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Potential renal acid load (PRAL) is a measure of the acid that the body produces after ingesting a food. This is different from pH, which is the acidity
Potential_renal_acid_load
Health of the skeleton
increased acid excretion. One measure of the acidic or basic effects foods have in the body is Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL). Cheeses with protein content
Bone_health
Formation of mineral deposits in the kidneys
they are made of, such as calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, or cystine. In those who have had renal calculi, drinking fluids, especially water, is
Kidney_stone_disease
Diet in which people decrease their intake of protein
titratable acid, magnesium, potassium and sodium. The study of potential renal acid load (PRAL) suggests that increased consumption of fruits, vegetables
Low-protein_diet
Pathological conditions of the kidney, impairing the organ's ability to filter blood
Geleijnse JM, et al. (1 February 2011). "Dietary acid load and rapid progression to end-stage renal disease of diabetic nephropathy in Westernized South
Kidney_disease
Segment of nephron in kidneys
proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal (tubular) pole of the Bowman's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle
Proximal_tubule
Excess urea in the blood due to kidney dysfunction
tranexamic acid, either as a rinse or administered orally, can be used. Patients undergoing dialysis are exposed to numerous transfusions and renal failure-related
Uremia
Renal stone formation and passage during space flight can potentially pose a severe risk to crew member health and safety and could affect mission outcome
Renal stone formation in space
Renal_stone_formation_in_space
Group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses
Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a hemorrhagic fever caused by hantavirus infection. Symptoms usually occur 2 weeks after exposure
Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Hantavirus_hemorrhagic_fever_with_renal_syndrome
Chemical compound
had adverse effects on renal function. They identified 15 studies from 1997 to 2013 that looked at standard creatine loading and maintenance protocols
Creatine
Dicarboxylic acid
Succinic acid (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion
Succinic_acid
Paired organ in the urinary system of mammals
consists of a renal capsule, a peripheral cortex, an internal medulla, one or more renal calyces, and a renal pelvis. Although the calyces or renal pelvis may
Mammalian_kidney
Chemical compound
make amino acids and in the process regulate the cellular levels of carbon, nitrogen, and ammonia; reduce the cellular levels of potentially toxic reactive
Α-Ketoglutaric_acid
Chemical compound
also develop. In addition, the accumulation of amino acids in the kidneys can cause end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In ESRD the kidneys are no longer able
Homocitrulline
Low-sodium state from excess beer intake
1000mOsmol/kg) it provides little renal solute contribution and is low in sodium. If the dietary/renal solute load is less than the volume of water ingested
Potomania
Protein-coding gene
GTPase Ras-homolog enriched in brain (Rheb). GTP-loading of RagA/B is a requirement for amino acid signaling to mTORC1. In recent studies, FLCN was shown
Folliculin
Metabolic disorder leading to muscle dysfunction
the citric acid cycle in muscle cells in response to a load increment is not too slow, and the muscles can each time accept a bigger load increment relative
Adenosine monophosphate deaminase deficiency type 1
Adenosine_monophosphate_deaminase_deficiency_type_1
Type of unsaturated fat
glycerin) that contain chains derived from trans fatty acids. Trans fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids that contain a double bond in the trans conformation
Trans_fat
Medication for urinary tract infections
drug levels. The choice of urinary anti-infective agents for patients with renal dysfunction is generally similar to that for individuals with normal kidney
Urinary_anti-infective_agent
Medical condition
reduces HTLV-1 proviral load and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Valproic acid has also succeeded in reducing the proviral load of HTLV-1 (though clinical
Tropical_spastic_paraparesis
Essential nutrient found in citrus fruits and other foods
kidney stone formation associated with excess ascorbic acid intake are limited to individuals with renal disease". A 2003 review stated that "data from epidemiological
Vitamin_C
Substance that promotes the production of urine
diuresis – up to 20% of the filtered load of NaCl (salt) and water. This is large in comparison to normal renal sodium reabsorption which leaves only
Diuretic
State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
determines the concentration of carbonic acid, and the bicarbonate buffer system can also come into play. Renal compensation can help the bicarbonate buffer
Homeostasis
Blood purification procedure using the abdominal peritoneum
has potential disadvantages, including a higher risk of dyslipidemia, a tendency to exacerbate hyperglycemia (due to the exogenous glucose load) and
Peritoneal_dialysis
Viral pulmonary disease of humans
cardiopulmonary symptoms, it may include renal symptoms typically associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), namely acute kidney injury
Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome
Metabolic pathway that produces the NAD coenzyme
excessive amounts of xanthurenic acid, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and kynurenine after tryptophan loading and are said to suffer from tachycardia
Kynurenine_pathway
Antibiotic medication
hepatic enzyme CYP3A4. Its main elimination route is in the bile with little renal excretion, 2%–15% unchanged drug. Erythromycin's elimination half-life ranges
Erythromycin
Chronic loss of kidney function
the patient is said to have end-stage renal disease. Many novel markers are currently being studied that potentially detect diabetic nephropathy at earlier
Diabetic_nephropathy
Family of viruses
inconclusive or if the specific viral load for the renal tissue is desired. Similarly to the urine cytology, the renal cells are examined under light microscopy
Polyomaviridae
Naturally produced monosaccharide
other metabolites, including lactate or certain amino acids, while consuming energy. The renal tubular cells can also produce glucose. Glucose also can
Glucose
Protein used as a biomarker of kidney function
and have potential side-effects. Creatinine is the most widely used biomarker of kidney function. It is inaccurate at detecting mild renal impairment
Cystatin_C
Vertebrate natural glucocorticoid hormone
cortisol on fetal renal function". J Dev Physiol. 10 (1): 85–96. PMID 3351211. Biber J, Murer H, Mohebbi N, Wagner CA (April 2014). "Renal Handling of Phosphate
Cortisol
Medication against high blood pressure
ester chain being hydrolyzed, resulting in an inactive pyridine metabolite. Renal elimination is the major route of excretion with about 60% of an administered
Amlodipine
Chemical element with atomic number 82 (Pb)
depending on the material recycled and its potential contamination. Of the sources of lead for recycling, lead–acid batteries are the most important; lead
Lead
Antibiotic medication
intermediate hydrophilicity, and potential for ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, especially in populations with poor renal function and/or increased propensity
Vancomycin
Medical condition
also a byproduct of purine degradation. Uric acid competes with lactic acid and other organic acids for renal excretion in the urine. In GSD I, increased
Glycogen storage disease type I
Glycogen_storage_disease_type_I
Systemic herbicide and crop desiccant
in 1970. About 100 derivatives of aminomethylphosphonic acid had been prepared as potential water-softening agents. Two were found to have weak herbicidal
Glyphosate
Enzyme that converts glutamine into glutamate
the renal tubules, where the produced ammonia is excreted as ammonium ions. This excretion of ammonium ions is an important mechanism of renal acid-base
Glutaminase
Antihypertensive drug of the calcium channel blocker class
Therefore, its elimination is unlikely to be affected by hepatic (liver) or renal (kidney) dysfunction. Clevidipine does not accumulate in the body, and its
Clevidipine
Chemical element with atomic number 12 (Mg)
magnesium level in the serum are varying gastrointestinal absorption and renal excretion. Intracellular magnesium is correlated with intracellular potassium
Magnesium
Pharmaceutical drug
31-membered macrocycle begins as the loading domain is primed with the starter unit, 4,5-dihydroxocyclohex-1-ene-carboxylic acid, which is derived from the shikimate
Sirolimus
Antibiotic
biosynthesis begins with a loading module and then the addition of each subsequent amino acid. The subsequent amino acids are added with the help of an
Colistin
Medical condition
system, leading to significant diuresis and the potential for volume depletion. Finally, increased sodium load to the distal nephron elicits compensatory reabsorption
Bartter_syndrome
Medical condition
The severity and presentation are varied but include acute kidney injury, renal tubular acidosis, mild proteinuria, hematuria (blood in the urine), or nephromegaly
Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
Diffuse_infiltrative_lymphocytosis_syndrome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
include epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK), transient receptor potential vanilloid member 4 and 5 (TRPV4/5, calcium
WNK4
Antiarrythmic drug
severe renal dysfunction. The loading dose of this medicine is 15–18 mg/kg administered over 30 to 60 minutes for people without insufficient renal function
Acecainide
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
the 1107 amino acids of the p125 or A subunit. A longer isoform has been reported with a 26 amino acid in-frame insertion after amino acid 592 (NP_001295561
POLD1
Extremely venomous snake native to Australia
including progressive neurotoxicity, coagulopathy, muscle breakdown, and renal impairment, which without treatment can culminate in death. Presynaptic
Inland_taipan
High-proof liquor, generally made illicitly
moonshine may cause renal disease, primarily from increased lead content. Analysis of Georgia moonshine samples revealed potentially toxic levels of copper
Moonshine
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
mechanical loading in vitro and in vivo". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (21): 20680–90. doi:10.1074/jbc.M500104200. PMID 15728181. Ogbureke KU, Fisher LW (2005). "Renal expression
DMP1
Species of bird
present in the renal filtrate, but can be reabsorbed almost completely where it is excreted in high concentrations in the salt glands. Renal reabsorption
American_flamingo
Combination of two antibiotic drugs
congenital malformations, especially malformations associated with maternal folic acid deficiency (which is most likely related to the mechanism of action of co-trimoxazole)
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Substance used to fill cavities in teeth
hazard with respect to reproductive processes, glioblastoma (brain cancer), renal function changes, allergies and immunotoxicological effects. (See Dental
Dental_composite
Medical condition
kidneys lose their function to remove acids from the blood in proximal renal tubular dysfunction. The proximal renal tubular dysfunction causes hypophosphatemia
Cadmium_poisoning
Class of transmembrane transporter protein
lungs and tissues to maintain acid-base homeostasis. AE1 also expressed in the basolateral side of cells of the renal tubules. It is crucial in the collecting
Antiporter
Medical condition
incapable of metabolizing the excessive drug load needed to excrete chloramphenicol. Elimination: Insufficient renal excretion of the unconjugated drug. Insufficient
Gray_baby_syndrome
Chemical compound
metabolic alkalosis, in oral acid loading test to diagnose distal renal tubular acidosis, to maintain the urine at an acid pH in the treatment of some
Ammonium_chloride
Chemical compound
buffers for dietary acids. Ammonium is excreted in the urine, resulting in net acid loss. Ammonia may itself diffuse across the renal tubules, combine with
Ammonia
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
include cardiomyopathy, metabolic stroke, pancreatitis, and progressive renal failure. Either mutations to the gene MUT (encodes methylmalonyl-CoA mutase)
Methylmalonyl-CoA_mutase
Antiarrhythmic medication
the cytochrome P450 2D6 isoenzyme in the liver. Therefore, alterations in renal function or urine pH will greatly affect the elimination of flecainide,
Flecainide
Immunosuppressive drug
"Improved pharmacokinetic monitoring of tacrolimus exposure after pediatric renal transplantation". Pediatric Transplantation. 11 (4): 388–393. doi:10.1111/j
Tacrolimus
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
component in the glomerular basement membrane and may play a role in the renal filtration and cell-matrix interactions. Agrin functions by activating the
Agrin
Chemical compound
infusion, a loading dose of fosfomycin 8 g followed by a daily dose of 16 g or 24 g. Continuous infusion is suggested in patients with normal renal function
Fosfomycin
Intravenous feeding
Additionally, older patients are observed to have greater cardiac and renal impairment, insulin resistance, and to have deficiencies in vitamins and
Parenteral_nutrition
Albumin found in human blood
and it is monomeric.[citation needed] Albumin transports hormones, fatty acids, and other compounds, buffers pH, and maintains oncotic pressure, among
Human_serum_albumin
Immunomodulatory drug
wasting syndrome, diarrhea, and Kaposi's sarcoma, but increases in HIV viral load have been reported. Common side effects include sleepiness, rash, and dizziness
Thalidomide
Peptide hormone
of the Na+/K+-ATPase to the surface of skeletal muscle cells. Decreased renal sodium excretion. In hepatocytes, insulin binding acutely leads to activation
Insulin
Chemical compound
the antiretroviral therapy. Use with caution for patients with impaired renal function and do not prescribe this treatment to patients with impaired liver
Lamivudine
Antibiotic
the kidneys unchanged. Plasma levels should be monitored in patients with renal impairment, but this is not mandatory. Chloramphenicol succinate ester (an
Chloramphenicol
Barbiturate medication used to treat seizures and tremors
serum levels (both fasting and six hours after methionine loading) of homocysteine, an amino acid derived from methionine. This is almost certainly related
Primidone
Practice of feeding animals uncooked meat, bones, and organs
long chain fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and linolenic acid (18:2n-3) is limited. For this reason, these fatty acids are especially essential
Raw_feeding
Venom and aggression rankings
G, Kak M, Kumar M, Bali SK, Tak SI, Hassan G, Wadhwa MB (2004). "Acute renal failure following echis carinatus (saw–scaled viper) envenomation" (PDF)
List_of_dangerous_snakes
Cell surface proteins, part of the acquired immune system
architecture-embedding HLA signature to predict clinical response to immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma". Nature Medicine. 30 (6): 1667–1679. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02978-9
Major histocompatibility complex
Major_histocompatibility_complex
Pharmaceutical drug
Ill Patients: Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Simulations Based on Renal Function and Infection Type". Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 17:
Teicoplanin
Subfamily of bats
(2002). "Vampire bat, shrew, and bear: comparative physiology and chronic renal failure". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative
Vampire_bat
Boosting the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream
"Hypoxia-inducible factors in the kidney". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 291 (2): F271–281. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00071.2006. PMC 4232221
Blood_doping
Medical diagnostic method
quetiapine, potentially reflecting declining allostatic load. Despite positive association to metabolic syndrome and type 2 allostatic load a large population-based
Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index
Thyroid_Feedback_Quantile-based_Index
Genes on human chromosome 6
Donor-specific HLA antibodies have been found to be associated with graft failure in renal, heart, lung, and liver transplantation. These donor-specific HLA antibodies
Human_leukocyte_antigen
Industrial bleach illegally marketed as a cure for various illnesses
and the common cold. It is made by mixing aqueous sodium chlorite with an acid (such as the juices of citrus fruits or vinegar). This produces chlorine
Miracle_Mineral_Supplement
German multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company
business into other areas. In 1899, Bayer launched the compound acetylsalicylic acid under the trademarked name Aspirin. Aspirin is on the World Health Organization's
Bayer
Biomedical engineering discipline
being confined to the hospital. While kidney transplants are possible, renal failure is more often treated using an artificial kidney. The first artificial
Tissue_engineering
Type of inflammatory bowel disease
particularly if different from the usual discomfort, should lead to inclusion of a renal stone in the differential diagnosis. Urological manifestations in people
Crohn's_disease
Concentration of glucose present in the blood (Glycaemia)
properly functioning kidneys, glucose does not appear in urine until the renal threshold for glucose has been exceeded. This is substantially above any
Blood_sugar_level
Central nervous system stimulant
4-hydroxynorephedrine, 4-hydroxyphenylacetone, N-hydroxyamphetamine, benzoic acid, hippuric acid, norephedrine, and phenylacetone. Among these metabolites, the active
Amphetamine
Chemical element with atomic number 64 (Gd)
apradiso.2023.110708. ISSN 0969-8043. Donnelly, L.; Nelson, R. (1998). "Renal excretion of gadolinium mimicking calculi on non-contrast CT". Pediatric
Gadolinium
Skeletal disorder
sarcoidosis can also lead to osteoporosis. Chronic kidney disease can lead to renal osteodystrophy. Hematologic disorders linked to osteoporosis are multiple
Osteoporosis
Group of adverse drug reactions involving the skin and mucosa
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) are a group of potentially lethal adverse drug reactions that involve the skin and mucous membranes of various
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions
Severe_cutaneous_adverse_reactions
Type of RNA found in cells
In molecular biology, circular ribonucleic acid (or circRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA which, unlike linear RNA, forms a covalently closed continuous
Circular_RNA
Large baleen whale species
giant nematode Crassicauda boopis can cause inflammation of the renal arteries and potential kidney failure, while the smaller C. crassicauda infects the
Fin_whale
Medical condition
time is a potential risk factor, some other risk factors for a urinary tract infection include being female, constipation, and chronic renal failure. Pregnant
Purple_urine_bag_syndrome
Biological process of gene regulation
find utility as novel therapeutic agents. Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules, microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), are
RNA_interference
Component of MHC class I molecules
Hisanaga S, Ogawa H, Saito A (May 1995). "Amino acid sequence of a modified beta 2-microglobulin in renal failure patient urine and long-term dialysis patient
Beta-2_microglobulin
Chemical substance
proposed as one of the potential mediators of long term blood pressure and the enhanced salt excretion following salt and volume loading. This agent was an
Ouabain
Treatment methodology in trauma patients
with cerebrovascular disease, carotid artery stenosis, and compromised renal (kidney) function, where hypotension may induce sludge (thickening of the
Permissive_hypotension
Proxy markers for certain cancers
PMID 20592362. Wechsel, HW; Petri, E; Bichler, KH; Feil, G (1999). "Marker for renal cell carcinoma (RCC): The dimeric form of pyruvate kinase type M2 (Tu M2-PK)"
Tumor_marker
placental lactogen (hPL), which stimulates maternal lipolysis and fatty acid metabolism. As a result, this conserves blood glucose for use by the fetus
Physiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological_changes_in_pregnancy
Suspension of gold nanoparticles in a liquid
escaping by the renal pathway. Generally, gold nanoparticles are produced in a liquid ("liquid chemical methods") by reduction of chloroauric acid (H[AuCl 4])
Colloidal_gold
widespread use, NSAIDs do have the potential to cause severe toxicity, including GI ulceration, renal tubule disease, renal papillary necrosis, and right dorsal
Treatment_of_equine_lameness
months for antibodies to be produced by the body. For nucleic acid tests, like the viral load blood test, it can take anywhere from 10–33 days for the test
Hepatitis C and HIV coinfection
Hepatitis_C_and_HIV_coinfection
Functions of nitric oxide in organisms
relaxation. The vasodilatory actions of nitric oxide play a key role in renal control of extracellular fluid homeostasis and is essential for the regulation
Biological functions of nitric oxide
Biological_functions_of_nitric_oxide
POTENTIAL RENAL-ACID-LOAD
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