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Unencrypted information
In cryptography, plaintext usually means unencrypted information pending input into cryptographic algorithms, usually encryption algorithms. This usually
Plaintext
Cryptography algorithm
used to ensure that distinct ciphertexts are produced even when the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times independently with the same key. Block ciphers
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Attack model for cryptanalysis with access to both plaintext and ciphertext
The known-plaintext attack (KPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has access to both the plaintext (called a crib) and its encrypted
Known-plaintext_attack
Plaintext-awareness is a notion of security for public-key encryption. A cryptosystem is plaintext-aware if it is difficult for any efficient algorithm
Plaintext-aware_encryption
Encryption technique
technique, a plaintext is paired with a random secret key (also referred to as a one-time pad). Then, each bit or character of the plaintext is encrypted
One-time_pad
Encrypted information
cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. Ciphertext is also known as encrypted
Ciphertext
Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system
[viʒnɛːʁ]) is a method of encrypting alphabetic text where each letter of the plaintext is encoded with a different Caesar cipher, whose increment is determined
Vigenère_cipher
Attack model for cryptanalysis with presumed access to ciphertexts for chosen plaintexts
chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts. The
Chosen-plaintext_attack
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
encrypting that creates the ciphertext (its output) by replacing units of the plaintext (its input) in a defined manner, with the help of a key; the "units" may
Substitution_cipher
Type of symmetric key cipher
key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted
Stream_cipher
Method of encryption
changing the characters themselves. Transposition ciphers reorder units of plaintext (typically characters or groups of characters) according to a regular
Transposition_cipher
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
(plaintexts) corresponding to an arbitrary set of plaintexts (ciphertexts) of their own choosing. Adaptive chosen-plaintext: like a chosen-plaintext attack
Cryptanalysis
Simple and widely known encryption technique
cryptography. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions along the alphabet
Caesar_cipher
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
information is known as plaintext, and the encrypted form as ciphertext. The ciphertext message contains all the information of the plaintext message, but is
Cipher
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
effectively synonymous with encryption, converting readable information (plaintext) to unintelligible nonsense text (ciphertext), which can only be read
Cryptography
Property of some cryptosystems
message they encrypt. The property of indistinguishability under chosen plaintext attack is considered a basic requirement for most provably secure public
Ciphertext indistinguishability
Ciphertext_indistinguishability
Encryption algorithm
known-plaintext attack, since plaintext ⊕ {\displaystyle \oplus } ciphertext = key. It is also trivial to flip arbitrary bits in the decrypted plaintext by
XOR_cipher
Encrypted sculpture by American artist Jim Sanborn
sculpture visually balanced". There are also three misspelled words in the plaintext of the deciphered first three passages, which Sanborn has claimed was
Kryptos
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
the autoclave cipher) is a cipher that incorporates the message (the plaintext) into the key. The key is generated from the message in some automated
Autokey_cipher
Password cracking dataset
authentication, passwords are stored either as plaintext or hashes. Since passwords stored as plaintext are easily stolen if database access is compromised
Rainbow_table
The Plaintext Players were an online performance group founded by Antoinette LaFarge in 1994. Consisting mainly of artists and writers, they engaged in
Plaintext_Players
Type of cipher
(plaintexts) corresponding to an arbitrary set of plaintexts (ciphertexts) of their own choosing. Adaptive chosen-plaintext: like a chosen-plaintext attack
Block_cipher
Input to a cryptographic primitive
first plaintext block before subsequent encryption. In turn, the ciphertext produced in the first encryption step is added to the second plaintext block
Initialization_vector
Crash in New York City with no survivors
March 2, 1962. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2009.[permanent dead link] (plaintext) "95 Are Believed Dead in Crash of Jet Airliner" (PDF). The Free-Lance
American Airlines Flight 1 (1962)
American_Airlines_Flight_1_(1962)
American cryptographer (1890–1960)
encipher plaintext to ciphertext and to decipher ciphertext to yield the original plaintext: Plaintext ⊕ Key = Ciphertext and: Ciphertext ⊕ Key = Plaintext If
Gilbert_Vernam
Algorithm
cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext
substitution cipher, each letter of the plaintext is replaced with another, and any particular letter in the plaintext will always be transformed into the
Frequency_analysis
Encryption method
Encryption Input: plaintext, key, and optionally a header (also known as additional authenticated data, AAD, or associated data, AD) in plaintext that will not
Authenticated_encryption
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
process converts the original representation of the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Despite its goal, encryption
Encryption
Software for editing plain text documents
A text editor is interactive software that allows a user to edit plain text, such as Notepad. As with any software, a text editor can be installed onto
Text_editor
German cipher machine during World War II
press. If plaintext is entered, the illuminated letters are the ciphertext. Entering ciphertext transforms it back into readable plaintext. The rotor
Enigma_machine
Length of ciphertext needed to unambiguously break a cipher
above we see only upper case English characters, so if we assume that the plaintext has this form, then there are 26 possible letters for each position in
Unicity_distance
Early block substitution cipher
apply the following 4 rules, in order, to each pair of letters in the plaintext: If both letters are the same (or only one letter is left), add an "X"
Playfair_cipher
Cryptographic attack
content of an RSA encrypted message. Under this padding function, padded plaintexts have a fixed format that it should follow. If the decryption device (e
Adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack
Adaptive_chosen-ciphertext_attack
Type of transposition cipher
to a fence built with horizontal rails. In the rail fence cipher, the plaintext is written downwards diagonally on successive "rails" of an imaginary
Rail_fence_cipher
Cryptography attack
cryptographic message to decrypt the ciphertext. In cryptography, variable-length plaintext messages often have to be padded (expanded) to be compatible with the
Padding_oracle_attack
Properties of the operation of a secure cipher
the input (plaintext), and output (ciphertext) by varying the application of the key to the data, while diffusion is hiding the plaintext statistics by
Confusion_and_diffusion
Block cipher
attack requiring 100–10000 chosen plaintexts, and Sean Murphy (1990) found an improvement that needs only 20 chosen plaintexts. Murphy and den Boer's methods
FEAL
Cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II
used both to encipher plaintext to produce the ciphertext and to decipher ciphertext to yield the original plaintext: plaintext ⊕ key = ciphertext and:
Lorenz_cipher
century to describe a manually operated cipher equipment that converted the plaintext into ciphertext or vice versa. A similar term, cipher machine, was used
Cipher_device
Stream cipher
seconds. Originally, the weaknesses were passive attacks using the known plaintext assumption. In 2003, more serious weaknesses were identified which can
A5/1
Block cipher
and encrypt each block twice: E K 2 ( E K 1 ( plaintext ) ) {\displaystyle E_{K2}(E_{K1}({\textrm {plaintext}}))} . If the original key length is n {\displaystyle
Triple_DES
Fundamental tool in cryptography
to find the corresponding plaintext letter: E. Data is encrypted in the opposite fashion, by first locating each plaintext letter of the message in the
Tabula_recta
Standard for multi-factor authentication
U2F Shared secret Plaintext or QR code transmission of shared secret between server and user Shared secret may be stored in plaintext on server Transmission
Universal_2nd_Factor
Property of some cryptographic algorithms
another ciphertext which decrypts to a related plaintext. That is, given an encryption of a plaintext m {\displaystyle m} , it is possible to generate
Malleability_(cryptography)
Type of in security engineering
the use of adaptive data compression on a mixture of chosen plaintext and unknown plaintext can result in content-sensitive changes in the length of the
Oracle_attack
Aspect of WWII Allied intelligence gathering
stream cipher (using the exclusive or (XOR) function) to encrypt the plaintext bits by combining them with the key bits to produce the ciphertext at
Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher
Cryptanalysis_of_the_Lorenz_cipher
Cipher method
discussions of the deciphered plaintexts and the solution to Byrne's challenge. Given left and right disks, enciphering a plaintext character consists of five
Chaocipher
Schemes to entice the Germans to include known plaintext during World War II
cryptanalysis, gardening is the act of encouraging a target to use known plaintext in an encrypted message, typically by performing some action the target
Gardening_(cryptanalysis)
Type of data encryption
to see any given plaintext, most plaintexts are extremely unlikely to be legitimate i.e. the distribution of legitimate plaintexts is non-uniform. Honey
Honey_encryption
Scheme often used with RSA encryption
Feistel network which uses a pair of random oracles G and H to process the plaintext prior to asymmetric encryption. When combined with any secure trapdoor
Optimal asymmetric encryption padding
Optimal_asymmetric_encryption_padding
Cryptographic cipher
Aristocrat Cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher in which plaintext is replaced with ciphertext and encoded into assorted letters, numbers
Aristocrat_Cipher
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
known plaintext that aids in breaking the encryption. Random length padding also prevents an attacker from knowing the exact length of the plaintext message
Padding_(cryptography)
Cipher design construction
PRESENT, SAFER, SHARK, and Square. Such a network takes a block of the plaintext and the key as inputs, and applies several alternating rounds or layers
Substitution–permutation network
Substitution–permutation_network
Encryption techniques where an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists
message is deniable in the sense that an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists. The users may convincingly deny that a given piece of data
Deniable_encryption
Process of encrypting message one or more times
ciphertexts are the plaintexts used by the second cipher, the second cipher may be rendered vulnerable to attacks based on known plaintext properties (see
Multiple_encryption
Cipher system attributed to Thomas Jefferson
down any row of text on the disks other than the one that contains the plaintext message. The recipient has to arrange the disks in the agreed-upon order
Jefferson_disk
Method used to encrypt a message
Security Agency defined a code as "A substitution cryptosystem in which the plaintext elements are primarily words, phrases, or sentences, and the code equivalents
Code_(cryptography)
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
attacker can successfully launch a chosen plaintext attack against the cryptosystem, by encrypting likely plaintexts under the public key and test whether
RSA_cryptosystem
Identifier for authenticating with an API
when using API keys: Developers may write scripts that contain keys in plaintext. Developers may hard-code keys into source code, and forget that when
API_key
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
consecutive ciphertext blocks C0, C1 can test if the plaintext block P1 is equal to x by choosing the next plaintext block P2 = x ⊕ C0 ⊕ C1; as per CBC operation
Transport_Layer_Security
Concept in cryptography
stream of random or pseudorandom characters that are combined with a plaintext message to produce an encrypted message (the ciphertext). The "characters"
Keystream
Symmetric encryption cipher
to fit). In general, the upper-left and lower-right matrices are the "plaintext squares" and each contain a standard alphabet. The upper-right and lower-left
Four-square_cipher
Cryptographic method
In cryptography, Russian copulation is a method of rearranging plaintext before encryption so as to conceal stereotyped headers, salutations, introductions
Russian_copulation
for encrypted data should not be significantly larger than the size of plaintext). The first property requires defining an adversary from whom the data
Disk_encryption_theory
Attack model in cryptanalysis
access to the plaintext prior to encryption, in all practical ciphertext-only attacks, the attacker still has some knowledge of the plaintext. For instance
Ciphertext-only_attack
Cryptography method
secure cryptosystem is one where only negligible information about the plaintext can be feasibly extracted from the ciphertext. Specifically, any probabilistic
Semantic_security
Cryptographic algorithm
encrypting plaintext using a block cipher, without padding the message to a multiple of the block size, so the ciphertext is the same size as the plaintext. It
Ciphertext_stealing
Classification of cryptographic attack
cryptography, a sending party uses a cipher to encrypt (transform) a secret plaintext into a ciphertext, which is sent over an insecure communication channel
Attack_model
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
archetypal block cipher—an algorithm that takes a fixed-length string of plaintext bits and transforms it through a series of complicated operations into
Data_Encryption_Standard
Encryption and decryption method
A book cipher is a cipher in which each word or letter in the plaintext of a message is replaced by some code that locates it in another text, the key
Book_cipher
Technique for Internet censorship circumvention
request for one resource (say, a website), concealed behind an unencrypted (plaintext) request for another resource whose DNS records are stored in the same
Domain_fronting
Cryptographic network protocol
(rsh) and the related rlogin and rexec protocols, which all use insecure, plaintext methods of authentication, such as passwords. Since mechanisms like Telnet
Secure_Shell
first time, a polyalphabetic cipher with multiple substitutions for each plaintext letter (later called homophonic substitution). Also traced to Ibn al-Durayhim
History_of_cryptography
1962 aircraft disappearance west of Guam
September 24, 2019. (plaintext) "Ship Reports Bright Flash" (PDF). Eugene Register-Guard. AP. March 19, 1962. p. 4. (plaintext) "2 State Soldiers On
Flying_Tiger_Line_Flight_739
Block cipher
1980s. DES-X augments DES by XORing an extra 64 bits of key (K1) to the plaintext before applying DES, and then XORing another 64 bits of key (K2) after
DES-X
British paper cryptographic system
The wallet has a slide that aids in reading the tables correctly. The plaintext character set in BATCO consists of 12 symbols, the digits 0 to 9, the
BATCO
Encryption system
using the square: In this way, each ciphertext character depends on two plaintext characters, so the bifid is a digraphic cipher, like the Playfair cipher
Bifid_cipher
How often identical letters appear in the same position in two texts
natural-language plaintext and in the analysis of ciphertext (cryptanalysis). Even when only ciphertext is available for testing and plaintext letter identities
Index_of_coincidence
Algorithm for public key cryptography
Homomorphic multiplication of plaintexts A ciphertext raised to the power of a plaintext will decrypt to the product of the two plaintexts, D ( E ( m 1 , r 1 )
Paillier_cryptosystem
Use of randomness in key code generation
observes a ciphertext, and suspects that the plaintext is either "YES" or "NO", or has a hunch that the plaintext might be "ATTACK AT CALAIS". When a deterministic
Probabilistic_encryption
Manually operated symmetric encryption cipher
Polybius square using a mixed alphabet. This is used to convert both the plaintext and a keyword to a series of two digit numbers. These numbers are then
Nihilist_cipher
Stream cipher
of K[0], K[1], ... which are XORed with the plaintext to obtain the ciphertext. So ciphertext[l] = plaintext[l] ⊕ K[l]. Several operating systems include
RC4
Cipher used by the UK in World War II
numbers are then used as a key for a transposition cipher to conceal the plaintext of the message, often by double transposition. To indicate to the receiver
Poem_code
Lithuanian web hosting company
2015, a security researcher discovered a collection of 13 million leaked plaintext passwords belonging to users of 000Webhost. 000Webhost addressed the breach
Hostinger
Text used for user authentication to prove identity
engineering. Passwords entered into certain computer systems are saved in plaintext, which means they are not encrypted or protected in any way. The system
Password
Type of code
historian and scholar Polybius. The device is used for fractionating plaintext characters so that they can be represented by a smaller set of symbols
Polybius_square
Encryption tool used to perform a transposition cipher
letters around in a circle and five letters down the side of it. The plaintext could be: Meet us at the park today. To encrypt, one simply writes across
Scytale
Security padding phrase used during the Battle of Leyte Gulf
"Sincerely". Today, this kind of vulnerability is referred to as a known-plaintext attack. At Bletchley Park, the Allies' codebreakers referred to these
The_world_wonders
Type of cipher used in World War I
letter is associated with five plaintext letters. In the example above, the "side" letter "D" is associated with the plaintext letters "d h o z k", and the
ADFGVX_cipher
2015 black and white Internet horror video
black-and-white video is two minutes in length; its title came from the plaintext of a base64 string written on the physical DVD. It depicts a person wearing
11B-X-1371
English computer scientist (1912–1954)
and plugboard settings) using a suitable crib: a fragment of probable plaintext. For each possible setting of the rotors (which had on the order of 1019
Alan_Turing
Decryption of the cipher of the Enigma machine
place in both the ciphertext and the putative piece of plaintext. Comparing the possible plaintext Keine besonderen Ereignisse (literally, "no special
Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma
Hiding messages in other messages
steganography output may be in the form of printed documents. A message, the plaintext, may be first encrypted by traditional means, producing a ciphertext.
Steganography
Encryption algorithm used by DVB television standard
recalculated. This allows for possible known-plaintext attacks when combined with knowledge of the underlying plaintext structure. As the first three bytes of
Common_Scrambling_Algorithm
Method in cryptography
that the output (the ciphertext) is in the same format as the input (the plaintext). The meaning of "format" varies. Typically only finite sets of characters
Format-preserving_encryption
Generic space–time tradeoff cryptographic attack
The meet-in-the-middle attack (MITM), a known-plaintext attack, is a generic space–time tradeoff cryptographic attack against encryption schemes that
Meet-in-the-middle_attack
Authenticated encryption mode
and initialization vector, GCM is limited to encrypting 239−256 bits of plaintext. The authentication strength of the mode decreases with shorter tag lengths;
Galois/Counter_Mode
Codebreaking device created at Bletchley Park (United Kingdom)
lampboard implement a polyalphabetic substitution cipher, which turns plaintext into ciphertext and back again. The Enigma's scrambler contains rotors
Bombe
Careful segregation of signals in cryptographic systems
cryptographic systems of signals that contain sensitive or classified plaintext information (red signals) from those that carry encrypted information
Red/black_concept
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Boy/Male
Arabic, French, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Jewish, Muslim
Owns Palm Trees; Tall and Slender; Tall; Like a Palm Tree
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Altar; A River in India; Who has Knowledge of the Vedas
Female
Bulgarian
(Ðнна), compassion, grace; prayers.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Body, Elder sister
Boy/Male
English
Birch Island
Male
Hebrew
(עַטִיר) Hebrew name ATIR means "crown, wreath."
Boy/Male
Indian, Malayalam, Sanskrit
One who Know Spiritual Knowledge
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from a place in Lancashire, so named from Old English gor ‘dirt’, ‘mud’ + tūn ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’.Introduced in America by a family from Gorton, Lancashire, England (three miles from Manchester), the name Gorton was also adopted by a religious group known as the Gortonites. They were followers of Samuel Gorton (c. 1592–1677), whose unorthodox religious beliefs, which included denying the doctrine of the Trinity, caused him to seek religious toleration by emigrating to Boston in 1637 with his family. In conflict with authorities in Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Newport, he eventually settled in Shawomet, RI, and renamed it Warwick. He died there in 1677, leaving three sons and at least six daughters.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Surname or Lastname
Americanized form of German Anstett.English
Americanized form of German Anstett.English : of uncertain derivation; perhaps a variant of Hampstead, a habitational name for someone from Hampstead in Greater London, Hampstead Norreys or Hampstead Marshall in Berkshire, or either of two places called Hamstead, in the West Midlands and the Isle of Wight. All are named as ‘the homestead’, from Old English hÄm-stede.
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