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Biological process occurring in plants
flowering plants. Self-pollination occurs within a closed flower. Pollination often occurs within a species. When pollination occurs between species,
Pollination
Animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma
carry out artificial pollination. A pollinator is different from a pollenizer, a plant that is a source of pollen for the pollination process. Plants fall
Pollinator
Reproductive structure in flowering plants
male and female parts of flowers in pollination. Pollination can occur between different plants, as in cross-pollination, or between flowers on the same plant
Flower
Flower traits that attract pollinators
understanding of plant-pollinator interactions, sometimes the pollinator of a plant species cannot be accurately predicted from the pollination syndrome alone
Pollination_syndrome
Form of pollination
Self-pollination is a form of pollination in which pollen arrives at the stigma of a flower (in flowering plants) or at the ovule (in gymnosperms) of the
Self-pollination
Form of pollination by insects
Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen of plants, especially but not only of flowering plants, is distributed by insects
Entomophily
Technique used by bees to release pollen
primarily pollinated using buzz pollination. Plants that rely on buzz pollination have a unique anther shape compared to other flora. In buzz pollinated plants
Buzz_pollination
Mechanical pollination technique
Hand-pollination, also known as mechanical pollination, is a technique that can be used to pollinate plants when natural or open pollination is either
Hand-pollination
Reduction in abundance of insect and other animal pollinators
International Symposium on Pollination; Pollination: Integrator of Crops and Native Plant Systems The Economic Impacts of Pollinator Declines: An Approach
Pollinator_decline
Pollination by natural agents, or true-breeding in plant varieties
"Open pollination" and "open pollinated" refer to a variety of concepts in the context of the sexual reproduction of plants. Generally speaking, the term
Open_pollination
Type of garden
of plants grown together with the intention of attracting wild pollinators. Pollination is the reproductive process that enables plants to produce seeds
Pollinator_garden
Pachites. Pollination by flies, known as myophily, is the second most prevalent method of pollination among orchids, involving pollinators from twenty
Pollination_of_orchids
Horticultural practices to enhance pollination
Pollination management is the horticultural practice that accomplish or enhance pollination of a crop, to improve yield or quality, by understanding of
Pollination_management
though pollination may be required for the purpose of seed production or breeding. Fruit tree pollination Pollination management Pollinator Pollen source
List of crop plants pollinated by bees
List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees
Wind pollination
Wind-pollination (anemophily) syndrome Anemophily or wind pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by wind. Almost all gymnosperms
Anemophily
Pollination by animals
exchange for pollination. Pollination is defined as the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. There are many vectors for pollination, including
Zoophily
Pollination control device
various different materials for the purpose of controlling pollination for plants. Pollination bags are designed to fit well over the inflorescence or individual
Pollination_bag
Process in which pollinators effects a plant's evolution
shifts in pollination syndromes and to some genera having a high diversity of pollination syndromes among species, suggesting that pollinators are a primary
Pollinator-mediated_selection
A pollination network is a bipartite mutualistic network in which plants and pollinators are the nodes, and the pollination interactions form the links
Pollination_network
trees, do not produce fruit from self-pollination, so pollinizer trees are planted in orchards. The pollination process requires a carrier for the pollen
Fruit_tree_pollination
Family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales
living on trees. The flowers and their pollination mechanisms are highly specialized, attracting insect pollinators by colour, pattern, scent, pheromones
Orchid
Ecological interaction between taxa
ornithophily) have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants
Symbiosis
Type of pollination among plants
stigma of a different plant. This is the only type of cross pollination which during pollination brings genetically different types of pollen grains to the
Xenogamy
Genus of flowering plants
two different pollination syndromes can be driven by a third pollinator that does not show favoritism towards a particular pollination syndrome. In the
Aquilegia
Group of insects
vast majority of wasps play no role in pollination, a few species can effectively transport pollen and pollinate several plant species. Since wasps generally
Wasp
Southeast Asian fruit
cerana is the preferred species for small-scale pollination of rambutan. Its hair is also helpful in pollination where pollen can be hooked on and transported
Rambutan
the conservation of pollinator and plant biodiversity, improve the health of managed bees, enhance pollination by native pollinators and increase our knowledge
Canadian Pollination Initiative
Canadian_Pollination_Initiative
Spice extracted from Vanilla orchids
in the Indian Ocean, discovered that the plant could be hand-pollinated. Hand-pollination allowed global cultivation of the plant. The noted French botanist
Vanilla
Plant flower structures
mainly flies, so as to enhance their effectiveness in pollination. The structures of pollination traps can include deep tubular corollas with downward
Pollination_trap
Type of cross pollination
released inside the water. Surface pollination is more frequent, and appears to be a transitional phase between wind pollination and true hydrophily. In these
Hydrophily
Flowering plant reproduction system
The pollination syndromes of monocots can be quite distinct; they include having flower parts in multiples of three, adaptations to pollination by water
Monocotyledon_reproduction
Species of honey bee
hive, for maximum yield, and pollination is dependent on the importation of hives from warmer climates. Almond pollination (in February and March in the
Western_honey_bee
Family of beetles characterized by long antennae
set of traits, but pollination by longhorn beetles is not limited to these cantharophilous flowers. A review of angiosperm pollination by beetles shows
Longhorn_beetle
Aspect of apiculture
spring to pollinate their crop. Worldwide, honeybees yield roughly $200 billion in pollination services. They are responsible for pollination of approximately
Colony_collapse_disorder
Réunion horticulturalist (1829–1880)
would pollinate them. In 1837, Charles Morren, a professor of botany at the University of Liège in Belgium, published a method of hand-pollination, but
Edmond_Albius
Edible berries native to Northeast Asia
with these pollination challenges, some producers blow collected pollen over the female flowers. Most common, though, is saturation pollination, in which
Kiwifruit
2017 studio album by Blondie
Pollinator is the eleventh studio album by the American rock band Blondie, released on May 5, 2017, by BMG Rights Management. In contrast to previous Blondie
Pollinator_(album)
Group of mostly-nocturnal insects in the order Lepidoptera
be dependent on bees for pollination also rely on moths, which have historically been less observed because they pollinate mainly at night. Both as caterpillars
Moth
Asexual reproduction without fertilization
(Nematoda: Sphaerularioidea: Anandranematidae n. fam.) parasitic in the palm-pollinating weevil Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust, with a phylogenetic synopsis of
Parthenogenesis
Largest genus of plants in the mint family
Salvia is the unusual pollination mechanism. It is central to any investigation into the systematics, species distribution, or pollination biology of Salvia
Salvia
Genus of insects
scopa onto the flower's stigma, facilitating pollination at nearly every visit. Osmia typically pollinate early spring flowers in the family Rosaceae,
Mason_bee
Study of pollination biology
Anthecology, or pollination biology, is the study of pollination as well as the relationships between flowers and their pollinators. Floral biology is
Anthecology
Family of insects
be important pollinators, especially in high-elevation ecosystems (>2000 m) where bees are relatively few. However, specialised pollination by tachinids
Tachinidae
Fusion of gametes from the same individual
predominantly self-fertilizing. Self-pollination is an example of autogamy that occurs in flowering plants. Self-pollination occurs when the sperm in the pollen
Autogamy
Saturation pollination is a pollination technique for agricultural crops in areas dominated by non-crop plant species that are preferred by pollinators. The
Saturation_pollination
Type of fertilization
and birds. Wind pollination is referred to as anemophily, and water pollination is referred to as hydrophilly. Insect pollination is referred to as
Allogamy
Species of plant
are more attractive to pollinators and benefit from increased genetic variability due to cross-pollination. However, pollination experiments for T. chantrieri
Tacca_chantrieri
Person who keeps honey bees
Some beekeepers provide a pollination service to other farmers. These beekeepers might not produce any honey for sale. Pollination beekeepers move vast quantities
Beekeeper
Species of flowering plant in the arum family Araceae
Cibodas, and Purwodadi. Self-pollination was once considered impossible but, in 1992, botanists in Bonn successfully hand-pollinated their plant with its own
Amorphophallus_titanum
Species of flowering plant
pollinators of I. capensis. Bees, especially bumblebees play an important role in pollination as well. Due to hummingbirds and bees, the pollination of
Impatiens_capensis
British-Canadian entomologist
British-Canadian entomologist, applied ecologist and pollination biologist. His research covers Arctic pollination, insect colour perception and floral colours
Peter_G._Kevan
Species of flowering plant in the orchid family
an example of sexually deceptive pollination and floral mimicry, a highly selective and highly evolved plant–pollinator relationship. Ophrys apifera grows
Ophrys_apifera
Genus of orchids
orchids, fertilisation occurs within days or months after the pollination event. After pollination occurs, the stigmatic cavity is often closed through swelling
Phalaenopsis
Clade of insects
earliest animal-pollinated flowers were shallow, cup-shaped blooms pollinated by insects such as beetles, so the syndrome of insect pollination was well established
Bee
Pollination by birds
Ornithophily or bird pollination is the pollination of flowering plants by birds. This sometimes (but not always) coevolutionary association is derived
Ornithophily
Mutually beneficial interaction between species
flower forms (important for pollination mutualisms) and co-evolution between groups of species. A prominent example of pollination mutualism is with bees and
Mutualism_(biology)
Group of mostly pollinating insects whose larvae live in figs
her eggs and follows through with pollination, she dies. After pollination, there are several species of non-pollinating wasps that deposit their eggs before
Fig_wasp
Order of insects
(2001). "Thrips (Thysanoptera) pollination in Australian subtropical rainforests, with particular reference to pollination of Wilkiea huegeliana (Monimiaceae)"
Thrips
American nonprofit organization
The Pollinator Partnership or P2 is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization with its headquarters in San Francisco, California that works to protect the health
Pollinator_Partnership
Changes due to age or pollination
undergo a color change associated with their age, or after successful pollination. The first written record of the term floral color change was in 1877
Floral_color_change
Species of legume
Island species appear to be adapted for bird pollination. It was once thought that the original pollinators of these plants (and other genera such as Isoplexis
Lotus_berthelotii
Class of arthropods
transportation. The majority of pollination is by insects. Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar
Insect
Family of birds
coevolved with nectar-bearing plant clades, affecting mechanisms of pollination. The same is true for the sword-billed hummingbird (Ensifera ensifera)
Hummingbird
Genus of plants
almost exclusively pollinated by hummingbirds, some bat pollination has been found to occur. Heliconia solomonensis is pollinated by the macroglossine
Heliconia
Part of most types of flower
flower self-pollinates or is involved in wind pollination). Petals play a major role in competing to attract pollinators. Henceforth pollination dispersal
Petal
Pollinator exclusion experiments are experiments used by ecologists to determine the effectiveness of putative plant pollination vectors. Essentially,
Pollinator exclusion experiment
Pollinator_exclusion_experiment
Interactive biodiversity project in Washington state
"Certification", Pollinator Pathway website Marianna Horn (March 2008), Pollinator Park: The Pathway to Pollination Protection (Pollinator Workshops, March
The_Pollinator_Pathway
Family of birds
"Hyper-specialization for long-billed bird pollination in a guild of South African plants: the Malachite Sunbird pollination syndrome". South African Journal of
Sunbird
Colonial flying insect
has been used extensively for commercial pollination of fruit and vegetable crops. The scale of these pollination services is commonly measured in the billions
Honey_bee
Species of flowering plant in the orchid family
pollen. Self-pollination can occur but typically requires that the pollinator re-enters the same flower. In this process they pollinate the flower by
Cypripedium_acaule
Flowers with exposed reproductive parts
open up, enabling cross-pollination. This is in contrast to cleistogamy, in which the flowers stay closed and self-pollinate. Chasmogamous flowers are
Chasmogamy
Milkweed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae
North American butterflies and an iconic pollinator, although it is not an especially effective pollinator of milkweeds. Its wings feature an easily
Monarch_butterfly
Sugar-rich liquid produced by plants
flower. Nectar secretion increases as the flower is visited by pollinators. After pollination, the nectar is frequently reabsorbed into the plant. The amount
Nectar
Species of fruit and plant
protogynous, hermaphroditic flowers, and self-pollination is rare. Therefore, artificial, hand pollination almost always guarantees superior quality fruits
Atemoya
Production of new offspring in plants
self-pollinate or cross-pollinate. The transfer of pollen (the male gametophytes) to the female stigmas occurs is called pollination. After pollination occurs
Plant_reproduction
Self-pollination of non-opening flowers
Cleistogamy is a type of automatic self-pollination of certain plants that can propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. Especially well known
Cleistogamy
Genus of flowering plants
is apparently the first clade to shift from bat to bee pollination vice bee to bat pollination. A 2011 phylogenetioc study placed the genus Selysia under
Cayaponia
Species of flowering plant
Publishing. ISBN 0-7894-1943-2. Ley, Alexandra C.; Claßen-Bockhof, Regine. "Pollination syndromes in African Marantaceae". ResearchGate. Gilman, Edward. "Maranta
Maranta_leuconeura
Species of flowering plant
reptans (L.) E. Meyer). In addition to other forms of pollination, this plant is adapted to rain-pollination. Ranunculus flammula Illustration in: Jakob Sturm:
Ranunculus_flammula
Flowering pattern of angiosperms
evolution, primarily involving attracting nocturnal pollinators and reducing competition for pollination with diurnal plants. Night-blooming plants are widely
Night-blooming_plants
Structure housing a honey bee colony
and pupae). Beehives are used by humans for producing honey, ensuring pollination of crops, housing bees for apitherapy treatment, and mitigating the effects
Beehive
Species of flowering plant
shrub or small tree native to South America. It is pollinated by insects. When cultivated, it is pollinated mainly by the common honey bee, Apis mellifera
Psidium_guajava
Species of fly
unique flight behavior known as "yawing" and plays a role in general pollination, without preference of flower types. The fly does not bite, sting, or
Bombylius_major
Bees essential for cucurbit pollination
Parra-Tabla, V. (2000). "Importance of Conserving Alternative Pollinators: Assessing the Pollination Efficiency of the Squash Bee, Peponapis limitaris in Cucurbita
Squash_bee
Genus of insect
as pollinators, among other reasons because they can pollinate plants such as tomato in greenhouses by buzz pollination whereas other pollinators cannot
Bumblebee
Species of fly
are an important but often neglected group of pollinators. They play a significant role in the pollination of agricultural biodiversity and the biodiversity
Eristalis_tenax
Genus of flowering plants in the orchid family
If pollination has not occurred meanwhile, it will be shed. The flowers are self-fertile, but need pollinators to perform this task. Pollinated flowers
Vanilla_(genus)
Fruit of the rose plant
dark purple to black in some species. Rose hips begin to form after pollination of flowers in spring or early summer, and ripen in late summer through
Rose_hip
Edible fruit
less commonly available third type, the pollination-variant non-astringent persimmon. When fully pollinated, the flesh of this fruit is brown inside—known
Persimmon
Genus of legumes
Clitoria is a genus of mainly tropical and subtropical, insect-pollinated flowering pea vines. This genus was named after the human clitoris, for the flowers
Clitoria
Study of flower structures
nectar are autogamous or apomictic - they do not need pollinators to produce seeds. Flower Pollination ABC model of flower development Some texts consider
Floral_morphology
Biological process
substituted for autogamous pollination (not necessarily leading to successful fertilization) and describes self-pollination within the same flower, distinguished
Reproduction
Flowers of stone fruit trees and of some other plants that flower in spring
are white in colour. Blossoms provide pollen to pollinators such as bees, and initiate cross-pollination necessary for the trees to reproduce by producing
Blossom
Flowers that smell like rotting flesh
for pollinators. In order for pollination to occur, a relationship of attraction and reward must be present between the flower and the pollinator. The
Carrion_flower
First-generation hybrid (or crossbreed) animal or plant
they are automatic pollinators, and hand pollination is prohibitively expensive. F2 hybrids, the result of self or cross-pollination of F1s, lack the consistency
F1_hybrid
Species of bee
its distinctive black and red body, this social bee is important in pollination. The red-tailed bumblebee is a part of the order Hymenoptera, family
Bombus_lapidarius
Seed-bearing part of a flowering plant
starts with pollination, which is the movement of pollen from the stamens to the stigma-style-ovary system within the flower-head. After pollination, a pollen
Fruit
Australian native bees are a group of bees that play a crucial role in the pollination of native plants. There are over 1,700 species of native bees in Australia
Australian_native_bees
Order of insects
and those that have evolved trap pollination, depend on flies. It is thought that some of the earliest pollinators of plants may have been flies. The
Fly
Family of flowering plants
studies on pollination mechanisms within the family that suggest deceit pollination although overall there is not much known about the pollination of most
Begoniaceae
POLLINATION
POLLINATION
POLLINATION
POLLINATION
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Happiness; Singer
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Treasure of Nobility
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Small Light Like Candle; Small Lamp
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Bright
Female
Scottish
Variant spelling of Scottish Diorbhorguil, DEARBHFHORGHAILL means "true testimony."
Boy/Male
German
From the Well-farm
Boy/Male
Tamil
Who has faith in God
Girl/Female
Indian, Marathi
Neat and Clean
Boy/Male
Hindu
Garv
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, German, Teutonic
Good Friend; Friend of God
POLLINATION
POLLINATION
POLLINATION
POLLINATION
POLLINATION