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Peptide hormone
Insulin (/ˈɪn.sjʊ.lɪn/ ; from Latin insula 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the insulin
Insulin
Form of diabetes mellitus
system destroys beta cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin. Insulin is used by the body to store and convert blood sugar into energy. T1D
Type_1_diabetes
Failure of cells to respond appropriately to insulin
hormone insulin or downregulate insulin receptors in response to hyperinsulinemia. Insulin resistance is a major cause of type 2 diabetes. Insulin is a hormone
Insulin_resistance
Group of endocrine diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels
either a reduced production of the hormone insulin by the pancreas or unresponsiveness of bodily cells to insulin's effects. Classic symptoms include the three
Diabetes
Decrease in blood sugar
common cause of hypoglycemia is medications used to treat diabetes such as insulin, sulfonylureas, and biguanides. Risk is greater in diabetics who have eaten
Hypoglycemia
Form of diabetes mellitus
mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent
Type_2_diabetes
Use of insulin protein and analogs as medical treatment
As a medication, insulin is any pharmaceutical preparation of the protein hormone insulin that is used to treat high blood glucose. Such conditions include
Insulin_(medication)
Long-acting insulin
Insulin glargine sold, among others, under the brand name Lantus (manufactured and marketed by Sanofi) is a long-acting modified form of medical insulin
Insulin_glargine
Drugs that lower blood glucose levels to treat diabetes
of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells. Insulin is a hormone needed by cells to take in glucose from the blood. Insufficient levels of insulin due
Diabetes_medication
Psychiatric treatment
Insulin shock therapy or insulin coma therapy was a form of psychiatric treatment in which patients were repeatedly injected with large doses of insulin
Insulin_shock_therapy
Insulin receptor substrates (IRS) are important ligands in the insulin response of human cells. IRS-1, for example, is an IRS protein that contains a phosphotyrosine
Insulin_receptor_substrate
Cell receptor found in humans
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase
Insulin_receptor
Organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates
functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. As a part of the digestive
Pancreas
Autoimmune disease
Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS), a rare cause of reversible autoimmune hypoglycemia also known as Hirata's disease, was first described by Hirata in
Insulin_autoimmune_syndrome
Medication delivery channel
An insulin port functions as a medication delivery channel directly into the subcutaneous tissue (the tissue layer located just beneath the skin). When
Insulin_port
Protein found in humans
Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a signaling adapter protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS1 gene. It is a 180 kDa protein with amino acid
Insulin_receptor_substrate_1
Rapid-acting man-made insulin
Insulin aspart, sold under the brand name Novolog, among others, is a modified type of medical insulin used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is
Insulin_aspart
Unproven alternative cancer treatment
Insulin potentiation therapy (IPT) is an unproven alternative cancer treatment using insulin as an adjunct to low-dose chemotherapy. It was promoted by
Insulin_potentiation_therapy
Medical condition
with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, including in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Excess insulin activates insulin and insulin-like
Acanthosis_nigricans
Theory that obesity is caused by excessive carbohydrate consumption
carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM) posits that obesity is caused by excess consumption of carbohydrate, which then disrupts normal insulin metabolism leading
Carbohydrate–insulin_model
Ultralong-acting basal insulin analogue
Insulin degludec (INN/USAN) is an ultralong-acting basal insulin analogue that was developed by Novo Nordisk under the brand name Tresiba. It is administered
Insulin_degludec
Intermediate acting insulin formulation
Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, also known as isophane insulin, is an intermediate-acting insulin given to help control blood sugar levels in
NPH_insulin
Medical device to administer insulin
An insulin pump is a medical device used for the administration of insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, also known as continuous subcutaneous
Insulin_pump
Rapid-acting insuline analog
Insulin lispro, sold under the brand name Humalog among others, is a modified type of medical insulin used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is
Insulin_lispro
Number assigned to food
The insulin index of food represents how much it elevates the concentration of insulin in the blood during the two-hour period after the food is ingested
Insulin_index
Insulin as a medication is sold under many different trade names, which are listed below. A dagger symbol (†) indicates discontinued brands. Different
List of commercially available insulins
List_of_commercially_available_insulins
Gastrointestinal peptide hormone involved in glucose homeostasis
sugar levels in a glucose-dependent manner by enhancing the secretion of insulin. Beside the insulinotropic effects, GLP-1 has been associated with numerous
Glucagon-like_peptide-1
Ultralong-acting basal insulin analogue
Insulin icodec, sold under the brand name Awiqli, is an ultralong-acting basal insulin analogue used in the treatment of diabetes. It is administered by
Insulin_icodec
American pharmaceutical company
Salk, and insulin. It was one of the first pharmaceutical companies to produce human insulin using recombinant DNA, including Humulin (insulin medication)
Eli_Lilly_and_Company
Medical condition
infection, not taking insulin correctly, stroke and certain medications such as steroids. DKA results from a shortage of insulin; in response, the body
Diabetic_ketoacidosis
Protein found in humans
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), also called somatomedin C, is a hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin which plays an important role in
Insulin-like_growth_factor_1
Modified forms of synthetic insulin
An insulin analogue (also called an insulin analog) is a type of medical insulin that has been modified to alter its pharmacokinetic properties while
Insulin_analogue
Medication used to treat diabetes
It works by decreasing glucose production in the liver, increasing the insulin sensitivity of body tissues, and increasing GDF15 secretion, which reduces
Metformin
Short-acting insulin formulation
Regular insulin, also known as neutral insulin and soluble insulin, is a type of short-acting medical insulin. It is used to treat type 1 diabetes, type
Regular_insulin
Hormonal disorder affecting the female repoductive system
The disorder is linked to insulin resistance, which is made worse by obesity. Insulin resistance and related excess insulin levels increase the risk of
Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome
Polyendocrine_metabolic_ovarian_syndrome
British lawyer and socialite (1926–2019)
which had left her in a temporary coma, and in 1980, when an alleged insulin overdose left her in a persistent vegetative state for the rest of her
Claus_von_Bülow
In 1965, Chinese scientists first synthesized crystalline bovine insulin (Chinese: 人工合成结晶牛胰岛素), which was the first functional crystalline protein being
Synthetic crystalline bovine insulin
Synthetic_crystalline_bovine_insulin
Genetic disorder involving the insulin receptor
the formation of insulin receptors. As a result, affected individuals have either a decreased number of insulin receptors, or insulin receptor with greatly
Donohue_syndrome
Medical injection device
insulin users are designed for standard U-100 insulin. The dilution of insulin is such that 1 mL of insulin fluid has 100 standard "units" of insulin
Syringe
Hormone-producing glands of a body
body. In response to high blood sugar, beta cells secrete insulin, a hypoglycemic hormone. Insulin decreases blood glucose level by helping cells to take
Endocrine_system
Tumor of the pancreas which secretes insulin
a tumour of the pancreas that is derived from beta cells and secretes insulin. It is a rare form of a neuroendocrine tumour. Most insulinomas are benign
Insulinoma
loop gain of the insulin-glucose feedback control system. It is defined as the product of insulin sensitivity times the amount of insulin secreted in response
Disposition_index
Canadian medical scientist and doctor (1891–1941)
pharmacologist, orthopedist, and field surgeon. For his co-discovery of insulin and its therapeutic potential, Banting was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology
Frederick_Banting
Cluster of diseases occurring with obesity
increasing with age, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities. Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and prediabetes are closely related to
Metabolic_syndrome
Type of cell found in pancreatic islets
pancreatic islets of Langerhans responsible for the production and release of insulin and amylin. Constituting ~50–70% of cells in human islets, beta cells play
Beta_cell
Project to develop an open source protocol for producing insulin
The Open Insulin Project is a community of researchers and advocates working to develop an open-source protocol for producing insulin that is affordable
Open_Insulin_Project
Rapid-acting insulin analogue
Insulin glulisine, sold under the brand name Apidra among others, is a rapid-acting modified form of medical insulin used for the treatment of diabetes
Insulin_glulisine
British nurse convicted of murder (born 1990)
abnormal blood test results and skin discolouration interpreted as signs of insulin poisoning and air embolism, inconsistencies in medical records, her removal
Lucy_Letby
Variation of insulin concentration in blood
The insulin concentration in blood increases after meals and gradually returns to basal levels during the next 1–2 hours. However, the basal insulin level
Insulin_oscillation
Medication
Insulin efsitora alfa (LY3209590) is an insulin analog developed by Eli Lilly for the treatment of diabetes. Its glycemic control and safety were found
Insulin_efsitora_alfa
Systems for people with disabilities
Automated insulin delivery systems are automated (or semi-automated) systems designed to assist people with insulin-requiring diabetes, by automatically
Automated insulin delivery system
Automated_insulin_delivery_system
Combination drug
Insulin icodec/semaglutide is an experimental fixed-dose combination of insulin icodec and semaglutide in development for type 2 diabetes by Novo Nordisk
Insulin_icodec/semaglutide
Wearable medical device
A smart insulin patch, also known as a glucose-responsive insulin patch, is a type of wearable medical device for diabetes treatment. It is a transdermal
Smart_insulin_patch
Medical diagnostic procedure
An insulin tolerance test (ITT) is a medical diagnostic procedure during which insulin is injected into a patient's vein, after which blood glucose is
Insulin_tolerance_test
Abnormal increase in insulin in the bloodstream relative to glucose
Hyperinsulinemia is a condition in which there are excess levels of insulin circulating in the blood relative to the level of glucose. While it is often
Hyperinsulinemia
Drug storage and delivery device
relatively short period of time, especially insulin and insulin analogs used in the treatment of diabetes (called insulin pens). Many other medications are also
Injector_pen
Peptide hormone
stimulate the release of insulin. Insulin allows glucose to be taken up and used by insulin-dependent tissues. Thus, glucagon and insulin are part of a feedback
Glucagon
Protein found in humans
Insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase (LNPEP) gene. IRAP is a type
Insulin regulated aminopeptidase
Insulin_regulated_aminopeptidase
Chemical compound
receptors. GLP-1 receptors improve insulin sensitivity and increase satiety. Retatrutide has shown to increase insulin secretion. Furthermore, agonism of
Retatrutide
Long-acting man-made insulin
review also compared the effects of insulin detemir to NPH insulin and other insulin analogues (insulin glargine, insulin degludec) in both children and adults
Insulin_detemir
Hormones regulating blood sugar levels
narrow range. This tight regulation is referred to as glucose homeostasis. Insulin, which lowers blood sugar, and glucagon, which raises it, are the most
Blood_sugar_regulation
Proposed legislation
The Affordable Insulin Now Act is a bill in the United States Congress intended to cap out-of-pocket insulin prices under private health insurance and
Affordable_Insulin_Now_Act
Medical condition
be hysteresis effect of insulin action, i.e., the effect of insulin is still prominent even if both plasma glucose and insulin levels were already low
Reactive_hypoglycemia
American heiress, socialite, and philanthropist (1931–2008)
by insulin overdose, but the conviction was overturned on appeal. A second trial found him not guilty, after experts opined that there was no insulin injection
Sunny_von_Bülow
Powdered insulin delivered with an inhaler
Inhalable insulin is a powdered form of insulin, delivered with an inhaler into the lungs where it is absorbed. In general, inhaled insulins have been
Inhalable_insulin
Method to quantify insulin resistance
The homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) is a method used to quantify insulin resistance and beta-cell function. It was first described under the name
Homeostatic_model_assessment
Enzyme found in humans
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) (also known as insulinase, insulin protease, or insulysin) is a large zinc-binding protease of the M16 metalloprotease
Insulin-degrading_enzyme
Pharmaceutical drug
Insulin degludec/liraglutide, sold under the brand name Xultophy, is a fixed-dose combination medication for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes
Insulin_degludec/liraglutide
Precursor protein in humans
Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the Pancreatic Islets, specialized regions of the pancreas. In humans, proinsulin
Proinsulin
Medical condition
function (synonyms Gβ or, if calculated from fasting concentrations of insulin and glucose, HOMA-Beta or SPINA-GBeta) is one of the preconditions of euglycaemia
Pancreatic_beta_cell_function
In the case of diabetes mellitus, a basal insulin rate is a low rate of continuous insulin supply needed for such purposes as controlling cellular glucose
Basal_insulin_rate
First person to receive an insulin injection
– 20 April 1935) was the first person to have received an injection of insulin as a treatment for type 1 diabetes. Leonard Thompson was born on Pickering
Leonard_Thompson_(diabetic)
secrete a substance (named "insulin") that metabolises carbohydrates. The first to isolate the extract used, called insulin, was Nicolae Paulescu. In 1916
History_of_diabetes
Pharmaceutical compound
medication, insulins and insulin analogues, and other drugs used in diabetes (A10) Insulins and insulin analogues Fast-acting Insulin aspart Insulin glulisine
Brenipatide
Biological signalling molecule
acid derivatives (e.g. epinephrine and auxin), protein or peptides (e.g. insulin and CLE peptides), and gases (e.g. ethylene and nitric oxide). Hormones
Hormone
Medical condition
hyperandrogenism (HA), insulin resistance (IR) and acanthosis nigricans (AN). The symptoms of the HAIR-AN syndrome are largely due to severe insulin resistance,
HAIR-AN_syndrome
British inventor
inventing an insulin pump for diabetics, and miniaturized helicopters for the UK military. A diabetic himself, Channon developed the three ounce insulin pump
Robert_Channon
Medical condition
recessive disorder characterized by severe insulin resistance. The disorder is caused by mutations in the insulin receptor gene. Symptoms include growth abnormalities
Rabson–Mendenhall_syndrome
Meal planning tool in diabetes management
optimize blood sugar control. It can be used with or without the use of insulin therapy. Carbohydrate counting involves determining whether a food item
Carbohydrate_counting
Method for assessing insulin sensitivity
quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) is derived using the inverse of the sum of the logarithms of the fasting insulin and fasting glucose:
Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
Quantitative_insulin_sensitivity_check_index
American convicted murderer
in state court for poisoning her husband, Michael Brandon Cochran, with insulin. Prosecutors argued that Michael had grown suspicious of their business
Natalie_Cochran
Excess insulin in the blood
Hyperinsulinism refers to an above normal level of insulin in the blood of a person or animal. Normal insulin secretion and blood levels are closely related
Hyperinsulinism
DNA molecules formed by human agency at a molecular level generating novel DNA sequences
recombinant insulin preparations are in widespread use. Recombinant insulin (insulin aspart) is synthesized by inserting the human insulin gene into E
Recombinant_DNA
Management of diabetes
a need for insulin injections throughout their life, as the pancreatic beta cells are not capable of producing sufficient insulin. Insulin can not be
Diabetes_management
American diabetes-technology company
American medical-device company that develops and markets insulin pumps, automated insulin delivery systems and diabetes-management software. Headquartered
Tandem_Diabetes_Care
Combination medication
Insulin degludec/insulin aspart, sold under the brand name Ryzodeg, is a fixed-dose combination medication for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It contains
Insulin degludec/insulin aspart
Insulin_degludec/insulin_aspart
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, also known as IGFBP-3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP3 gene. IGFBP-3 is one of six
IGFBP3
Manufacturer of insulin
Eva Saxl (1921–2002) was a self-taught manufacturer of insulin and an advocate for people with Type 1 diabetes. Saxl was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia
Eva_Saxl
Cell receptor protein found in humans
The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor is a protein found on the surface of human cells. It is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
Insulin-like_growth_factor_1_receptor
Pharmaceutical compound
Insulin tregopil is a fast-acting insulin analog which, unlike other forms of insulin, is delivered by mouth. It is developed by Biocon for diabetes.
Insulin_tregopil
Anti-diabetic and anti-obesity medication
insulin resistance, with a reduction of around 8% from baseline, measured using HOMA2-IR (computed with fasting insulin). Fasting levels of insulin-like
Tirzepatide
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Insulin receptor substrate 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS2 gene. This gene encodes the insulin receptor substrate 2, a cytoplasmic
Insulin_receptor_substrate_2
Combination drug
Insulin glargine/lixisenatide, sold under the brand name Soliqua among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication that combines insulin glargine and
Insulin_glargine/lixisenatide
Chemical compound
treat type 2 diabetes. It may be used with metformin, a sulfonylurea, or insulin. Use is recommended together with exercise and diet. It is not recommended
Pioglitazone
Canadian co-discoverer of insulin (1899–1978)
an American-Canadian medical scientist and one of the co-discoverers of insulin with Frederick Banting. He served as the chair of the Banting and Best
Charles Best (medical scientist)
Charles_Best_(medical_scientist)
Chemical compound
It works by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin and increases tissue sensitivity to insulin. Glipizide was approved for medical use in the United
Glipizide
Danish pharmaceutical company
help meet the demand for insulin. The Insulin Laboratory and the factory were spun off into a new company, Nordisk Insulin Laboratorium, in July 1924
Novo_Nordisk
Medication
diabetes; its mode of action is to increase insulin secretion by the pancreas. However it requires adequate insulin synthesis as prerequisite to treat appropriately
Glimepiride
High blood sugar levels during pregnancy
Gestational diabetes can occur during pregnancy because of insulin resistance or reduced production of insulin. Risk factors include being overweight, previously
Gestational_diabetes
Historical formulation of insulin as medication
Lente insulin (from Italian lento, "slow"; also called insulin zinc suspension) was an intermediate-duration insulin that is no longer used in humans.
Lente_insulin
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