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A pollination network is a bipartite mutualistic network in which plants and pollinators are the nodes, and the pollination interactions form the links
Pollination_network
Biological process occurring in plants
flowering plants. Self-pollination occurs within a closed flower. Pollination often occurs within a species. When pollination occurs between species,
Pollination
Animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma
carry out artificial pollination. A pollinator is different from a pollenizer, a plant that is a source of pollen for the pollination process. Plants fall
Pollinator
Method of representing systems
these interaction networks are threatened by anthropogenic change. The use of network analysis can illuminate how pollination networks work and may, in
Biological_network
Reproductive structure in flowering plants
male and female parts of flowers in pollination. Pollination can occur between different plants, as in cross-pollination, or between flowers on the same plant
Flower
Genetic technique for identifying organisms in mixed samples
visitation is a poor proxy for pollination: Measuring single-visit pollen deposition, with implications for pollination networks and conservation". Methods
Metabarcoding
Process of identifying pollen donor plant species
traits is a good indication of pollination effectiveness. By studying the composition and structure of pollination networks, conservationists can understand
Pollen_DNA_barcoding
Type of garden
of plants grown together with the intention of attracting wild pollinators. Pollination is the reproductive process that enables plants to produce seeds
Pollinator_garden
Representation of the biotic interactions in an ecosystem
effects of spatial heterogeneity. Biological network Consumer-resource systems Food web Pollination network Recycling (ecological) Williams, R.J.; Berlow
Ecological_network
Species of thistle
Horn, and C. Dixon. 2024. Characterization of the bee community and pollination network in a southeastern U.S. pine savanna. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
Cirsium_horridulum
Species of plant
Horn, and C. Dixon. 2024. Characterization of the bee community and pollination network in a southeastern U.S. pine savanna. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
Chamaecrista_fasciculata
enhance pollination by native pollinators and increase our knowledge of flower/pollinator interactions and gene flow in plants. The Network will also
Canadian Pollination Initiative
Canadian_Pollination_Initiative
Plant species in the sunflower family
was flowering. With the smaller population of plants the natural pollination network broke down and the species was nearing extinction in the wild. As
Craspedia_argentea
Reduction in abundance of insect and other animal pollinators
International Symposium on Pollination; Pollination: Integrator of Crops and Native Plant Systems The Economic Impacts of Pollinator Declines: An Approach
Pollinator_decline
trees, do not produce fruit from self-pollination, so pollinizer trees are planted in orchards. The pollination process requires a carrier for the pollen
Fruit_tree_pollination
Species of bee
bee, Xylocopa darwini serves as an important primary pollinator within the plant-pollinator network of the archipelago. The leaf-cutter bee and the wool
Xylocopa_darwini
Mutually beneficial interaction between species
flower forms (important for pollination mutualisms) and co-evolution between groups of species. A prominent example of pollination mutualism is with bees and
Mutualism_(biology)
Family of insects
aphids which attracts pollinating hoverflies. Another plant, the slipper orchid in southwest China, also achieves pollination by deceit by exploiting
Hoverfly
Species of shrub
butterflies, and hummingbirds. These interactions play a vital role in pollination networks. Californian black sage grows in the coastal sage scrub and lower
Salvia_mellifera
Family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales
living on trees. The flowers and their pollination mechanisms are highly specialized, attracting insect pollinators by colour, pattern, scent, pheromones
Orchid
Aspect of apiculture
spring to pollinate their crop. Worldwide, honeybees yield roughly $200 billion in pollination services. They are responsible for pollination of approximately
Colony_collapse_disorder
Species of mite
"Varroa mites: A step-by-step guide to monitoring in New York" (PDF). Pollinator Network at Cornell University. 11 September 2024. Jack, Cameron J; Ellis,
Varroa_destructor
Largest genus of plants in the mint family
Salvia is the unusual pollination mechanism. It is central to any investigation into the systematics, species distribution, or pollination biology of Salvia
Salvia
Species of plant
Horn, and C. Dixon. 2024. Characterization of the bee community and pollination network in a southeastern U.S. pine savanna. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
Cnidoscolus_urens
Species of wasp
pollen to another tree. Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang Aiyu Jelly Pollination Pollination network Coevolution Mutualism Chen, You-Ling; Huang, Mei-li; Wu, Wen-Shan;
Wiebesia_pumilae
Effect that organisms have on other organisms
major driver of evolution since at least the Cambrian period. In pollination, pollinators including insects (entomophily), some birds (ornithophily), and
Biological_interaction
Ecological interaction between taxa
ornithophily) have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants
Symbiosis
Colonial flying insect
has been used extensively for commercial pollination of fruit and vegetable crops. The scale of these pollination services is commonly measured in the billions
Honey_bee
Nonprofit focused on pollinator conservation
Pollinator Pathway formally incorporated as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, establishing a board of directors and expanding its mission to support a network of
Pollinator Pathway (organization)
Pollinator_Pathway_(organization)
Class of insecticides
potential effects on organisms providing a range of ecosystem services like pollination and natural pest control which are critical to sustainable agriculture
Neonicotinoid
British-Canadian entomologist
British-Canadian entomologist, applied ecologist and pollination biologist. His research covers Arctic pollination, insect colour perception and floral colours
Peter_G._Kevan
Species of subarctic plant
Minna E.; Rehan, Sandra M. (2020). "Wild bee declines linked to plant-pollinator network changes and plant species introductions". Insect Conservation and
Rhododendron_lapponicum
Edible fruit
less commonly available third type, the pollination-variant non-astringent persimmon. When fully pollinated, the flesh of this fruit is brown inside—known
Persimmon
Species of cactus in the Sonoran Desert
self-incompatible, thus requiring cross-pollination. Large quantities of pollen are required for complete pollination because many ovules are present. This
Saguaro
Species of flowering plant in the nightshade family
consisting of 2–3 carpels and a single stamen. Members are self pollinators, but cross pollination often occurs when plants are grown in large quantities, via
Capsicum_annuum
Largest butterfly family
they may also lead to mismatches with host plant availability and pollination networks, potentially impacting long-term survival and ecological roles. The
Nymphalidae
Genus of insects
scopa onto the flower's stigma, facilitating pollination at nearly every visit. Osmia typically pollinate early spring flowers in the family Rosaceae,
Mason_bee
Species of flowering plant, or its fruit
species, F. carica does not always require pollination by a wasp or from another tree, but can be pollinated by the fig wasp, Blastophaga psenes, to produce
Fig
Chemical compound
CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2025 (link) "Neonicotinoids". Pollinator Network @ Cornell. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Gill R.J.; Ramos-Rodriguez O.;
Imidacloprid
Species of flowering plant
host for larval feeding. Conversely, insect pollination is also very important to the plant; insect pollination of B. rapa leads to 30% more yield when compared
Brassica_rapa
Australian wild bee ecologist
gained her PhD after researching the biodiversity of native bees and pollination networks in urban areas, along with how to conserve them and the impact of
Kit_Prendergast
Process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species
watershed management, nitrogen fixation, oxygen production, pollination (see pollinator decline), waste treatment (i.e., the breaking down and immobilization
Habitat_destruction
Edible fruit-bearing species of plant
self-pollination. The short-lived flowers open as female, then progress to a later, male stage in a matter of hours. This requires a type of pollinator that
Cherimoya
Species of flowering plant
from the ring stamens, and sterile pollen from the hood structure. The pollinators must work their way between the two areas of stamens as they gather the
Couroupita_guianensis
Genus of flowering plants in the orchid family
If pollination has not occurred meanwhile, it will be shed. The flowers are self-fertile, but need pollinators to perform this task. Pollinated flowers
Vanilla_(genus)
Palm tree cultivated for its sweet fruit
plants, as male flowers become available at local markets at pollination time. Manual pollination is done by skilled labourers on ladders, or by use of a wind
Date_palm
Species of flowering plant
Buchmann, S.L. (1983). "Buzz pollination in angiosperms". In Jones, C.E.; Little, R.J. (eds.). Handbook of experimental pollination biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold
Solanum_rostratum
Genus of insects
their pollination effectiveness to other pollinator species like the ant, the Hylaeus is not as effective. Contrastingly, a study involving pollination rates
Hylaeus_(bee)
Species of flowering plant
shell germinate only after two years. The pollination is carried out by self-pollination, wind pollination, or insects. Atriplex hortensis has a salty
Atriplex_hortensis
Species of honey bee
hive, for maximum yield, and pollination is dependent on the importation of hives from warmer climates. Almond pollination (in February and March in the
Western_honey_bee
Class of arthropods
transportation. The majority of pollination is by insects. Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar
Insect
Group of seed plants
There are separate male and female reproductive structures, the cones. Pollination is always by wind; the seeds are mostly winged. The trees have a regular
Conifer
Two or more species influencing each other's evolution
reduces the proportion of pollination by bees as opposed to hummingbirds; while greater flower surface area increases bee pollination. Therefore, red pigments
Coevolution
Species of tree
at the end of a stalk. Fertilization of the ovule occurs through wind pollination, via motile sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses, and algae. The sperm
Ginkgo_biloba
Plant species grown for its oil-rich seed
Riccardo (9 December 2015). "Large-scale pollination experiment demonstrates the importance of insect pollination in winter oilseed rape". Oecologia. 180
Rapeseed
Species of flowering plant
Retrieved 2014-10-17. "Cassia fistula". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
Cassia_fistula
Species of flowering plant
Parks and Wildlife Department. Native Plant Information Network "Story Behind Milkweed Pollination". 15 April 2019. "🐝 the Perils of Pollinia and More about
Asclepias_asperula
American mystery science fiction television series
through various online outlets from April 23 to 30, 2015, in what the network called "the first-ever global preview event". The series subsequently debuted
Wayward_Pines
Study of organisms and their environment
the guts of insects and other organisms, the fig wasp and yucca moth pollination complex, lichens with fungi and photosynthetic algae, and corals with
Ecology
Species of plant
nocturnal ant pollination. These ants collect nectar from exposed flowers and inadvertently transfer pollen, facilitating geitonogamy (pollination between adjacent
Richea_dracophylla
Spanish ecologist
Communications 6: article 6376. Traveset, A. et al. (2015) Global patterns in pollination networks in island and continental areas. Global Ecology and Biogeography
Anna_Traveset
Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family
addition to other forms of pollination, this plant is adapted to rain-pollination. Caltha palustris is infertile when self-pollinated. Rather high fertility
Caltha_palustris
Chemical scents emitted by flowers
scents emitted after pollination reduce the flower's attractiveness to pollinators. This mechanism acts as a signal to pollinators to visit unpollinated
Floral_scent
Genus of true bugs
2015. Carvalheiro, L. G.; Barbosa, E. R. M.; Memmott, J. (2008). "Pollinator networks, alien species and the conservation of rare plants: Trinia glauca
Myrmecoris
Areas of low artificial light
Dark infrastructure helps reduce habitat fragmentation and protect pollination networks that rely on nocturnal insects. Furthermore, these corridors benefit
Dark_infrastructure
Starchy tuber used as a staple food
pink to blue or purple; they are yellow at the centre, and are insect-pollinated. The plant develops tubers to store nutrients. These are not roots but
Potato
Crime drama television series
of marijuana (sinsemilia, or seedless) which requires isolation from pollinating males, making the desert the site for the grow operation. Problems arise
Narcos:_Mexico
Change in the heritable traits of populations
your microbial mom". Excite. Yonkers, New York: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved
Evolution
Martial art sports
independently developed two different styles, which eventually cross-pollinated and became what is known as sambo. Sambo is relatively modern since its
Sambo_(martial_art)
Species of flowering plant
produces strictly pollen and not nectar. The pollinators deploy a specialized technique called "buzz pollination" in which the bees vibrate their wings and
Primula_meadia
Species of small fruit-bearing tree
another cultivar of the Nagami kumquat. It originated from the open pollination of a Nagami kumquat tree. The fruits are striped light green and yellow
Kumquat
Species of plant
are jackfruit pollinators, and so play an important role in jackfruit cultivation.[citation needed] It seems to be the case that pollination results from
Jackfruit
Species of flowering plant
Acanthus eminens". Biota-Africa. Also, ecosystem processes like plant-pollinator networks are affected due to changes in population sizes, microclimate and
Acanthus_eminens
Grains containing the male gametophytes of seed plants
of a single flower to the stigma of another in cross-pollination. In a case of self-pollination, this process takes place from the anther of a flower
Pollen
British television documentary series with Jeremy Clarkson
for owls. He obtains four beehives for honey for the farm shop and to pollinate his crops. 5 5 "Pan (dem) icking" 11 June 2021 (2021-06-11) The COVID-19
Clarkson's_Farm
Species of flowering plant
nectar for native insects, including bees and other pollinators, contributing to pollination networks within pine rockland communities. J. curtissii is
Jacquemontia_curtissii
Genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae
gardening season. Bloodroot flower petals are shed within a day or two of pollination, so the flower display is short-lived, but the double forms bloom much
Sanguinaria
Species of flowering plant
shrub or small tree native to South America. It is pollinated by insects. When cultivated, it is pollinated mainly by the common honey bee, Apis mellifera
Psidium_guajava
Species of bee
September 2025. Erika M. Tucker; Sandra M. Rehan (April 2016). "Wild bee pollination networks in northern New England". Journal of Insect Conservation. 20 (2):
Halictus_tectus
Edible fruit
from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate: Group A – Early flowering, 1
Apple
Species of plant
occasion, be produced under cultivation, following hand-pollination or hummingbird pollination. The known active constituent of Salvia divinorum is a trans-neoclerodane
Salvia_divinorum
Species of wasp
Nogales, M., Herrera, H. W. & Olesen, J. M. (2013). "Invaders of pollination networks in the Galápagos Islands: emergence of novel communities". Proceedings
Brachygastra_lecheguana
2007 studio album by Radiohead
sampling ourselves. And when you mash sounds together like that they cross-pollinate, they marinade, they interact with each other... They have little sonic
In_Rainbows
Practice of saving plant reproductive material
distance needed from plants of the same species to ensure that cross-pollination with another variety does not occur, and the minimum number of plants
Seed_saving
Community of living organisms together with the nonliving components of their environment
cleaning air and water, the maintenance of oxygen in the atmosphere, crop pollination, and opportunities for research. Many ecosystems become degraded through
Ecosystem
Martial arts promoter based in Singapore
Championship and the World Lethwei Championship are in talks to cross-pollinate each other's organizations". Business Insider India. Archived from the
ONE_Championship
Perennial plant with blue berries
on forest floors or near swamps. Wild blueberries reproduce by cross pollination, with each seed producing a plant with a different genetic composition
Blueberry
Genus of leguminous plants
herbaceous perennial forms, or less often annual ones. Plants are cross-pollinated. Chromosome number 2n is either 36, 48, or 96. This subgenus is distributed
Lupinus
Organochloride known as an insecticide
hormonados: Contamination of Spanish Rivers with Pesticides". Pesticide Action Network Europe. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February
DDT
Flowering genus, rose family Rosaceae
self-sterile, so self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential. A number of cultivars are self-pollinating, such as "Granny Smith"
Malus
Species of flowering plant
nectar spur flowers are either partially or completely pollinated by insects. The specific pollinator is determined by the curvature of the nectar spur. Since
Impatiens_pallida
Province of China
and through the interior of the island constitute most of Hainan's road network. Hainan is the only province in China that does not have highway toll stations
Hainan
Genus of flowering plants
common and best pollinators, accounting for over 50% of all Asclepias pollination, whereas monarch butterflies are poor pollinators of milkweed. Asclepias
Asclepias
External territory of Australia
provider and integrates the island into the Australian telecommunications network, using the same prefix as Western Australia, South Australia, and the Northern
Christmas_Island
Processes through which companies combine or transfer ownership
in the divested entity. Therefore, establishing a strong local business network before starting acquisitions is usually a prerequisite to get to know trustable
Mergers_and_acquisitions
American drama television series
room for the show in 2023. The project received a series order from the network in July 2024. The series was created by Jenna Bans and Bill Krebs—who,
Grosse_Pointe_Garden_Society
Highly potent cannabis
male plants as soon as they are known to be male, in order to avoid pollination of female pistils. The seeds are not useful for recreational purposes
Sinsemilla
Species of flowering plant in the laurel family
wind. High winds reduce the humidity, dehydrate the flowers, and affect pollination.[original research?] When even a mild frost occurs, premature fruit drop
Avocado
Act of voluntarily ingesting feces
plant much-needed nutrients and nitrogen. Juvenile P. roridulae also pollinate the plant. Manure is organic matter, mostly animal feces, that is used
Coprophagia
Clade of primates endemic to the island of Madagascar
lemur-specific pollination traits, and studies indicate that some diurnal species, such as the red-bellied lemur and the ruffed lemurs, act as major pollinators. Two
Lemur
POLLINATION NETWORK
POLLINATION NETWORK
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Fretter, an occupational name for a maker of ornaments (especially for the hair) consisting of jewels set in a lattice network, from an agent derivative of Middle English frette, Old French frete ‘interlaced work’.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Network of Roots; The Ocean
POLLINATION NETWORK
POLLINATION NETWORK
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metronymic either from Malin 1 or Mallet 1.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Name of a Sahabiyah (RA)
Girl/Female
Tamil
Boy/Male
Hindu
Name of Lord Vishnu, Freedom giver
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Storax Tree
Girl/Female
Hindu
Part of a divine power
Boy/Male
French
True.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.Probably a variant of Swiss German Bandi, or German Bender or Bänder (see Bander).Hungarian (Bándy) : variant of Bandi.
Girl/Female
Australian, German, Romanian
Crowned
Girl/Female
Indian
Pray of God
POLLINATION NETWORK
POLLINATION NETWORK
POLLINATION NETWORK
POLLINATION NETWORK
POLLINATION NETWORK
a.
Wanting a cover, pretext, or palliation; unreasonable; profitless; bootless; useless.
n.
The act or process of binding or platting with twigs; also, the network so formed.
n.
That which cloaks or covers; disguise; also, the state of being covered or disguised.
n.
Any system of lines or channels interlacing or crossing like the fabric of a net; as, a network of veins; a network of railroads.
n.
A covering for the head, consisting of hair interwoven or united by a kind of network, either in imitation of the natural growth, or in abundant and flowing curls, worn to supply a deficiency of natural hair, or for ornament, or according to traditional usage, as a part of an official or professional dress, the latter especially in England by judges and barristers.
n.
That process by which a number of isolated facts are brought under one conception, or summed up in a general proposition, as when Kepler discovered that the various observed positions of the planet Mars were points in an ellipse.
n.
A body, usually spheroidal, in a cell or a protozoan, distinguished from the surrounding protoplasm by a difference in refrangibility and in behavior towards chemical reagents. It is more or less protoplasmic, and consists of a clear fluid (achromatin) through which extends a network of fibers (chromatin) in which may be suspended a second rounded body, the nucleolus (see Nucleoplasm). See Cell division, under Division.
n.
The opening or space inclosed by the threads of a net between knot and knot, or the threads inclosing such a space; network; a net.
n.
A binding together.
n.
The act of aiming at, or directing in a line with, a fixed object.
n.
A telescope arranged and used to determine errors of collimation, both vertical and horizontal.
n.
The series or network of triangles into which the face of a country, or any portion of it, is divided in a trigonometrical survey; the operation of measuring the elements necessary to determine the triangles into which the country to be surveyed is supposed to be divided, and thus to fix the positions and distances of the several points connected by them.
n.
Mitigation; alleviation, as of a disease.
n.
The act of collimating; the adjustment of the line of the sights, as the axial line of the telescope of an instrument, into its proper position relative to the other parts of the instrument.
v. t.
To bring together by colligation; to sum up in a single proposition.
n.
The act of axtenuating or the state of being extenuated; the act of making thin, slender, or lean, or of palliating; diminishing, or lessening; palliation, as of a crime; mitigation, as of punishment.
n.
A thin layer or fold of tissue, usually supported by a fibrous network, serving to cover or line some part or organ, and often secreting or absorbing certain fluids.
v. t.
To twist or interweave, one with another, as twigs; to form a network with; to plat; as, to wattle branches.
n.
A confusing and baffling network, as of paths or passages; an intricacy; a labyrinth.
n.
The act of palliating, or state of being palliated; extenuation; excuse; as, the palliation of faults, offenses, vices.