of data
axes of variation. A PERT chart is often used in project management. A Punnett square is a grid used in genetics to show the possible combinations of parental
Chart
Classification based on antibodies and antigens on RBC surfaces
Simplified Punnett square of the possible genotypes and phenotypes of children given genotypes and phenotypes of their mother (rows) and father (columns)
Blood_type
Classification of blood types
Punnett square of the possible genotypes and phenotypes of children given genotypes and phenotypes of their mother (rows) and father (columns) shaded by
ABO_blood_group_system
Organism with a recessive genetic allele that does not display the recessive trait
Punnett square: If the other parent does not have the recessive genetic disposition, it does not appear in the phenotype of the children, but on the average
Hereditary_carrier
Group of genes from one parent
possible configurations (haplotypes) at these two loci (shown in the Punnett square below). For individuals who are homozygous at one or both loci, the
Haplotype
Human blood group system involving 49 blood antigens
This is a Punnett square for Rh factor inheritance. This square specifically shows two heterozygous Rh positive parents and the possible genotypes/phenotypes
Rh_blood_group_system
Graphical method to simplify Boolean expressions
heuristic logic minimizer List of Boolean algebra topics Logic optimization Punnett square (1905), a similar diagram in biology Quine–McCluskey algorithm Reed–Muller
Karnaugh_map
Pseudoallele Pseudoautosomal region Pseudodominance Pseudogene Public policy Punnett square Purine Purines Pyrimidine Quaternary structure R factor R plasmid Radiation
Index_of_genetics_articles
Concept in genetics
patterns. Dihybrid crosses are easily visualized using a 4 x 4 Punnett square. In these squares, the dominant traits are uppercase, and the recessive traits
Dihybrid_cross
Non-technical introduction to genetics
A Punnett square showing how two brown haired parents can have red or brown haired children. 'B' is for brown and 'b' is for red.
Introduction_to_genetics
retroazimuthal projection Hammer retroazimuthal projection Cladogram Punnett square Systems Biology Graphical Notation Free body diagram Greninger chart
List_of_graphical_methods
Breed of cat
an autosomal dominant mutation. Only heterozygous cats are viable. Punnett squares, in which the M represents the dominant Munchkin gene and the m represents
Munchkin_cat
homozygote – heterozygote – hybrid – hybridization – dihybrid cross – Punnett square – inbreeding genotype–phenotype distinction – genotype – phenotype –
Outline_of_biology
Study of plant life
A Punnett square depicting a cross between two pea plants heterozygous for purple (B) and white (b) blossoms
Botany
Medical condition
carrier. These ratios may be found by drawing up a standard Mendelian punnett square.[citation needed] Both average parents A couple already has a child
Chondrodystrophy
Obsolete theory of genetics
A Punnett square for one of Mendel's pea plant experiments - self-fertilization of the F1 generation, shows that inheritance is particulate, not blending
Blending_inheritance
Finn (1868–1932) – ornithologist Reginald Punnett (1875–1967) – geneticist and creator of the Punnett square William Sealy Gosset (1876–1937) – chemist
List_of_people_from_Kent
Alleles responsible for death of an organism
Punnett square for the agouti gene in mice, demonstrating a recessive lethal allele.
Lethal_allele
polyploids of others when in fact they are not. punctuated equilibrium Punnett square A tabular diagram used to predict the possible genotypes that can be
Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology
Glossary_of_genetics_and_evolutionary_biology
Jewish genetic screening organization
as Punnett squares, are used to illustrate the method of trait transfer to offspring according to classical Mendelian genetics. In the Punnett square to
Dor_Yeshorim
Risk-neutral measure Volatility SWOT analysis (Marketing) Kelly criterion Punnett square Hardy–Weinberg principle Ewens's sampling formula Population genetics
List_of_probability_topics
A Punnett square visualizing the genotype frequencies of a Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium as areas of a square. p (A) and q (a) are the allele frequencies
Genotype_frequency
protist – protista – proton pump – protozoa – pseudopod – pteridophyte – Punnett square – purine – punctuated equilibrium – pyrimidine – pyruvate oxidation
Index_of_biology_articles
Breeding experiment in genetics
chromosome) and recessive. The analysis can be more easily shown with Punnett squares: As shown in Table 1, the male offspring are white-eyed and the female
Reciprocal_cross
shape of a pyramid when the population is growing Population ecology Punnett square Used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment
List of research methods in biology
List_of_research_methods_in_biology
Notable alumni of the department include: Reginald Punnett FRS, inventor of the Punnett Square Michael Ashburner FRS, gene ontologist and co-founder
Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge
Department_of_Genetics,_University_of_Cambridge
Video game series
intersection of rates, cryptography, astronomical time, Venn diagrams, and Punnett squares, as well as some reincarnations of puzzles from Logical Journey. The
Zoombinis
Cambridge; co-founder of the Journal of Genetics and creator of the Punnett square Thomas Purdie Professor of Cchemistry at St Andrews University Philip
List_of_Savile_Club_members
Decreased ability to see color or color differences
traffic lights are sometimes differentiated by shape in addition to color: square for red, diamond for yellow, and circle for green (see image). Navigation
Color_blindness
different mutant alleles of that gene. As can be seen in the following Punnett square, approximately one fourth of the offspring of this cross will inherit
Transheterozygote
Visual chart tool
outcome that results. What If (disambiguation) Sensitivity analysis Punnett Square Whitman, J.L. Dinner Table Analysis of Color Genetics. See [1] Royer
What_if_chart
Ewens's sampling formula Hardy–Weinberg principle Population genetics Punnett square Ronald Fisher Anomaly time series Arrival theorem Beverton–Holt model
Catalog of articles in probability theory
Catalog_of_articles_in_probability_theory
2022 video game
The game takes inspiration from real-life genetics and biology, with Punnett squares taking a key role in gameplay. Conservation of bees also plays into
Apico
Small box or square basket for fruits and vegetables
National Biography, parenthetically in its entry for geneticist R. C. Punnett (1875–1967), credits "a strawberry growing ancestor [who] devised the wooden
Punnet
Sanjak of the Ottoman Empire
of Deyr Kaza of Resü'l Ayn Kaza of Asare Kaza of Ebukemal Peters, John Punnett (1911). "Deir" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol
Zor_Sanjak
Cultivar of Brassica rapa
McGee, Seth A.; Dósa, Katalin; Pfammatter, Jesse (2014-09-01). "Beyond Punnett Squares: Student Word Association and Explanations of Phenotypic Variation
Wisconsin_Fast_Plants
First-level administrative division of the Ottoman Empire
Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. III (9th ed.). 1878. p. 231. Peters, John Punnett (1911). "Bagdad" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol
Baghdad_vilayet
Country in North America
of Human Geography. John Wiley & Sons. p. 672. ISBN 978-1-4443-1056-6. Punnett, Betty Jane (2015). International Perspectives on Organizational Behavior
Canada
Breed of chicken
used in early research into auto-sexing in chickens by Reginald Crundall Punnett and Michael Pease at the Genetical Institute in Cambridge. The Cambar,
Campine_chicken
First-level administrative division of the Ottoman Empire
(PDF). pp. 29–31. Corrected population for Mortality Level=8. Peters, John Punnett (1911). "Bagdad" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol
Mosul_vilayet
British mathematician (1877–1947)
Wilhelm Weinberg in 1908. He played cricket with the geneticist Reginald Punnett, who introduced the problem to him in purely mathematical terms. Hardy
G._H._Hardy
Archaeological site in Iraq
involved four seasons of excavation between 1889 and 1900 and was led by John Punnett Peters, John Henry Haynes, and Hermann Volrath Hilprecht. Thousands of
Nippur
Ancient Mesopotamian civilization from 3300 to 1900 BC
by the French archeologist Ernest de Sarzec, in 1889 at Nippur by John Punnett Peters from the University of Pennsylvania between 1889 and 1900, and in
Sumer
Fortress in Toledo, Spain
Malagón-Barceló, The Americas, Vol. 20, No. 2 (October 1963), 124. Cartwright-Punnett, Lynn (2008). "How Spain Sees its Past: The Monumentalization of the Spanish
Alcázar_of_Toledo
Metropolis in Iraq
OCLC 8979039 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Peters, John Punnett (1911). "Nejef" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol
Najaf
Ancient Sumerian city in modern-day Iraq
The site of Tell Jokha was visited by William Loftus in 1854 and John Punnett Peters of the University of Pennsylvania in 1885. Peters found it to be
Umma
Windmill in Norfolk, England
The mill was winded by a six-bladed fantail. The wooden upright shaft was square above the great spur wheel and 17+1⁄2 inches (440 mm) diameter below it
Mill_Farm_Mill,_Ingham
City in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq
Date incompatibility (help) Published in the 20th century Peters, John Punnett (1911). "Kerkuk" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 755
Kirkuk
Austrian biologist and friar (1822–1884)
Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854774-7. Punnett, Reginald Crundall (1922). Mendelism. London: Macmillan. (1st Pub. 1905)
Gregor_Mendel
British polymath (1890–1962)
Society, whose other founding members included John Maynard Keynes, R. C. Punnett, and Horace Darwin. After members of the Cambridge Society – including
Ronald_Fisher
PMID 39472669. Martins, Paulo Mateus; Anderson, Marti J.; Sweatman, Winston L.; Punnett, Andrew J. (2024-04-09). "Significant shifts in latitudinal optima of North
Effects of climate change on biomes
Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes
British learned society for scholar-activism regarding genetics
member of the Cambridge University Branch, where Leonard Darwin, Reginald Punnett, and Reverend Inge lectured about the eugenic dangers a fertile working
Adelphi_Genetics_Forum
Windmill in Bixley, Norfolk, England
span of about 112 feet (34 m). The upright shaft was 14 inches (360 mm) square or diameter. The mill was winded by a six-blade fantail. Five pairs of French
Bixley_Windmill
Former town in Al Anbar, Iraq
article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Peters, John Punnett (1911). "Anbar". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol
Anbar_(town)
Basra, Mosul, Zakho, Samarra Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke; Peters, John Punnett (1910). "Bagdad (city)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica
Timeline_of_Baghdad
Sailing club in San Francisco, California
modernist architect Past Commodores of the St. Francis Yacht Club are: John M. Punnett, 1927–28 Hiram W. Johnson Jr., 1929–30 Henry W. Dinning, 1931 Philip S
St._Francis_Yacht_Club
Periodic table of the elements with eight or more periods
1134/1.1992567. S2CID 119430168. Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Pašteka, Lukáš F.; Punnett, Andrew; Bowman, Patrick O. (2015). "Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic
Extended_periodic_table
Constituent college of the University of Cambridge
subsequently as "President". 1885–1899: Elizabeth Hughes 1899–1902: Margaret Punnett 1902–1908: Helena Powell 1908–1933: Mary Hay Wood 1933–1945: Henriette
Hughes_Hall,_Cambridge
Davids Cathedral and Selby Abbey) 2013 Laurence Lyndon-Jones 2019 Hilary Punnett 2023 Samuel Bristow Notable organists of Chester Cathedral include the
List of musicians at English cathedrals
List_of_musicians_at_English_cathedrals
Ancient city in central Syria
using explosives". The Independent. Retrieved 4 March 2017. Peters, John Punnett (1911). "Deir" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol
Palmyra
September 2012. Karl Baedeker (Firm); Albert Socin; Immanuel Benzinger; John Punnett Peters (1912). Palestine and Syria, with routes through Mesopotamia and
List_of_religious_sites
National Hockey League season
Dallas Stars. July 14, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023. "Stars sign Connor Punnett to a three-year entry-level contact". NHL.com. Dallas Stars. March 7, 2024
2023–24_Dallas_Stars_season
Church in Manhattan, New York
Subsequently, the church was served by Peters' son and grandson, John Punnett Peters. Altogether, the three generations of Peters led the parish for
St. Michael's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)
St._Michael's_Episcopal_Church_(Manhattan)
Theory in the domain of evolutionary biology
selection is of secondary importance. Early geneticists such as Morgan and Punnett proposed that common parallelisms (e.g., involving melanism or albinism)
Bias in the introduction of variation
Bias_in_the_introduction_of_variation
Battle A265 Heathfield via Netherfield, Woods Corner, Three Cups and Punnetts Town B2097 A2 Troy Town, Rochester A229 west of Walderslade southern section
B roads in Zone 2 of the Great Britain numbering scheme
B_roads_in_Zone_2_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme
Refugee camp in South Governorate, Lebanon
ISBN 978-1566569637. Socin, Albert; Benzinger, Immanuel; Peters, John Punnett (1906). Palestine and Syria with the chief routes through Mesopotamia and
Rashidieh
Radio station in Houston, Texas, United States
joined as a new afternoon drive host. In another programming change, Ian Punnett replaced Cunningham as 8 p.m. host around February 2001. Baker moved to
KPRC_(AM)
Historic site in England
at the centre. The post is 17 ft 6 in (5.33 m) long, and 27 in (686 mm) square at its base. The body of the mill measures 19 ft 10 in by 11 ft (6.05 by
Bragg's_Mill,_Ashdon
West; Hartfield; Heathfield North; Heathfield South; Hellingly; Horam & Punnetts Town; Mayfield & Five Ashes; Withyham. Tonbridge Sevenoaks: Ash & New Ash
List of electoral wards in England by constituency
List_of_electoral_wards_in_England_by_constituency
Windmill in Marton in Lancashire, England
(at basement level) to the east, and a single door to the west. There are square windows at the first, second and third storeys. Typically for Fylde windmills
Little_Marton_Mill
April 24, 1958 Berkeley, California, United States 1942 Nominated by R.Cr.Punnett the only time Colin Leslie Hewett August 19, 1909 London, England December
List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1940–1949)
List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine_(1940–1949)
Open-air museum in West Sussex, England
with bricks, and a thatched roof. The building measures 20 feet (6.10 m) square, which makes it one of the larger granaries. It is built on sixteen staddle
Weald and Downland Living Museum
Weald_and_Downland_Living_Museum
Windmill in Upminster, east London, England
27 m) diameter at the curb. The main floor beams are 12 inches (300 mm) square at all levels except the dust floor. The main transoms are 8 inches (200 mm)
Upminster_Windmill
Windmill in Surrey, England
The eight oak cant posts were 10 inches (254 mm) were 9 inches (229 mm) square and 21 feet (6.40 m) long, and carried a circular oak curb of 14 feet (4
Shiremark_Mill,_Capel
Windmill in Great Dunmow, Essex, England
As originally built, the mill had an oak windshaft, 23 inches (580 mm) square at the poll end and 14 feet 6 inches (4.42 m) long carrying four Common
Church_End_Mill,_Great_Dunmow
Structure in Brighton and Hove, East Sussex, England
Crowborough Herstmonceux Icklesham Kingston Mark Cross North Chailey Nutley Punnetts Town Rye Polegate Rottingdean Stone Cross Tide Mills Patcham West Blatchington
West_Blatchington_Windmill
Tower mill in Buckinghamshire, England
listed building registered in 1958. The smock mill comprised a two-storey square brick base with a narrow, eight-sided tarred wooden tower. There were four
Hawridge_Windmill
Windmill in Norfolk, England
grind wheat produced on the Thrigby estate. The post mill has a two-foot-square oak main post that rises vertically through the round house roof and carries
Thrigby_Windmill
Former tower mill at Buxhall, Suffolk, England
They were carried on stocks of 55 feet (16.76 m) long, 13 inches (330 mm) square at the poll end. The sails were 33 feet 6 inches (10.21 m) long and 8 feet
Buxhall_Windmill
Tower mill in Kent, England
at the top of the Upright Shaft, which is wooden and 18 inches (460 mm) square. The Great Spur Wheel also remains. Elliott - 1819 Thomas K Hope Robert
Oare_Windmill
Windmill in Thornton, Lancashire, England
feet (21 m) tall and has five storeys. The tower tapers and it has plain square windows. There is a two-storey kiln house attached. The ground floor and
Marsh_Mill
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